Hwaro Hwoutongi Hwazvino Uno

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba inzvimbo inosimudzirwa yebumbiro remitemo, muenzaniso wakarongedzerwa kuparadzira chiremera ndokudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba muchinhu chipi nechipi. Ichi chivako, chakarondedzerwa zvakakurumbira naBaron de Montesquieu mu Mudzimu weMitemo, chinokamura nyika kuva mapazi matatu akasiana: Guvi, Legislation, uye Jadiary. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba nemabasa zvakasiana, zvinoparira gadziriro yokutarisira nokudzikama.

Kunzwisisa aya mabasa hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo; kunokosha nokuda kwokuvimbisa kuva mugari wemo. Vazivi vanogona kuyera zviri nani zviito zvehurumende, kurangarira vamiriri kuzvidavirira, uye kunzwisisa kuoma kwomutemo nomuitiro. Iyi nyaya inogovera kuputsika kwakakwana kwebazu rimwe nerimwe, mabasa avo chaiwo, kunzvera kwavanoita mumwe nomumwe, uye kuti tsika ino inoshanda sei mumigariro yakasiana - siana yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nheyo huru yakapfava asi huru: gadziriro imwe cheteyo haifaniri kuita mitemo, kuita kuti mitemo ite, uye kutsanangura mitemo. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira aya mabasa, gadziriro inoparira mativi okupesana umo gwinyiro rinoitirwa kukurira gwinyiro, kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga kubva kuvhozhokeri vehurumende. Constitution yeU.S. inobatanidza zvakajeka iyi divi rayo mumisoro yayo mitatu yokutanga, ichigadza mupimo wenyika yose nokuda kwehurumende yedemocratic.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri: Kushandiswa Nokumanikidzwa

Bazu raVane Mutevedzeri rine mutoro wokutarisira zuva nezuva rehurumende. Basa raro guru nderokuita ndokuita kuti mitemo ipfuure kupfurikidza nedare. Bazu iri rinowanzooneka zvikurusa kuvagari vemo, sezvo rinobatanidza mukuru wehurumende, mitezo yedare, uye boka guru ramasangano ehurumende.

Mabasa eCore uye Mabasa

Kupfuura kuchengetwa kwakapfava, Mutungamiriri anoshandisa chiremera chinokosha mukuumba muitiro nokutungamirira nyika. Mutungamiriri wemukuru, angave purezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, anowanzobatira somutungamiriri mukuru wamauto ane zvombo, anoitisa muitiro wokumwe, uye ane simba rokugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Mutungamiriri anodzorawo bhajeti renyika kana yatenderwa nedare rehurumende, achitarisira kugoverwa kwepfuma kumadhipatimendi ehurumende akasiyana - siyana.

Hurumende dzemazuva ano dzine hurumende dzakaoma kunzwisisa.Dhipatimendi dzakaita seEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) kana kuti Department of Health and Human Services dzinoshanda pasi peamburera yehurumende, dzichitanga mitemo ine udzame yakavakirwa pamitemo inopiwa nehurumende. Iyi mibato yesimba chinhu chinoshanda, ichibvumira nyanzvi kutarisira mativi emiitiro yezvounyanzvi, asi dzinomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pechiremera chehurumende nokuzvidavirira kwevamiririri vehurumende.

Mutungamiriri Wehurumende Anopesana.

Musiyano mukuru musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika musiyano pakati pomusoro wenyika nomusoro wehurumende. Mugadziriro yapurezidhendi, yakadai seUnited States, Purezidhendi anobatira sozvose zviri zviviri musoro wokufananidzira wenyika nomusoro wezvamatongerwe enyika wehurumende.

Mugadziriro yeparamende, zvisinei, aya mabasa akasiana. Musoro wehurumende kazhinji kazhinji imonarch (seMambo Charles III muUnited Kingdom) kana kuti purezidhendi wetsika (semuGermany kana kuti India). Mutungamiriri wehurumende ndiye Mutungamiriri wePrime, uyo ari mutungamiriri webato revoruzhinji musangano remitemo. Uku kubatanidzwa kwamasimba mugadziriro dzeparamende kunoumba ukama hwapedyo pakati pamapazu ehurumende nemitemo, achibvumira kuita nokukurumidza asi kuva nemwero nemwero zvisina simba zvikuru. [[FLT: 0] Parameter yeUK inogovera muenzaniso wakajeka waaya masangano, apo mutungamiriri wehurumende anogara somutezo wedare remitemo.

