Kuumbwa Kwesimba reHurumende: Nhungamiro Inoshanda

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ipi neipi inobudirira, kuparadzirwa kwamasimba ehurumende ndiko kudzikamiswa kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika norusununguko rwomunhu. Vagari vanonzwisisa vanoita izvo mukati mehurumende yavo vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuti vasaita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire, vatsigire nokuda kwokuchinja, uye vashande mabasa avose. Iyi nhungamiro yakakura inoputsa kuparadzana kwakatanhamara kwamasimba enyika neanodzora, uye anotonga, uye dare rinosakisanisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende anokamuranisa chiremera chorudzi, Hurumende, Hurumende yomunzvimbomo. Izvo tichanzverawo gadziriro inokosha yenzvero nerevokushandisa , izvo zvinodzivisa kuparadzanisa kumwe kudzora vamwe.

Mufungo wokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende wakajekeswa zvikuru nomuzivi weFrance Montesquieu mubasa rake ra1748 Mudzimu weMitemo. Mifungo yake yakapesvedzera zvikuru vagadziri veU. Constitution, vaitya kuiswa kwesimba muchinhu chimwe. Vakavaka hurumende yamapazu akasiana, rimwe nerimwe rine basa raro raro chairo, uye ipapo vakapa bazi rimwe nerimwe zvombo kudzivisa kudzorwa nezvimwe. Iyi gadziriro inoramba iri muenzaniso wedemocraticsvey yedemocratics nyika yose, kunyange zvazvo kushata kwayo kuchisiana nenyika.

Chikonzero Nei Basa Iri Richikosha Kuvagari Vezuva Riri Rose

Kunzwisisa uku kusava kungoitawo basa rokuvaka. Panenge papiwa mutemo mutsva, unofanira kumanikidzwa (kudzosa). Kutenderwa kwawo kwemitemo kungashorwa mudare (mutongi). Uye mari yakwo inofanira kutenderwa navanogadzira mitemo (vatambi). Kuziva kuti ibazu ripi kana kuti mwero unobata zvinokubatsira kutungamirira vhoti yako, kuvhota kwako, kana kuti kunyunyutira kwako kwapamutemo kunzvimbo yakarurama. Kunoitawo kuti uve mutsigiri akadzidza zvikuru mukurukurirano yavose, anokwanisa kuona kupfurikidza nezvirevo zvinovhiringidza kudzora.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende: Kuparadzana Kwevane Simba

Gadziriro zhinjisa dzehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzinokamura hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiyana uye mano okunzvera mamwe. chikamu ichi chinonzvera chimwe nechimwe muudzame, kubva kumusoro wenyika kusvikira kumasangano nematare anotsigira.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Kuteerera Mitemo uye Kutungamirira Rudzi

Bazu guru rine mutoro nokuda kwe kugadza nokusimbisa mitemo inopfuura nedare remitemo, pamwe chete nokutarisira kushanda kwezuva nezuva rehurumende. Kuvakwa kwaro kunotsamira pakuti nyika inoshandisa gadziriro yapurezidhendi (sokuUnited States) kana kuti gadziriro yeparamende (soku United Kingdom kana kuti Canada). Mugadziriro yapurezidhendi mukuru, purezidhendi(*) anosarudzwa nokubatira nhambo yakatemwa. Muparamende, mushumiri mukuru anobviswa nehurumende uye anogona kubviswa nevhota.

  • Head yeHurumende neHurumende: Purezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende anogadza purogiramu yemiitiro, anomirira rudzi kune imwe nyika, uye anobatira somutungamiriri mukuru wamauto akashongedzwa nezvombo.
  • Kabhini: Boka ravakuru vakuru (vavachengeti vemitemo) vanotarisira madhipatimendi makuru akadai sedziviriro, dzidzo, utano, uye mari. Vanogadzwa namukuru mukuru webasa, kazhinji kazhinji netendero yomutemo.
  • Kushanda kweProfection and Bureaucracy: Zviuru zvavabatiri vavagari vemo namasangano . yakadai seNzanga yokudzivirira njodzi kana kuti Department of Transportation / anoita mabasa chaiwo, kubva pakubudisa mapasipoti kusvikira kumitemo yokudzivirira basa.
  • Simba naMaturusi: Mutungamiriri anogona kupa zvirango zvehurumende (zvine simba romutemo), kutaurirana zvibvumirano (pamberi pokuita kuti pave nemitemo), uye kupa kanganwiro kana kuti magetsi. Simba ichekedzo yakakomba: mukuru mukuru anogona kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa nedare, achimanikidzira pamutemo mukuru kuudzora.
  • Mutezo woMusiri womutemo neNational Defense: Kudzora kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende, zviratidzo zvezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose, uye kutungamirira mabasa ehondo. Uku kuiswa kwesimba kunoda utariri hwokungwarira hwemitemo, zvikurukuru pamusoro pamasimba ehondo nemari.

