Mukuvakwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, kuiswa kwesimba mumapazu matatu akaenzana kwakagadzirirwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri, asi kwakaparira denho inogara: kuvimbisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda mukati memiganhu yaro yebumbiro remitemo. Iyi gadziriro, inozivikanwa sechekero nedzikamo, inodzorwa kupfurikidza nokutarisira. Kudzorwa kwesimba ioxygen yedare. Kunobatanidza mitoo iyo masangano ehurumende anonzvera, kuhwirudzura, uye kudzvinyirira mabasa emamwe mapazu uye nyika inodzorwa. Pasina utarisiri hwakasimba, kuparadza masimba kunova kunongovawo zvako kudzorwa, uye ngozi yokudzorwa kwechiremera, chiwirirano, kana kuti chiremera chinokura chisingadzorwi. Uku kugovera nzvero yenzira yokutarisira nayo muboka, dare, uye mapazurukutonga, kuenzanisa mabasa akasiana nokudzora kwakasiyana namano.

Mavambo: Chinetso Chikuru Chomubatanidzwa Wezvinhu Zvikuru uye Mienzaniso Yakasimba

Kunzwisisa utariri hwehurumende kunoda kunzwisisa denho huru inopanwa nharo: chinetso chikuru chebasa. Mukutonga kwehurumende yehurumende, ruzhinji (mukuru wehurumende) vanosarudza vakuru uye vanotumira chiremera kwavari. Ava vakuru vakuru, vozopawo masimba makuru kumasangano anotungamirira. Chinetso chikuru ndechokuti mumiriri (mumiriri kana kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru) ane mashoko akawanda pamusoro pezviito zvavo kupfuura (Chonreferi, Purezidhendi, kana kuti vanhu vose). Mashoko aya anoparira mabanza e "hingleing" kana kuti "ringpasting" apo zviito zvemumirimo zvinobuda muvavariro huru. Kupfuura mitoo mikurusa yakarongwa kurukira kuruvako urwu, kuoneka nokusa.

Matew McCubins naThomas Schwartz vakakurumbira kutungamirira mumarudzi maviri akakodzera. "Police-patrol" kutarisira kwapakati, kunoshanda, uye kwakananga. Kunobatanidza kuongorora kwenguva dzose, kuongorora, uye kuongorora kwakarongwa, kufanana nemapurisa anodzora mutambo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Office yeMaakaundi yeHurumende (GAO) inotungamirira nguva dzose masangano ehurumende kana kuti vamiririri vedare rinoyera. Mukupesana, kuongorora kwemitemo yemoto" inoita kuti ishande uye ishandurwe. Mukuru anotanga mitemo, miitiro, uye magariro evagari vemo ayo anobvumira mapoka echitatu (*), mapoka evaraidhina, mareko, mareko, mareko aredhi eredhi apo anobudisa mashoko anodzorwa kana kuti adzoresa mabasa esangano rehurumende.

Bhuku Romutemo: Dare Sechikamu Chikuru Chinotarisira

Constitution inopa mibato mikuru yokutarisira dare rehurumende, ichiigadza sebazu guru rokunzvera. Iri chiremera chinowanwa mumasimba aro emitemo, eapproria, uye okusarongera. Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa kwenguva refu kuti simba reCongress rokuitisa nzvero i "rinokosha uye rakakodzera kumubato wemitemo." Congregationalion rinoshanda zvinangwa zvinoverengeka: Rinofukura tsvina nemhoshoro, rinovimbisa kuti mitemo inotengwa, rinozivisa mutemo womunguva yemberi, uye rinopa vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanotarisira kuzvidavirira pachena.

Simba Rechidyiro

Chinotarwa nesimba zvikurusa cheCongress ndicho chombo chayo chokutungamirira. Hapana mari inogona kutorwa kubva kuvenzi pasina kunyorwa kwomutemo. Kupfurikidza nebhajeti yegore negore uye kudzorwa kwemiitiro, Congress inogona kutsigira, kubviswa, kana kuti kuva nemigariro pamifungo yebazu. Matare edare edare navakuru vakuru vanogona kuva nokunzwa kwakawanda, vachida kuti vatungamiriri vesangano varuramise kururamisa kukumbira kwavo. Vanogona kuisa vatakuri pamari inodzorwa mari inoganhurira kuti vasashandisa mari yemibato yemibato yakananga. Iri "simba reChikwama" rinopa dare guru rokuumba uye kugadzira mashoko. Chibvumirano cheCongresspiration Act of 1974 Chibvumirano chinoitwa nenzvimbo chinogadzirirwa basa reHofisi yeBCC (CO), nokupa hofisi yemari yemari inodzorongedzero yemari.