Simba Namaturusi Esangano

Mukuru mukuru ane maturusi ane simba okudzora:

  • Veto Simba: Mumiitiro mizhinji, mutungamiriri anogona kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa nedare remitemo. Iyi inoshanda sechenjero yokutsoropodza pamitemo yakanyorwa zvisina kunaka kana kuti isina kukurumbira. Aveto anogona kazhinji kazhinji kushatiswa nevhoti hurusa mudare romutemo.
  • Mirairo yehurumende: Iyi inhungamiro dzinobudiswa nomukuru mukuru anotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Nepo vasingaisi mutemo mupfungwa yorumano zvikurusa, vane simba romutemo ramasangano ehurumende uye vanogona kuchinja zvikuru muitiro panhau kubva pakutama kuenda kumuganhu wemhoteredzo.
  • Simba rokugadza: Mukuru mukuru anogadza vatongi, mitezo yedare, uye nhume. MuUnited States, uku kugadza kunoda basa nebvumirano [ yeDare, achigovera cheki yakananga nedare pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvevakuru vakuru.
  • Power: Ikoku kunobvumira mukuru mukuru kukanganwira vanhu nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, kuchigovera vazhe yokudzivirira nokuda kwekusaruramisira kunooneka mugadziriro yapamutemo.

Nzvero Pasimba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Dare rehurumende nerokutonga rinoramba richitarisira zvakasimba mukuru mukuru. Chirongwa chehurumende chinodzora bhajeti, chinogona kunyora ndokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru, uye chinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwakawanda. Vatongi vanogona kuhwirudzura zviito zvavakuru vakuru ndokuzvizivisa zvisino pamutemo kana kuti zvinopesana nomutemo. Iyi gadziriro yakasiyana inovimbisa kuti nepo mukuru ane simba, haisi chose chose.

Bazu Romutemo: Injini Yokuita Mitemo

Bazu iri rakagadzirwa kuti rive mumiririri mukuru, kuratidza zvakananga kuda kwevanhu kupfurikidza navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Basa raro guru nderoune, rourongwa, uye rinopa mitemo inoita kuti zvide kutarisirwa uye kunetseka kwenyika.

Mavakirwo Emitemo

Mitemo inogona kurongwa zvakafara munzira mbiri:

  • BOMARISTAL:[[FT:1] Igadziriro yechemba mbiri. United States, United Kingdom, Canada, uye Australia inoshandisa uyu muenzaniso. MuU.S., Imba yaVamiriri inomirira maruwa akavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo, nepo Dare rinogovera mimireza yakaenzana nokuda kwehurumende imwe neimwe (vamiririri vaviri pahurumende imwe). Iri dare rinomanikidza kuti rifambe nomumaredhirendi maviri akasiana, richiwedzera kuhwirudzurwa nokutsiridzika.
  • Unicamarim: Igadziriro yechamber imwe. Inoshandiswa nenyika dzakadai seNew Zealand, Sweden, uye maruwa akawanda eU.S. (Nebraska). Uyu muenzaniso unowanzonzi wakakwana zvikuru uye unokombamira zvishoma kuruvara rwerock, sezvo pasina dikanwo yokuyananisa zvikwereti zviviri zvakaparadzana.

Gadziriro Yomutemo

Kufamba kwechikwereti kubva kune chimwe chinhu kuenda kumutemo kwakareba uye kwakaoma kunzwisisa.

  1. Introduction:[[FL:1] Mutezo wedare rinopa mari yedare remitemo.
  2. Committee Review: Tsamba inogoverwa kudare chairo rinobata kutongwa, nharo, uye vhoti kana zvichizofambisira mberi mutengo. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji ndiko uko zvikwereti zvinofa kana kuti zvinogadziriswazve zvikuru.
  3. [[FOL:0] Nharo ne Vote: Dare rakazara rinokakavadzana muromo namavhoti pauri. Mugadziriro yebigameral, muromo unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana.
  4. Commoncience Committee: Kana makamuri maviri akapfuudza shanduro dzakasiyana, dare remitezo yemusangano yakabva kumativi ose rinoyananisa misiyano.
  5. [[FUT:0] Kubvumira: Mutemo wokupedzisira unotumirwa kumukuru mukuru nokuda kwesaini kana kuti veto.

