Sumo yebumbiro remitemo inopfuura zvikuru kutanga kwapamutemo kana kuti chikamu chenhetembo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Inobatira sechinhu chikuru chouzivi nedongo chorudzi, ichisimbisa kuzivikanwa kwavazhinji, mipimo yapakati, uye nharidzano dzokupedzisira izvo zvinobatanidza vanhu vakasiana - siana pamwe chete pasi pegadziriro imwe yehurumende. Munhambo inoratidzirwa nokuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzapasi, kukamukana kwenharaunda, uye kukamukana kwezvizivikanwa, basa rokutanga mukusimudzira nokutsigira chinzwano chamarudzi ose nechokubatana kwenzanga [ hazvina kumbova zvinodenha zvikuru. Chinzwano cheNati chinonongedzera kumugariro wenyika wakabatana serudzi rumwe, chinoratidzirwa nokubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunzanga dzose. Magariro anozivikanwa nechisarudzo chorupoteko rwenzanga rwenzanga dzinobudirira kubatira pamwe chete.

Mavambo Edzidziso Nemitemo Okubatana Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Muitiro wokushandisa sumo kubatanidza rudzi une mavambo makuru muuzivi hwazvino uno hwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru gamuchidzanwa renzanga. Vafungi vakaita saThomas Hobbes, John Locke, uye Jean-Jacques vakataura kuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chapamutemo chinomuka kubva mubvumirano pakati pavanhu vakasununguka kuti vaumbe nzanga yavagari vemo. Kutanga kunoshanda setestamende yakanyorwa kuiyi nzanga yapakuvamba, kuchirangarira nguva vanhu kuzviita vamene sehurumende.

Kutsigira Kudavira Nouchangamire Hwenzanga Hwakakurumbira

Sumo dzinowanzotaura zvakajeka pfungwa yavanhu vanobvuma nokuzvidira kugadza hurumende. Iyi "nguva inoumbwa" inokosha nokuda kwokugadza chisungo chakaenzana chougamuchidzani hwevagari vemo pamwe chete nechisungo chakamira pakati pehurumende nomunhu. Kupfurikidza nokudzikira chiremera mukubvumira kwevadzorwi, kutanga kunosimudzira pfungwa yokuva voga voga pamusoro penguva yemberi yenyika. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inopa mavambo akazara pamusoro pokuti iyi rondedzero yenzanga inoumba sei mavambo emitemo yazvino uno yemitemo yetsika yazvino uno (ona [[FLT:]]] Sactail Contrary The ]).

Chiremera Chokufananidzira Mukupesana Nokumanikidzwa Nemutemo

Nepo nyaya dzinoshanda dzebumbiro remitemo dzichigovera gadziriro yapamutemo inosunga, sumo ine simba guru rokufananidzira nerinodudzira. Madare anowanzoshandisa sumo kunzwisisa "mudzimu" kana kuti "kuronga" yebumbiro remitemo. Mumativi akawanda, zvisinei, mavambo haamanikidzwi zvakananga mudare; ichishandiswa chokududzira panzvimbo penzvimbo yemanyuko omutemo wakananga. Iyi ibasa rinokosha. Kupesana uku hakuranganisi kodzero dzakananga, asi kunopa chiso chemipimo chakagadzwa nekodzero dzinokosha. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusare rakakurumbira rakava ne "kiyiyi yokuzarura ndangariro yavagadziri," kutsanangura kubatana kwegadziriro yose yomutemo. Uku kusimbisa kwokufananidzira kupfurikidza nokuita nzvimbo inobvumiranwa nezvinangwa zvorudzi.

Kugadzira Nhengo Dzinokosha

Sumo dzinoshanda semichina ine simba yokurondedzera. Dzinozivisa zvichemo zvomunguva yakapfuura (zvikurukuru, "Kuparadzana kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi" muSouth Africa), kubudisa zvinetso zviripo, uye zvishuvo zvomunguva yemberi. Iyi nhauro inogovera chitsigiso chendangariro chine simba nokuda kwezivikanwo yenyika. Inotaura nhau pamusoro penzvimbo yakabva rudzi, charunodavira, uye kwarunoenda. Iyi nhau inogoverana rutivi runokosha rwenzanga, ichipa nzvimbo yakafanana nokuda kwavagari vemo vangava neshomanene muhumwe huwanduko.

Zvinhu Zvakananga Zvokubatana Nokuunganidza Mumutauro Wokutanga

Vagadziri vebumbiro remitemo vanoshandisa zvishandiso zvemitauro uye zvepfungwa zvakati kuti vasarudze kubatana.