Gadziriro yeDare Nesimba Rokunzvera

Gadziriro yedare injini youtariri hwedare. Dare rimwe nerimwe rine udzori panharaunda dzakati dzemiitiro namasangano anoatungamirira. Matare anopa mhaka, anopa zvitupa zvezvinyorwa nokuda kwezvinyorwa neuchapupu, uye zvapupu zvinobuda. Gadziriro yokuongorora inogona kuva yapamutemo zvikuru, yakafanana nokutonga, kana kuti zvisina kurongwa, kunobatanidza kupfupikiswa kwavashandi nezvinokumbirwa. Kuteerera kunowanzobata ngwariro yavose, inoshanda sechishandiso chine simba chokufumura kusazvibata. Somuenzaniso, Dare reSangano reMasangano reWatergate rakaratidzira mano okutonga aPunions, kana kuti kuva napurezidhendi wezvamatongerwe enyika uye anozvidavirira pamutemo. Simba rokumanikidza uchapupu nechinyorwa kubudiswa kwechapupuriro nechinyorwa rinotenderwa mumutemo, kunyange zvazvo richiitirwa kuva chiteshina chakaregwa sechino chekudzoro yekodzero yeGenese-Genese.

Tsigira Nhungamiro Nebasa Resangano

Kudzivisa mashoko ehurumende yazvino uno, Congress yakagadzira masangano chaiwo etsigiro. Government Accountability Office (GAO), inowanzonzi Commiliational acuardog, kuongorora nokuongorora kwepurogiramu dzehurumende paCongress. Mishumo yayo haisati iri yapamhiro uye inoremekedzwa zvikuru, inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kwokushanda kwesangano nemitemo. Congregationalational Research Service (CRS) inogovera purogiramu yakavanzika kumitezo nematare, ichivabetsera kunzwisisa nhau dzezve dzoukuru uye dzemitemo pasina kuvimba nemashoko anotungamirira ebazi. Zviwiro zvedare izvi hazvisi zvinonyanyoremekedzwa zvikuru, zvinogovera kutungamirira kwe "police-patrol", kugovera, kufambira dare, nyanzvi yezvirongwa.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri: Kuzvidavirira Kwapakati uye Kuzvitambudza

Bazu guru harisati richingovawo zvaro donzo routariri; rinochengeta miitiro yokudzora yomukati yakasimba kuvimbisa kuva pamutemo, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kubatira pamwe. Iyi gadziriro yomukati ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro mukurwisana nomufambiro usakarurama nokusashandiswa zvakanaka, inoshanda nguva dzose panzvimbo pokuita nenzira inoshamisa. Purezidhendi, somusoro webazu guru, ane basa rebumbiro remitemo ku "Tarisisa kuti Mitemo iitwe nenzira yakatendeka," iro rinoreva mutoro wokutarisira nokururamisa mabasa avakuru vakuru vakuru.

Vaongorori: The Agency Guardians

Generator General Act ya1979 yakatangwa kuti ive nemitemo inoongorora yazvimirira mukati memasangano ehurumende. Vanzvereri vakuru vanoshandiswa kuongorora nokuongorora kuti vadzivise nokuwana kubiridzira, tsvina, kushata, uye kusatarisira. Vane chiremera chikuru chokupfupikisa magwaro echipupureya namashoko, uye vanoshuma zvose zviri zviviri kuvakuru vakuru vesangano uye kuDare. Zvinodikanwa zviviri kushuma chinhu chinokosha kukushanda kwavo; zvinoparira gadziriro ye "moto" inobatana zvakananga nebazi reRegionment. IGs inopa mishumo mishumo mizhinji yokupfupikisa basa ravo, uye mishumo yavo inoitirwa pachena. Kunyange zvazvo zvichiitwa mukati mativi ose ari maviri ebazu, zvinodzivirira kuzvimirira kwavo papesvedzero yavo isina kufanira, uye Purezidheli haigoni kuibvisa pasina kuvanzika yebumbiro remitemo. Muteveri mukuru wemitemo yeICI (EGI syceoperation) inodzorongedzeka nokudzoro yomugariro wavo wokushanda pakati penyika yose.