Simba Guru Remitemo

Simba rinokosha zvikurusa redare rinopa mitemo i simba rechikwama . Imba yomutemo bedzi inogona kubvumira mutero nokugovera mari yehurumende. Iri chiremera rinopa simba guru pamusoro pebazu romukuru. Mamwe masimba anodenha anobatanidza:

  • [[NHAU: 0] Hondo yokuzivisa: Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinjisa, mubati wehurumende ndiye bedzi anogona kuzivisa hondo nenzira yakarongwa, achivimbisa kuti chiito chehondo chine tsigiro yavose.
  • Kupasa: Mitemo inotungamirira kunzvera mibato yebazu yapamusoro, kubvisa tsvina, unyengeri, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Advice neKonsiti (Sangano): Mukamuri rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji unosimbisa zvibvumirano uye kugadzwa kukuru kwevakuru vakuru nokutonga.

Nzvero Pasimba Romutemo

Kana mutemo ukanzi hauna kubvumirwa nehurumende, matare anogona kuuparadza zvachose. Uyezve, mukuru mukuru anogona kudana marusando chaiwo kana kuti kushandisa dare rinodheerera kuti rimanikidze mutungamiriri kuita chiito, achiparira dzikamo yesimba ine simba uye kazhinji kazhinji inokakavara.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo

Sangano reDare rinotonga rinotsanangura mitemo uye mutongi wokupedzisira weruramisiro.Iro rinovimbisa kuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye nguva dzose uye kuti inowirirana nebumbiro remitemo.

Simba Rokuhwirudzura

Simba reJudiciary rine simba zvikurusa uye rakasiana ndiro hwirudzuro yeChikaru. rakaumbwa muchiratidzo chedare reU.S. mhaka yedare rapamusorosa . Mary v. Madison (1853)[FLT] , iyi ndiyo mano ematare okuhwirudzura mitemo nezviito zvoukuru uye kuizivisa kuva isina chinhu kana ikapesana nebumbiro remitemo.

Kuhwirudzura dare hakuna kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., asi kwazova chinhu chinokosha chomutemo wemitemo weAmerica. dzimwe nyika, kufanana neGermany neCanada, dzakatanga matare akaparadzana emitemo zvikurukuru nokuda kweiri donzo, zvichisimbisa ukoshi hwenyika yose hwokuva nechokwadi chezviito zvemitemo nechiremera zvichiwirirana namaruramiro makuru nenheyo.

Zvivako zvePuderal Judiciary

MuUnited States, dare rehurumende rinoshanda pamwero mitatu:

  • [[[FOL:0] Matare eruwa: Dare rinotonga apo mhaka dzinovamba. Vanobata zvose zviri zviviri nhau dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi.
  • Matare Enhu eZvikwiridzo: matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nematare oruwa. Haaruramisiri asi panzvimbo pezvo anohwirudzura nharo dzapamutemo nokuda kwezvikanganiso mumuitiro kana kuti kududzira.
  • Dare rapamusoro-soro: Dare rapamusoro-soro munyika. Rine chiremera chechisarudzo, kureva kuti imhakai yokunzwa mumatare edunhu uye matare makurusa. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinogadza muenzaniso unowirirana nokuda kworudzi rwose.

Kuzvimirira Kwomutemo Kunopesana.

Kuzvimirira mukutonga kunotsoropodza nokuda kwomutemo. Vatongi vanofanira kukwanisa kuronga nhau dzakavakirwa pamaidi nomutemo pasina kutya kutsiva kubva kuvoruzhinji kana mamwe mapazu ehurumende. Kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose nokuda kwavatongi vehurumende (pasi peChikamu III) kwakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa kuzvimirira uku. Zvisinei, kuzvimirira uku kunogona kuparira kusawirirana nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Gakava dzinowanzomuka pamusoro pe ganhuriro dzemitemo (pfungwa yokuti vatongi vanofanira kuzviisa pasi pamapazu akasarurwa panguva ipi neipi kana inobvira) mukurwisana na judicialismism [ (kudisa kwematare kuputsa mitemo kana kuti kutanga mienzaniso mitsva yemitemo). Idzi uzivi dzinokwikwikwidzana dzinoumba hondo dzepfungwa pamusoro pokusimbiswa kwavatongi nenhungamiro yomutemo.

