Chitanga Kunzi: Kuumbwa Kwoutongi hweAmerica

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yakasanorongwa yeparadzano yamasimba, pfungwa inotsigirwa naMadzibaba Akavambwa kudzivisa kuunganidzwa kwechiremera chisingadzorwi. Sezvinoita James Madison mu Fateralist N. 51, chimiro chehurumende chinofanira kubatanidza "zvinodzivirira", zvinonzvera nechiyero. Njere dzinopesana negwinyiriro. Nyaya ino inonzvera nzira iyo bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinoshanda pamwe chete nayo, ichiratidzira mutambo unoshamisa unochengeta nokudzivirira ubati ushe hwedemocratic.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Dare reMitemo reU.S. rinokamura simba renyika kuva mapazu matatu akaenzana: REGITION (CHOUPU]), Inoshanda[[ (Prezidhendi namasangano ehurumende), uye [[FLT:] judicial [[[FLT]] [[FLT] Dare rapamusoro namatare akaderera ehurumende). Bazi rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiana yebumbiro remitemo, bva irori rinoshanda. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa anokosha kunzwisisa kuti batira sei hurumende seyakakwana.

Bazu Romutemo: Muiti Wemitemo

Congress, ruoko rwomutemo rwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, runoitirwa basa nokunyora, kukwikwidza, uye kupfuudza mitemo. Isangano rebicameral rinoumbwa ne SATE ne Imba yeVamiririri , imwe neimwe yakagadzirirwa kumirira fariro dzakasiyana.

  • Sarudzo: Hurumende imwe neimwe inosarudza vatendi vaviri, ichiita mashoko amakore matanhatu. Dare rinogovera mufananidzo wakaenzana nokuda kwenyika dzose, pasinei zvapo navanhu, uye inoita basa rinokosha mumiitiro yokumwe nesimbiso.
  • Imba yavamiriri:[ Mitezo inogoverwa yakavakirwa pavagari vehurumende, navamiriri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri. Imba inovamba zvikwereti zvemari uye inochengeta simba rimwe remari inodzorwa.

Dare rine masimba makuru anodudzwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, kubatanidza chiremera chemari yokukwereta, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuzivisa hondo, uye kusimudza mauto. Kupfuura kuitwa kwemitemo, Congress inoshanda senzvero pamamwe mapazi kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka:

  • [ Kubvumikisa bhajeti netsananguro: Mibato yose yebazu rapamusoro inotsamira pakutsigira mari uko Congress bedzi inogona kubvumira.
  • Kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi: Dare rinofanira kubvumira vatungamiriri vakuru nedare, kubatanidza mitezo yeKibitmat, nhume, uye vatongi vomubatanidzwa.
  • Kupasa: Imba inogona kudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi, nokuda kwe "mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye dare rakaipa"; Dare ipapo rinotonga uye ringabvisa mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri.
  • Kunzwa:[ matare eCongress anonzvera nguva dzose zviito zvebazu ravakuru, magwaro maduku, uye kudana zvapupu kuva nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira.

Congress inewo simba rokukurira dare rapurezidhendi rine voruzhinji vane matatu maviri mukamuri dzose dziri mbiri, vachiratidza kunzvera kwakananga paMutungamiriri.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Mumanikidzi

Yakatungamirirwa ne Mutungamiriri weUnited States, Bazu reGuru rinodzorwa rine mutoro wokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa neDare. Purezidhendi anoshanda somusoro wehurumende, Mutungamiriri wemauto ehondo, uye mukuru wehurumende. Kutsigira Purezidhendi ndiye Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi neKibinetsi, izvo zvinoumbwa nemisoro ye 15 yemadhipati makuru makuru (g. State, Surence, Superference, Treast, Justice).

Bazu Rine Guru rinoshandisa chiremera chinokosha chebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza:

  • Simba reVETO: Mutungamiriri wehurumende angaramba mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress (kunyange kuti vhato inogona kuva isina kujeka). Simba rino rinobvumiranisa mitemo.
  • Simba Rokugadza: Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, mitezo yeCabinet, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogadza, pasi pesimbiso yeDare.
  • Kugadzira: Mutungamiriri wenyika anotaurirana zvibvumirano namarudzi okumwe, izvo zvinoda zano nebvumirano yezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveDare.
  • Mirairo yoMutevedzeri: Vatungamiriri vanopa nhungamiro kumasangano ehurumende kutarisira kushanda kwebazu ravakuru vakuru, kunyange zvazvo iyi mirairo ichifanira kuwirirana neganhuriro dzemitemo nemitemo.
  • Simba reProfesi: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa kukanganwirwa nokukanganwirwa kwemhaka dzehurumende, kunze kwemhaka dzekusazvidzora.