Nokuda kwenzvero ine udzame pabazu ravakuru vakuru reU.S., shanyira [[FLT: 0] peji yehurumende yeWhite House[[FLT: 1].

Bazu Romutemo: Kuita Mitemo Nokumirira Vanhu

Bazu rewirirano nemitemo rinowanzonzi Corer kana .Ndodokuwana simba rokuita, indendi, uye repetal . inzwi revhotate, sezvo mitezo yaro inosarudzwa zvakananga. Hurumende zhinjisa ibhiyameral (makamu maviri), zvakadai seU.S. Congress neDare rayo neImba yaVamiririri. Dzimwe nyika, seNew Zealand neSweden, shandisa gadziriro yeUnigal nekamuri rimwe.

  • Kunyorwa uye kumiminurirwa: Mumiitiro yebimeral, kamuri rimwe (inowanzonzi imba yakaderera) rinomirira chiverengero chavagari vemo, nepo imwe (imba yapamusoro) inomirira nharaunda kana kuti nyika zvakaenzana. Ikoku kunoparira chekicha yakapetwa kaviri pamitemo.
  • Muitiro woMutemo: Mabhiri anosumwa mukamuri ripi neripi, ipapo anokakavadzana, akagadziridzwa, uye anovhota. Kana makamuri ose ari maviri achipfuura shanduro dzakafanana, bhiri racho rinoenda kumukuru nokuda kwetendero. Muitiro unononoka noune kubvumira kurangarira kwokungwarira nemubato wavose.
  • Bridget ne Rockation: Simba guru reimba yomutemo isimba rechikwama(inotendera mari yose inoshandiswa nehurumende inoisa mitero. Ikoku kunopa pesvedzero hurusa pamusoro pezvinhu zvenyika zvokutanga.
  • Kuongorora nokuedza: Majeri anoongorora bazu revakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokunzwa, zviputu, uye kunzvera. Vanogona kunzvera zvisakafanira, tsvina, kana kuti kundikano dzemiitiro ndokumanikidza chipupuriro chakabva kuvakuru vakuru.
  • Masimba eMitemo: Chigaro chomutemo chinosimbisa kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru nekutonga (mumiitiro yakawanda), kubvumira zvibvumirano, uye kunogona kubvisa purezidhendi kana kuti vatongi nokuda kwekusazvibata.

Kutsvaka kwenguva chaiyo inokwana 88, ona Coreff.gov.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo Nokuchengeta Bumbiro Remitemo

Bazu redare rinoumbwa nematare ayo anodudzira mitemo, kupedza gakava, uye kuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro inodzorwa pasina rusaruro. Kuzvimirira kwawo kubva kune mamwe mapazu kunokosha nokuda kwomutemo. dare rakakwirirasa (kazhinji kazhinji rinodanwa kuti dare rapamusoro kana kuti rebumbiro remitemo) rine shoko rokupedzisira parevo yebumbiro remitemo.

  • Miitiro mizhinjisa ine matare okutonga (panovamba mhaka), matare enhau (iyo inohwirudzura zvisarudzo), uye dare gurusa (inonzwa bedzi zvikumbiro zvinokosha). Iyi purogiramu inobvumira zvikanganiso kururamiswa uye nheyo dzapamutemo kujekeswa.
  • Jodicial Review: Iri isimba rokunzvera mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira ndokuirova kana zvikaputsa bumbiro remitemo. Rakabva muUnited States nenhau yechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison. Nhasi, hurumende dzinotonga dzapasi dzakawanda dzinopa matare avo chiremera chakafanana.
  • Chibvumirano naTenure: Vatongi vanowanzogadzwa (kwete kusarudzwa) kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vangabatira kwoupenyu (semugadziriro yehurumende yeU.S.) kana kuti kusvikira pazera rokurega basa rapamutemo. Iyi nguva refu inotsigira chisarudzo chokuzvimirira.
  • Matare muMutemo Wavagari Vemo noweutsotsi: Matare anopedza gakava dzakavanzika (masangano, zvinhu, mutemo wemhuri) uye mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinopikirwa apo hurumende inotonga vanhu nokuda kwokuputsa mirau. Anonzwawo mhaka dzinobatanidza masangano ehurumende (mutemo woubati ushe).
  • Michero paJudiary: Dare harina kudzorwa. Mutungamiriri anomanikidzira mirairo yedare, mutengi wemitemo anogona kuchinja mitemo yemitemo (kunyange zvazvo isiri mitemo yebumbiro remitemo pasina kugadziriswa), uye vatongi vanodzorwa nokusatendeseka.