Nzvero Pasimba Rokutonga

Dare redare harina kudzorwa. Mutongi wedare anodzora bhajeti nechiremera zvedare, kureva kuti Congress anogona kuganhurira marudzi enhau idzo matare ehurumende akaderera anogona kunzwa. Mukuwedzera, bazu guru rinomanikidzira mitemo yedare; kana mukuru mukuru akaramba kumanikidza kutonga, dare harina dziviriro. Pakupedzisira, mutemeti wemitemo anogona kukarakadza kugadziridza tsinhirano yemitemo kuputsa dudziro yedare remitemo, uye anogona kubvisa ndokubvisa vatongi vanopinda mumufambiro wakaipa.

Masangano Okuenzanisa Nezvinetso Zvazvino Uno

Nepo muenzaniso wemapazu akaparadzana eUnited States uchiwanzodudzwa sorudzi rukuru, hurumende dzakawanda dzinotonga dzinoshanda nenzira inobudirira nemigove yamasimba akasiyana - siyana.Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunobetsera kuisa pamugariro wakapoteredza simba noutera hwegadziriro ipi neipi.

Mibatanidzwa yeParamende

Sezvadudzwa, gadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzine paradzaniswa kwakajeka kwamasimba nezvisarudzo zvakazvimirira nokuda kwechirongwa choutungamiriri nedare. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukurongera pamutemo (sezvivonekwa kazhinji kazhinji muU.S.) asi kunogovera nzvero dzakasimba nedzikamo. Garamende, nenzira inopesana, dzinobatanidza mapazu evakuru vakuru nehurumende. Mutungamiriri wePrimester ndiye mutungamiriri webato revoruzhinji muparamende, achibvumira kugadzwa kwemitemo nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoshaiwa nzvero yakasimba yezvematongerwe enyika kubva kuchigaro, panzvimbo pemutemo, mutongi wehurumende yakasununguka, uye chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokuzvidavirira.

Kumuka Kwesimba Rinotungamirira

Munenge muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno iri yose, simba rebazu guru rakura zvikuru, chinoitika chinowanzonzi kutanga kwehurumende yehurumende . Kuoma kwezveupfumi hwazvino uno nenzanga kunoda kuti zvitendwe nokukurumidza, unyanzvi hwokuita zvisarudzo izvo matare emitemo anononoka zvikuru kugovera. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuvakuru vakuru vanoshandisa chiremera chakasimba kupfurikidza nemirairo, zvirairo dzokutungamirira, uye nhano dzokumwe nyika, kumutsa mibvunzo inodenha pamusoro pokuti zvicherekedzo zvamagamuchidzanwa nedzikano zvamakurukota zvazvinosagona kuvambirana nesimba rokutungamirira razvino uno.

Nhau dzakadai seropafadzo yavakuru vakuru, kuvandika chengeteko yenyika, uye kushandiswa kwokusaina kutaura kazhinji kazhinji ipfundo regakava rakakomba rebumbiro remitemo.

Nei Izvi Zvichikosha Kwauri

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuri rondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika; igadziriro inoshanda inodzivirira upenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva. Inosarudza kunaka kwemitemo yaunorarama pasi payo, kururama kwetsika yeruramisiro, uye kuzvidavirira kwavatungamiriri vanokudzora. Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana - siyana oMutungamiriri, Legislature, uye Judicary kunokupa simba rokushandisa nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika, mirangariro yakaziviswa, uye kutora rutivi zvine revo muhurumende yako inosarudzwa navanhu.

Apo unoona muitiro mutsva, zvibvunze umene: Waiva mutemo waipfuudzwa neLegislature, kana kuti murayiro unobva kuMutungamiriri wedare? Apo unonzwa chisarudzo chedare, rangarira kana chiri kuturikira mutemo uripo kana kuti kurova nhinhi namamwe mapazu. Iyi ndiyo mitoo yokutanga yedziviriro mukuchengeta kuvakwa kwenzanga yakasununguka neyakadzikama. Kupa mari dzapamutemo pamapazu aya[ inhano yakaisvonaka nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kukudza nzwisiso yayo yehurumende.