1. Kuzivisa kwouchangamire Hwakakurumbira: "Isu Vanhu"

Chitsama chamashoko chinoti "Isu vanhu" (kana kuti chakaenzana nacho mumimwe mitauro) chishandiso chimwe chine simba zvikurusa chinobatanidza musumo. Chinopa chiremera chenyika chinobva kuvagari vayo, nokudaro ichipfuura nharaunda, dzinza, kana kuti mapoka orudzidziso. Chinoumba sangano rimwe chete rinotonga . (Vanhu) avo vari manyuko esimba rose rehurumende. Uku kuumba kunorambira pamutemo kuboka ripi neripi rinoti rinomirira rutivi rumwe rworudzi mukurwisana nomumwe, kuvamba mutsetse wakananga wechiremera kubva kuboka revagari vemo kuenda kuhurumende.

2. Kubatsira Kutevedzera Tsika Dzakabatana

Mashoko aya anoshanda sezvinangwa zvinoda kuitwa nevagari vose, pasinei nokuti vanobva kupi.

  • Tsika: Chipikirwa kukururama, mutemo, uye dziviriro yamaruramiro, kuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna boka rinoderedzwa nenzira yakarongwa.
  • : Chipikirwa chorusununguko rwomunhu oga mukati megadziriro yechengeteko yakabatana nenhevedzano yavose.
  • Kuenzana: Chibvumikiso chokuti vagari vose vane ukoshi hwakaenzana hwetsika uye vane maruramiro nebanza zvakaenzana.
  • [[Nhamba: 0] Kubereka: kazhinji kazhinji kunofuratirwa zvikurusa kwoutatu (Rudzi, Kuenzana, Kubatana kunobva muChinjo yeFrance), ushamwari hunonangana zvakananga nesonganiro yenzanga. Kunoda pfungwa youhama nechinzwano pakati pavagari vemo, kuchiita soukombiso yemirangariro yakananga kukukamukana kwenzanga uye nzanga.

3. Kuzivikanwa Nokutarisirwa Kwemarudzi Akasiyana - siyana

Denho huru nokuda kwenyika dzazvino uno kudzikamisa chinzwano nokuzivikanwa kwemhatsa.

Kubatana Kwevanhu (Mhanza Yokuchinja - chinja)

Mamwe mashoko okutanga anoreva muitiro umo mapoka akasiyana - siyana anobatana kuva zita rimwe, renyika imwe chete. Chimiro chakatanhamara ikariro yokuti vatami navaduku vachagamuchira tsika huru nomutauro. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kutanga kuzivikanwa kwakajeka, kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira ndyiko dzokudzvinyirira tsika duku.

Kubatana Kwetsika (Mosesi Kana Kuti Saredhi

Mamwe mashoko okusuma anozivisa zvakajeka mhatsa(marimi, rudzidziso, uye dzinza) uye chinzwano sewirirano pakati penyika inotonga imwe. Kutanga kweIndia muenzaniso mukuru, kuwedzera zvakajeka shoko rokuti "Sicial" kusimbisa iyi rondedzero inobatanidza zvakawanda. Kutanga kweSouth Africa kunozivisa nenzira yakafanana kuti rudzi rwacho rwakabatanidzwa mumhatsa yedu. Iyi mitoo yazvino uno yamaruramiro avanhu uye inorangarirwa sechimiro chinotsigirwa zvikuru chekoshesi munzanga dzakasiana--- siyana zvikuru.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa neBumbiro reMitemo: Kuongorora Kubatana Kwemhosva

Kuongorora mashoko okutanga kunoratidza nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzakashandiswa nenyika kuti dzitsigire kubatana, imwe neimwe ichienderana nemamiriro ayo ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana enhau uye enzanga.

United States (1787)

"Isu vanhu veUnited States, muRwisano yeChibatano chakakwana zvikuru, kugadza Ruramisiro, kudzivirira kwemhuri, kugovera dziviriro dzinozivikanwa navose, kusimudzira Ugarikano, uye kuchengetedza Zvikomborero zveRusununguko kwatiri timene neProspost, tinogadza ndokugadza iyi Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States of America.

Surgey ibasa gurusa rokuvaka rudzi. Inobva zvakananga kubva "Isu Vanhu" kundaza yevavariro dzakabatana, kutsvaka zvakajeka kuumba "Imwe Yakakwana zvikuru" pashure pekundikano dzeMitemo yeConfection. Iro rinoisa bumbiro remitemo sechishandiso chinoshanda nokuda kwegarikano yakabatana, rinonangidzira ngwariro parunyararo rwemhuri negarikano sezvibereko zvechinzwano.