Hofisi Yokutarisira Nebhajeti (OMB)

OMB chishandiso chikuru chaPurezidhendi nokuda kwokutarisira basa rebazu guru nerokutarisira sangano. Inodzora nenzira dzinoverengeka. Kutanga, inohwirudzura bhajeti yose yemari inorongwa yesangano nezvikumbiro nokuronga bhajeti yaPrezidhendi, kuronga kuronga zvinhu zvinokosha zvesangano nezvinangwa zvapurezidhendi. Chechipiri, kupfurikidza neHofisi yeInformation and Regugatoriation Affairs (OIRA), inohwirudzura mira mira inokarakadzwa kuti iva nechokwadi chokuti vawirirane nemitemo yapurezidhendi uye kuti betsero dzavo dzinoruramisa ndyiko dzawo. Iyi purofiti inodzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu anodzora ichimiro chine simba chokutarisira, sezvo masangano anofanira kuratidzira kuwirirana nemiraudzo yezvo youdzo. yechitatu, mutemo nechipupuriro chemabazu kuti vatsigiriki vatsigiriki vatsive kusimbisa gadziriro yemapazuru.

Ropafadzo Yakananga Nedzikamo Inorwisana Nayo

Kushanda kwebazu rinotungamirira kunodzorwa nedzidziso yebumbiro-mitemo yeropafadzo inodzorwa. Iyi ropafadzo, yakavakirwa mukuparadzana kwamasimba, inodzivirira kuvandika kwekurukurirano dzapurezidhendi nokuita chisarudzo. Hakusi kwakakwana; Dare Gurusa mu United States v. Nixon yakaramba kutaura kweropafadzo yakakwana uye yakasimbiswa kuti judicaria inogona kuhwirudzurazve kutaura kweropafadzo apo kunenge kwadzikamiswa kudikanwa kwapamutemo kwoufakazi mutsotsi hunopfuurira. Mumashoko outariri hwedare routariri, ropafadzo yokutungamirira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inova nzvimbo yerwisano pakati pe-Branch. Vatungamiriri vangasimbisa ropafadzo yokudzivisa mapepa nokuda kwemapepa omukati, kududza kudikanwa kwechipo kwechipo nechengeteko chapamutemo. Idzinogadziro kupfurikidza nokupfuudzira kupfurikidza nokupfuudza pamutemo, asi vanogona kupinda muhondo yenhau yenhau dzemitemo nokuda kwemhevedzo dzinotevedzerwa nokuda kwemheridzo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Gunhuriso Youteme hweBumbiro reMitemo uye Kutenderwa Kwapamutemo

Bazu redare rinoshandisa utariri nenzira yakasiana zvikuru. Nepo Congress ichinzvera navakuru vakuru, matare anodzivisa. Kutonga kunodzorwa nenhau uye kwakajeka, kuchishandisa nheyo dzapamutemo kumaidi egakava akati. Simba rematare kuhwirudzura mabasa amamwe mapazu nokuda kwokuwirirana neBumbiro remitemo nemirairo. Iri simba harina kupiwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo asi rakatangwa neDare reProvistiki mu Marbury v. Mademy na [183]). Dare rakataura kuti "icho iko guru redare uye basa redare rinotonga kutaura kuti mutemo uripo." Iyi nheyo yokuhwirusa inopiwa kupfurikidza nemitemo inopiwa nemitemo uye kuputsa mitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Kunoita Vatongi Pamisangano

Matare anoshandisa tarisiro yebazu remitemo kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuiswa kwaro mukuwirirana neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kana mutemo uchiputsa maruramiro omunhu oga, unopfuura masimba anonyorwa, kana kuti kuputsa nheyo dzourongwa dzakadai sehurumende, dare rinogona kuurova. Somuenzaniso, mu Kutsigira kweChorty v. New York [202010], Dare rakakwirira rakahwirudzura chisarudzo cheTrump kuti chiwedzere mubvunzo wougarikano kuruwanwa. Dare rakaramba kuti basa redare racho rakanga ragara riri renhau, richihwirusa zvinobudirira zvose zviri zviviri basa roukuru nechiremera pasi pedare. Ichi chimiro chokutarisira kuti kunyange mutemo upfuure mumitengwe, sokuedza kwekodzero huru pakuripokana kana kuti ganhurirwa.