Mukuru Mukuru anonzverawo Legislative Branch kupfurikidza nokudana marusando chaiwo eCongress uye kupfurikidza nokuparadza (8apo anoramba kuuraya) mitemo munzira dzinogona kupesvedzera miuyo yetsika. Zvisinei, zviito zvaPrezidhendi zvinodzokororwa nedare.

Bazu Rokutonga: Mutsigiri

Bhazi Rokutonga rinotsanangura mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Ibwe raro rekona i Dare reUnion States , rinoumbwa navatongi vapfumbamwe vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose mukati momufambiro wakanaka. Pasi peDare gurusa imatare ehurumende edare rekukwirira nematare eruwa, ayo anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, uye gakavadzano pakati pemitezo.

Chishandiso chaJudiciary chine simba zvikurusa ndi hwirudzuro yedare ]. Chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisiri zvehurumende. Chinogadzwa muchinyorwa [1803] nhau Marbury v. Madison, kuhwirudzura kwedare icherekedzo yokupedzisira pazvose zviri zviviri Kokorodza naPrezidhendi. Macaro anogona kurovanya mitemo, zviratidzo zvavakuru vakuru vakuru, uye kuraira hurumende kuti irege mufambiro usiri wapamutemo.

  • Dare reMitemo: Sezvo dare renhau dzokupedzisira, rinonzwa kukwirira panhau dzinokosha dzebumbiro remitemo uye kupedza rwisano pakati pematare akaderera. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinosunga mamwe matare ose.
  • matare ehurumende: matare oruwa matare anotonga; matare ezvikumbiro anonzwa zvikumbiro. Anobata ruzhinjisa rwemhosva dzehurumende, kuvambira pakodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kumatare outsotsi.

Bazu Rokutonga rinonzvera mamwe mapazu kupfurikidza naidzo:

  • Kurangarira mutemo: Kana mutemo uchiputsa Bumbiro remitemo, matare anogona kuurova.
  • Kuona mabasa evakuru vakuru: Matare anogona kushayisa simba zvirango zvehurumende, mirau, kana kuti zviito zvinopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chomutemo.
  • Kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga: Vatongi vanomanikidzira Bill of Rights uye dzimwe gadziridzo mukurwisana nehurumende vanonyengera.

Zvisinei, Dare rinogona kuchinja simba rematare omubatanidzwa, kubvisa vatongi, uye kuronga kuchinja mitemo kuti ipedze mitemo. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi, uye Dare rinovasimbisa, saka simba rezvematongerwe enyika rinoumba bhenji racho nokufamba kwenguva.

Mashandiro Anoita Mapazi Pamwe Chete: Michina Yokuumba

Unyanzvi hwegadziriro yeAmerica hahusi mukuwanisa masimba chete asi mukumanikidzira mapazu kubatira pamwe.Bumbiro reMitemo rinoumba gadziriro apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinotsamira pamamwe kuita zvinangwa zvaro. Pasi apa pane mativi makuru okubatira pamwe.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Mutoro Unogoveranwa

Kuisa mitemo ndiwo muenzaniso unooneka zvikurusa webatira pamwe. Mutemo unotangira muCongress, umo unotangwa, unokurukurwa, uye unopfuudzwa navose vari vaviri Imba neDare. Kana zvangopfuudzwa, unoenda kuna Purezidhendi, uyo anganzi:

  • [[[FRATI: 0] Chiratidzo mumutemo.
  • [[FT:0] Ireve [, uchidzorera kuDare nezvirambidzo.
  • Regai kuva mutemo pasina kusaina pashure pamazuva gumi (kuwedzera maSvondo) kana Congress iri murusando.
  • [[FOLT:0] Pocket vento kupfurikidza nokusaita chiito kana Congress Congress ichiita mhikano mukati mamazuva gumi.

Kana Purezidhendi akasaidzira mutongo, Congress anogona kukurira vhiyi nevhiyi yezvitatu zviviri mukamuri rimwe nerimwe. Iyi michina inotaurisa: Purezidhendi haawanzovi nechikwereti chinopfuudzwa zvikuru, uye Congress haawanzokunda mavhatoi okuvhota kunze kwokunge ane ushingi hukuru.

Kupfuurirazve, mitemo yakawanda inobva muzvikarakadzo zvebazu guru. Chikarakadzo chaPurezidhendi chemari yemari, somuenzaniso, chinogadza nzvimbo nokuda kwezvikarakadzo zvesangano. State of the Union inoronga purogiramu yemitemo yaPurezidhendi, inosunda Congress kuita chiito.