India (1950, Yakafukidzwa 1976)

AMURANGARIRE, VANHU veIndia, vakatsunga zvakasimba kuumba India kuva COMVERIEGN COURYFORMUTH uye kuchengeteka kuvagari vemo vayo vose: RUKURUKURIRO... KUVA NEURUCHENGETE... uye kusimudzira pakati pavo ruremekedzo rwose runovimbisa chiremera chomunhu oga uye chinzwano neperero zvorudzi.

Sumo yeIndia inorairidza zvikuru. Iyo inobatanidza zvakajeka nvukwaniridzo [ ne nerokwakarurama rorudzi [[FLT:]. Amendement ye 42D [1976] yakawedzera mashoko "Sociast" uye "Spect" kurugwaro rwapakuvamba. Iyi yakanga iri nhamburiko yokungwarira kubvisa chinzwano chorudzi mumhiko yetsikano yenzanga netsinhirano yetsika, ichitaura zvakananga tsinhirano yenyika yorudzidziso nemitauro.

South Africa (1996)

Isu vanhu veSouth Africa, Recognie kusaruramisira kwenguva yakapfuura yedu; Tsvakai avo vakatambura nokuda kwokururamisira norusununguko munyika yedu; remekedzai avo vakashanda kuvaka nokuvandudza nyika yedu; uye davirai kuti South Africa ndeyavose vanogaramo, vakabatana mumhatsa yedu.

Sumo yeSouth Africa yakasiyana musundo yayo yakajeka payananiso. Iyo "i] miganhu yomunguva yakapfuura" uye "i] shayei nheyo dzenzanga yedemokrase nezakaza." Mashoko okuti "kubatanidzwa mumhatsa yedu" rudzi rwazvino uno rwakaisvonaka rwevagari vemo. Iyi mavambo muenzaniso wakaisvonaka wokushandisa rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo kutaura zvakananga nhau yenzanga yakadzika neyamarudzi.

Kenya (200)

"Isu, vanhu veKenya... tinodada nokusiyana kwedzinza redu, tsika nechitendero... takatsunga kurarama murugare nokubatana serudzi rumwe runozvitonga rusingaparadzaniswi.

Kenyan Pregaget muenzaniso wazvino uno werudzi runoshandisa bumbiro rarwo remitemo kuzvibatanidza rumene pamwe chete pashure penhau yerwisano yedzinza nedzoudzori hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupfurikidza nokutaura zvakajeka rudado mumhatsa apo runosarudza kurarama serudzi rumwe "runosianiswa", runoparira gadziriro yakasimba yokutungamirira uzhinji hwedzinza. Inoramba pfungwa yokuti mhatsa iperedzo uye panzvimbo pezvo inoiisa samanyuko esimba rorudzi.

Kutsoropodza uye Kuganhurirwa Kwokubatana Kunokonzerwa Nokutanga

Pasinei nomutauro wazvo wakanaka, kupemberera hakukonzeri kusabatana.

Musiyano Uri Pakati Pokuzvidemba Nechokwadi

Kupesana kukuru kunowanzovapo pakati pekutaura kunowedzera kwesumo nechinhu chaichoicho chipenyu chavagari vemo. US Pregagery yakapikira "Ruramisiro" uye "Liberty" apo uranda norusaruro zvakarongwa zvakabatanidzwa pamutemo. Unyengeri ihwohwu hunogona kuparira kusabvumirana ndokusekesa chinzwano chimene chinoda kuvakwa. Apo sumo yokutanga inopikira nzanga asi tsika inotsarudza, chinyorwa chinorasikirwa nechiremera chahwo chetsika.

Isu Vanhu Ndiani?

Chitsama chamashoko chinobatanidza "Isu vanhu" chinogona kuva chinoparadzanisa zvikuru. Munhau, vakadzi, vagari vemo, uye vanhu vakapinzwa muuranda kazhinji kazhinji hachisati chichirangarirwa kuva rutivi rwouyu mutumbi unotonga. Zvitangiro zvazvino uno zvinofanira kurwisana nguva dzose nenhau yokuti ndiani ari we "Vanhu". Nharo pamusoro pougarikano, kutamira munyika, uye maruramiro amapoka mashoma inharo huru pamusoro perondedzero yeichikamu ichi. Rumano rweUnited States rweMiteo rweMiteo" haruna kubatanidza vagarikan Africa vasungwa, chikanganiso chakava nehondo yevagari vemo uye tevere kuti vatange kururamisa.

Kusaruramisira Mumutemo

Mumativi akawanda, kusuma hakumanikidzwi zvakananga mudare. Uku kunoganhurira simba rakwo rinoshanda kumanikidza chinzwano. Nepo chiri chishandiso chinokosha nokuda kwokududzira mitemo isina kujeka, hakugoni kushandiswa pachayo kumisa mutemo. Hurumende inogona kuita nenzira dzinopesana nomudzimu wesumo, uye matare angasava nesimba rokupindira kutoti maruramiro chaiwo, anoyera akapunzwa. Uyu "kushanda nesimba" zvinoreva kushanda kwesumo kunotsamira zvikuru pakuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwehurumende iri musimba.