Mutemo Unodzora: Kuongorora

Ruzhinjisa rwetarisiro yedare rinotonga rinoita mumashoko omutemo wokutonga. Pasi peAdministrative Procedure Act (APA), matare anohwirudzura zviito zvesangano kuvimbisa kuti hazvisi "zvisingabvumirwi, zvisina kujeka, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira, kana kuti zvimwe kupesana nomutemo. Uku "kunzvera" kunoda kuti masangano ape tsananguriro yakafungwa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo, kurangarira zvinhu zvose zvinowirirana, uye kusimbisa batano pakati pemaidi anowanwa nechisarudzo chakaitwa. Matare anohwirudzurawo tsananguro dzemitemo yaadzo dzinopa. [2] Zvikamu zvinodzodzorwa zvedare zvinotonga zvave zviripoto mukuru zvave zviri nhau yekurukurirano huru. Nokuti, kana zvichishandurwa nedare gurusa rehurumende:[FU.]

Dzidziso Dzakarurama: Kuzvidzora

Matare anoisa miganhu yakatsiga pasimba rawo amene kuti apinde muutariri. Dzidziso dzokumira, kuibva, uye dzidziso yezvamatongerwe enyika dzinovimbisa kuti matare anoshanda mukati menzvimbo yawo yakafanira. Kumira kunoda kuti mutongi aratidze mamiriro ezvinhu akareruka, anokosha anosanorondwa kumufambiro wemukwiridziridziridzo uye zvimwe kudzoreswa nechisarudzo chakanaka. Izvi zvinodzivisa matare kubudisa mirangariro yemitemo kana kuti kupedza zvigumbuso zvavose izvo zvinowirirana namapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Dzidziso yezvamatongerwe enyika inoisa nhau dzakati, zvakadai semufambiro wetsika yokumwe kana kuti miitiro yokusatevedzerwa kwapurezidhendi, zvinoiswa kuvhotera pamapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika uye zvisakafanira. Izvi zvinoratidzira nheyo dzemitemo yemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuongorora Kunoenzanisa: Kuchinja - chinja Kwezvinhu, Kunetseka, uye Kuchinja - chinja Muutariri

Kuenzanisa mabasa okutarisira mumapazu matatu kunoratidza gadziriro iri kugadziriswa, inodzorwa, uye inodzokororwa nguva dzose. Hapana bazi rimwe rinogona kumanikidza vamwe zvizere; panzvimbo pezvo, utariri hunoshanda kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kukuru kwezvisundo, zviwanikwa, uye chiremera chebumbiro. Chinjo dzoutariri zvichitsamira pakuti bazi ripi riri kuritanga, mashoko akapoteredza ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye nzvimbo yemiitiro inobatanidzwa.

Kuzvidavirira Mumutemo

Congress ikodzero huru yezvamatongerwe enyika netarisiro yavakuru vakuru. Kunzvera kwedare kunodzora nhau dzenhau dzechikwata kunogona kuva netapuro ine simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, kunokuvadza chivimbo chavose nokumanikidza kubuda kana kuti mirau, kunyange kana kusati kuchiguma nemitemo yapamutemo inotenderwa napamutemo. Kutarisira kwapamutemo ndiko kunokosha uye kunogona kuiswa pasi pesimba, apo vazhinji vanoshandisa simba ravo repasi popuana kunetsa mukuru mukuru kana kuti kunyora pfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukupesana, kutarisira kwedare kunodzorwa nomutemo uye kunodzorwa. Dare rinoshandisa mipimo yapamutemo yapamutemo yapamutemo, rinovimba nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yapamutemo, uye rinoita kuti rishande kupfurikidza noupenyu uye kudzorwa negadziriro inodzorwa. Kunyange zvazvo kurangarira kukuru kwemitemo kupfurikidza nokutonga kunogona kuva kwemitemo, kukurumidza kupindura nokudzorwa kwapamutemo.

Kuchinja Pakati Pemapurisa Patrol Nekuvhunduka Kwomoto

Muvhenganiswa we "police-patrol" uye "moto-harmar" utarisi hunosiana nebazu. Congress inotsamira zvikuru pakutarisira moto nemhaka yokuti mitezo yayo inotarisana nezvinodikanwa zvikuru panguva yavo nepfuma yakaganhurirwa yavashandi. Kupindura kunyunyuta, zvizarudzo zveripiti, kana kuti kufumura kwenhau inzira inoshanda yokugovera nayo pfuma dzedare. Zvisinei, kukura kwedare namasangano akafanana neGO kunofanira kumira, mapurisa-patrol. Bazu revakuru, kupfurikidza neIGs neOMB, rinopinda mumitevero yakaro yakaro inorotevedzerwa sebasa rokutarisira. Bazu redare rinotonga rinoita kuti risaruke. Rinofanira kumirira kumira kumira kumira nenhau inodzorwa nomoto.