Kugadza Nokusimbisa: Vane Simba Nemauto Ane Simba Nemutemo

Purezidhendi anotora vanhu vamwe navamwe kuti vazadze nzvimbo mudare redare rehurumende, madhipatimendi makuru, uye masangano akazvimirira. Asi Dare rinofanira kusimbisa ava vamiriri kupfurikidza nevhoti yoruzhinji. Iri "basa nemvumo" rinopa pesvedzero huru padare.

  • Vatongi vedare rehurumende: Vane Mibatanidzwa nokuda kwamatare oruwa, matare okukwirira, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro vanotongwa pamberi peDare reDare reDare reDare, richiteverwa nevhoti yeDare rakazara. Kunyanduka kwedare kunowanzomuka mukati mehondo dzokusimbisa, kunoratidzira mabako makuru okugadza.
  • Kabhinet nevakuru vesangano: Mutungamiriri anosarudza vasande, Vatungamiriri, uye Vatungamiriri, vazhinji vavo vanoda kusimbiswa kweDare. Uyu muitiro unovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vanogamuchirwa nevoruzhinji vavarendi.
  • Ambassaders: Kugadza kwePromotic kunosimbiswawo, kuchipa Hurumende pesvedzero pavashandi vemiitiro yokumwe.

Muitiro wokugadza unoratidzira nzira iyo mapazi anofanira kubatira pamwe nayo: Purezidhendi anosarudza vanoda kugadzwa, asi Dare rinoshanda somuchengeti wegedhi.

Kurapa Nokurambidza Kumwe

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rinopa masimba emitemo okumwe mumapazu. Purezidhendi anotaura zvibvumirano nezvibvumirano zvekurukurirano, asi zvibvumirano zvinoda kudzorwa nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveDare. Uku kwave kuri manyuko ebatira pamwe huru nerwisano. Somuenzaniso, kukundikana kwaPrezidhendi Woodrow Wilson kutsigira tendero yetendero yeVersailles pashure peHondo Yenyika I kusimbisa simba reDare kuumba misengwa yenyika yose.

Uyezve, nepo Purezidhendi ari Mutungamiriri weDare, Congress bedzi anogona kuzivisa hondo. Masimba eWar Resolution ya 1973 kuedza kumanikidza Purezidhendi kubvunza Congress asati aita mauto kune imwe nyika, kunyange zvazvo chaizvoizvo kwave kuchimutsa nharo.

Kubvuma: Kuchengeteka Kunoitwa Pabumbiro Romutemo

Kubvuma muenzaniso unoshamisa wemapazu ari kushanda pamwe chete kuti achengete vakuru vakuru vanozvidavirira. Imba yavamiririri inovhota kuti vapiwe mhosva (vapa mhosva) nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo; Dare ipapo rinotonga, nenhita mbiri dzinosarudzwa kuti vatonge ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru. Chiratidzo chikuru cheDare Rapamusorosoro chinotonga kutonga kutonga kutonga kwoupurezidhendi.

Kunzvera kwose kuri kuviri Chiremera (Mutungamiriri wePresidenti, Mutungamiriri wePresidenti) naJeudiciary (vatongi vehurumende). Kunyange zvazvo kusingawanzoshandiswa mukurwisana napurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump (twice), pamwe chete navatongi vazhinji. Muitiro unomanikidzira mapazu eGregislative ne Juji kupindura kubazu reLegislative, nepo chinodikanwa chikuru cheDare chinodzivirira pakubatwa zvisina kufanira kwechikwata.

Kuhwirudzura Kunoita Vatongi Zviito Zvinotungamirira

Dare rinowanzohwirudzura zviito zvakaitwa neBazu Rinotungamirirwa, kubva pamitemo yokubuda kumiraudzo yemhoteredzo. Somuenzaniso, Dare rapamusorosoro rakatonga mu Professiwn Comment Comment + (1952) kuti Purezidhendi Truman adzore kutora zvigayo zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea kupfuura chiremera chake chemitemo. United States v. Nixon[FLT][FLT] [1974], Dare rakaraira Purezidenti Nixon kuti arekoshetetetetete tepio, achiramba kutaura kwake kweropafadzo huru yakakwana. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti [FLT]