Ngozi Yechiuto uye Kutsigira Kumwe

Nepo mashoko okutanga achisimudzira urudzi hwehurumende (hwakavakirwa pamipimo inowirirana), mutauro wavo unochinjika unogona kubatanidzwa nevorudzi. Chikumbiro che "mubatanidzwa" chinogona kushandiswa neboka guru kururamisa kusabvumirana, kusimbisa kupesana kwetsika, kana kuti kumisa manzwi maduku. Hurumende ingataura kuti kutsutsumwa ndiko "kurudzi rwamarudzi ose" muzita rechinzwano chakapikirwa nesumo, nokudaro kuchibatanidza nokupesana kwenzanga kwechokwadi kupfurikidza nemitoo inodzvinyirira. Kusuma kunogona kuva chombo chinorwisana nemhatsa yainoreva kudzivirira.

Kutanga Nokubatanidzwa Kwenyika Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Mashoko okutanga aripo munguva ino yokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, madhigirii okufambisa mashoko, uye masangano anoongorora kudyidzana kwepasi pose anoramba achibatsira sei?

Mashoko Okutanga Okuratidza Zvinhu Zvitsva Zvinokosha

Mamwe marudzi akagadziridza mashoko awo okutanga kuti agadzirise zvinetso zvenguva ino. Ikoku kunoratidza kuti sumo igwaro benyu rinogona kushandiswa kumutsidzira chibvumirano chenzanga. Hurumende yeIndia yechi42 ndimuenzaniso mukuru. Switzerland yePregendro ya1999 yakawedzera zvakajeka kuzvipira ku "kubudirira kusingachinji" uye "kusakwanisa kuzvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi". Uku kuchinja kunobvumira bumbiro remitemo kuvamba parutivi pekunzwisisa kworudzi netsika dzarwo.

Kupesana Nokuparadzana Nokuparadzana

Munyika dzinotarisana nerwisano yamadzinza kana kuti masangano echimurenga, kusuma kunobatira semhinganidzo yapamutemo nendangariro mukurwisana nokuparara. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reCanada Kuzviisa pasi reTestation reQuebec[ (1998] yakatsamira zvikuru panheyo dzemitemo dzakanyorwa dzinowanikwa musumo yeMitemo yemitemo yeCanada inonyorwa, "/federalism", democracy, divisionism, uye mutemo wemitemo unorwisana nechengedzero yeUtemuwe. dare rairangarira kuti idzi nheyo, dzakadziridzwa mukutangira, dzinoda kukurukura zvose zvirongwa zvenyika nezviwi. Saka kuvamba kuita sechitengidzo chenyika, kugovera pamutemo uye nheyo yetsika nokuda kwokuchengeta kutendeka kwomutemo [FFFocrence]]]).

Dzidzo uye Muitiro Wokubatana

Sumo inoita basa rinokosha mudzidzo yehurumende. Kududza sumo muzvikoro (sezvinoitwa muIndia neUS) itsika inosimbisa kuzivikanwa kworudzi nemipimo yemitemo. Munhambo yemitemo, aya magwaro anogona kubatira sechinhu chimwe chete chehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo vagari munyika yose vanogoverana rugwaro rumwe cheterwo runorondedzera chinangwa chavo chorudzi, runoparira pfundo guru nokuda kwekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika uye mashoko akagoveranwa okuzvitonga.

Mugumisiro: Kudikanwa Kusingaperi Kwechiono Chebumbiro Remitemo Chinogoverana

Mashoko okutanga ebumbiro remitemo anopfuura zvikuru mashoko enhau.

Chinokoka chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kuti chiite kuti rudzi ruzvidavirire kuzvipikirwa zvarwo zvakatangwa. Munyika inovakwa nenzira yakaoma zvikuru nokuparadzaniswa, mano avanhu kutarira kusumo yavo yebumbiro remitemo ndokuona kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo kwe "Isu Vanhu" kunoramba kuri chimwe chemiedzo yakakomba zvikurusa yetsika dzakatsiga, dzakatsiga, uye nzanga bedzi. Kutanga kwacho hakusati kuri kutaura kwakananga; ikokero mhenyu yokupfuurira kuvavarira mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru, kubatana kukuru, uye rondedzero inobatanidza rudzi rwacho. Basa rokuvaka chinzwano, rinotungamirirwa naaya mashoko ehwaro, haritongotongopedzwa.