Hurumende Yakakamukana uye Kutarisira

Ukuru hweutariri hwepakati pedare hunozivikanwa zvikuru kana boka rimwe chetero richidzora mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira. Munhambo dzehurumende yakakamukana, apo kuva sachigaro nekamuri rimwe reCongress zvinodzorwa namapoka anopesana, utariri hunowedzera zvikuru. Nzvero dzeCongress dzinova dzinova dzakakurumbira zvikuru, zvikamu zviduku, uye mapango ezvamatongerwe enyika akakwirira zvikuru. Kutyisidzira kwokusawirirana kunoitika kunowedzera. Munhambo dzehurumende dzakabatanidzwa, kunowanzova kunetesha sezvo mitezo yebato zhinji inozengurira kunzvera purezidhendi kubva paboka ravo vamene. Zvisinei, hurumende yakabatanidzwa inogonawo kutungamirira kutarisiro inodenha kutendeka kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvayo. Kutarisira kunowanzova kusingatapukurwi zvikuru nemhaka yokuti matare anoumbwa, asi kunoitwa kuti vatongi vadzore kubva mumapoka akasiana nokuumbwa.

Zvinetso uye Kutanga Kwoutarisiri Kunoenderera Mberi

Gadziriro youtariri hweboka, nepo hwakasimba, inotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzinotyisidzira kushanda kwayo. Kukura kwehurumende yokudzora kwakaparira chirongwa chikuru, chakaoma kunzwisisa icho chakaomera bazi ripi neripi kugona kudzora. Mashoko ichinetso chenguva dzose. Bazu guru rine betsero huru dzemashoko nemhaka youkuru hwaro noukuru hweunyanzvi. Chirongwa chinowanzorwisa kukwikwikwidzana, pasinei zvapo namasangano acho anotsigira. Chinetso chikuru; chiverengero chavashandi vesangano rinotarisirwa hachina kuramba chichivambirana kufamba pamwe chete noukuru hwehurumende yomubatanidzwa.

Vatsigiri vanoita basa rinokosha mukubatanidza mukaha uyu wamashoko. Vanobatira mukati "mhedziro dzemoto" kupfurikidza nokushuma tsvina, unyengeri, kana kuti kushatiswa kunobva mukati mebazu guru. Kudzivirira vatsigiri vamatsi kunokosha kuperevedzo yetsika yokutungamirira. Zvisinei, vapfuri veriva kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nenjodzi dzomunhu oga nedzebasa, uye dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinowanika kwavari hadzina kukwana uye dzinogona kunonoka kumanikidzira. Sangano revo, zvikurukuru, rine miitiro yaro yomukati yehotera iyo yakabvumikisa kuva inopesana, sezvinoonekwa munyunyuto weridzo yokutanga yepfuro yaPustricier Trup. Kudzivirira kwapamutemo kwemurwiridzi kunoramba kuri itiro yeitiro yezvokutarisira.

Kuiswa kwenzvimbo yecherekedzo idenho huru. Munguva yokudzorwa kukuru kwenzvimbo dzinotongwa nehurumende, maturusi anogadzirirwa kuzvidavirira anogona kugadzirirwa zvombo kuti awane mhindu mune zvematongerwe enyika. Kushandiswa kwemasangano maduku, kuzvidza kurongwa kweDare, uye tarisiro kuti zvishande misoro inokuvadza panzvimbo pokuita kuongorora kwakanaka kwokutenda kunogona kubvisa chivimbo chavose mumasangano outariri. Kana vanhu vachifunga kuti utariri hwechishandiso sechishandiso chehurumende, simba razvo rokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvida kuderera. Kuchengeta kuvimbika kwoutariri kunoda kuzvipira kunzvera kwechokwadi, kufungisa uko kunobvira, uye kuremekedza miraudzo yemitemo yemitemo. Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso izvi, gadziriro yeAmerica yakaparadza masimba, uye kudzorwa kwayo, inoramba ichishanda nesimba kuti idzorerwe nokuda kwehurumende.