Kushandisa Mari Nezvikarakadzo: Simba Rechitengo

Congress inobata simba rechikwama chacho: hapana mari inogona kupedzwa kubva kuvengi pasina mutemo wokuranga. Purezidhendi anopa chikarakadzo chemari chemari yakarongwa gore rimwe nerimwe, asi Congress anonyora zvikwereti chaizvoizvo zvokudzorwa. Kana Purezidhendi asingabvumirani nezvikamu zvemari, chivhoti chingatyisidzirwa, zvichitungamirira kukurukurirano. Zvisarudzo zvinoitika apo Congress inokundikana kupfuudza zvikarakadzo uye Purezidhendi akaramba kusaina zvisarudzo zvinopfuurira, kuratidzira mamiriro ezvinhu akakwirira eiyi batirano.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yokuumbwa Nokupokanidzana

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvakaedzwa munhau yose yeAmerica. Heino mienzaniso mishomanene inokosha:

Marbury kana kuti Madison (1803)

Nyaya iyi yakatanga nheyo yokuongorora. Apo Purezidhendi John Adams akagadza William Marbury seruramisiro yorugare, asi basa rake harina kupiwa Thomas Jefferson asati atora basa, Marbury header. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akatonga kuti Marbury akanga ane kodzero kudare rake asi kuti mutemo waipa Dare gurusa wakanga usingawiriraniswi. Ichi chisarudzo chakadzikamisa simba redare rinotonga mukurwisana navose vari vaviri Mutungamiriri (Jefson's kuramba kubudisa) uye Gregislative (Chon's Chourve).

New Deart (ma30)

Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt purogiramu dzezvinzvimbo zvemari dzakatarisana nenzvero huru yedare. Dare Gurusa rakaputsa mitemo mizhinji yeNew Deal, kuchisunda Roosevelt kukarakadza "kurongedza Dare namatongerwe edzimwe ruramisiro. Masangano akaramba gadziriro, asi Dare pakupedzisira rakatsigira mutemo mukuru, richiratidzira kuti rwisano yeBharanch inogona sei kutungamirira kumisiano yebumbiro remitemo.

Watergate (1970)

Congress yakaongorora, matare akatonga kuti pangava neropafadzo yokutungamirira, uye kutyisidzira kwokusatendeutswa kwakaita kuti Purezidhendi Nixon arege basa.

Basa Regadziriro Yenyika Inotarisirwa

Nepo nyaya ino ichinangidzira ngwariro pamapazu ehurumende, gadziriro yeU.S. inobatanidzawo hurumende dzehurumende, idzo dzine mapazu adzo dzimene anotarisira, emitemo, uye edare. Masimba eTenth Amendment asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende. Uku kuparadzana kwakananga kwamasimba kunopa zviremera, kuvamba uchangamire huviri. Federalism inoshandira pamwe nenzvero dzakateverwa pamusoro apa, somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinogona kuderedza mitemo yehurumende inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo, nepo nyika dzichigona kudenha zviito zvomubatanidzwa kupfurikidza nokuparidzo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nenguva Yemberi Yemiedzo Nedzikamo

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, vatsoropodzi vakamutsa itiro hanya pamusoro pokukura kwesimba rokutungamirira, kuwedzera kwokuvadziko yavanhu vanopesana, uye kuderera kwokutarisira. Mapurezidhendi akavimba nenzira inowedzera nezviratidzo zvehurumende uye chiito chisina kubatana, nepo dzimwe nguva Dare richipa chiremera chakafara kumasangano. Bazu rinotonga razova nzvimbo huru yehondo dzepfungwa, nokutsigira kurwisana kunowedzera zvikuru.

Kunyange zvakadaro, chisakiso chikuru chinoramba chakasimba. Mapazu anopfuurira kunzverana: matare anorovanisa zvirango zvavatungamiriri, Congress anonzvera ndokudzivisa kupa mari, uye Purezidhendi anoisa mutemo. Kuti gadziriro yacho ishande nenzira inobudirira, bazi rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kushandisa masimba aro emitemo. Savagari vemo, kunzwisisa iyi inokosha nokuda kwokuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire uye kuchengetedza dzikamo yedemo yedemo youdemori.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera Bumbiro reMitemo U.[FLT] kubva kuNational Archives, dare .Gov nzvimbo yemashoko emitemo, uye website yeDare repamutemo[FLT:]

mhedziso

Kubatana pakati peLegislative, Gurukota, uye Judicial idivi gurusa reAmerica. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana, asi hapana rinogona kutonga roga. Gadzi reBumbiro reMitemo rakasanorongwa rekunzvera nokudzikamisa rakabatana, rinodzivisa udzvinyiriri, uye rinochinjira kuchinjika kwenguva. Nokunzwisisa kuti aya mapazi anoshanda pamwe chete sei, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuoma kwokutonga nesimba rinogara kwenguva refu renyika yose.