Terendora U.S. nzvimbo yapamutemo yeDare rapamusoro-soro [ nokuda kwenhau dzazvino nemirangariro.

Zvikuva zveHurumende: Federal, State, uye Nzvimbo

Mugadziriro dzehurumende dzakadai seUnited States, India, Germany, uye Australia, masimba ehurumende anokamurwawo zvakatsiga pakati pehurumende yepakati (nyika) nehurumende dzeruwa. Iri boka, rinozivikanwa se fraderalism[, rinobvumira misiyano yenharaunda apo inochengeta chinzwano chorudzi. Pasi apa, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobata zvinodikanwa zvenzanga.

Hurumende Yenyika

Hurumende yomubatanidzwa ine masimba anodzorwa [ . ainopiwa zvakananga nebumbiro remitemo. Iwaya anowanzofukidza nhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose uye haagoni kudzorwa nenzira inobudirira pamwero wenyika.

  • National Defense and Foreign Policy: Hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chakakwana chokuzivisa hondo, kuchengeta zvibvumirano zvehondo, kutaurirana, uye kumirira nyika iri kunze kwenyika.
  • Entestate Extertary: Inodzora kutengeserana uko kunogura miganhu yenyika, kunodzora mari yenyika (mugove wemari, mari yemari), uye kugadza miitiro yokutama nokuchinja.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kubhajeta uye Dhipatimendi Rinobhadharwa:[[FLT: 1] Hurumende yehurumende inomanikidzira mitero yemari inotambirwa, mitero yemakambani, uye zviremera zvokubhadharwa kuti itsigire mapurogiramu enyika akadai seSocial Security, Medicare, uye manyuko enzvimbo.
  • Concistigal Trureditions: Rinomanikidzira kodzero dzavagari vemo nerusununguko munyika dzose, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nematare ehurumende namasangano akafanana neBato reRuramisiro.

Hurumende yomubatanidzwa yakachengetawo masimba mune dzimwe nharaunda asi inogoverana masimba akabatana (mutoo, mutero, murairo wemhoteredzo) nenyika, chero bedzi mutemo womubatanidzwa usingarwisani.

Hurumende yeHurumende

Hurumende dzinoshandisa masimba anoshumira pasi peMitemo yeTB muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.(masimba) asingapi hurumende kana kuti kudzorwa kunyika. Ndidzo zviremera zvikuru zvezuva rezuva 936 mumiganhu yazvo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Tsamba:[[FLT: 1] United States inogadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, tsigira zvikoro zvavose namayunivhesiti, uye vadzidzisi verezinesi. Maruwa mazhinjisa ezvikoro omunzvimbomo anoshanda pasi pechiremera chehurumende.
  • nyika dzinotarisira mapurisa, mabasa okudzima moto, uye mhinduro yekurumidziro mundima yadzo. Dzinodzora zvipatara, marezenisi okurapa, uye mativi outano.
  • transportation and Insfractation: nyika dzinochengeta migwagwa, mabhiriji, uye zviteshi zvengarava (kunze kweizvo zvinosarudzwa senyika kana kuti hurumende). Dzinotarisirawo kunyoresa motokari nedzinopinza mutyairi.
  • [ Mutemo weMitemo nePromo:[[FLT: 1] Roorano, chatanuro, nhaka, zvibvumirano, uye nzvimbo inodzorwa zvikurukuru nemirau yehurumende nematare.
  • Police Powers:[ United States inogona kupfuudza mitemo kudzivirira utano, chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yavose yavagari vayo (ikoku ndiko musimboti wouchangamire hwehurumende.)

Nyika imwe neimwe inewo mukuru wayo (governor), mutungamiriri wehurumende (kazhinji kazhinji bikameral, kunze kweNebraska), uye mutongi, achitevedzera chivako chehurumende.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo(makonda, maminisita, mataundikishi, maruwa ezvikoro, uye maruwa chaiwo(ndiro [[FLT: 0] . Dzinoshandisa bedzi masimba iwayo anopiwa kwavari nehurumende yenyika. Nhevedzo yavo iri pamibato yenzanga 939 inotapura zvakananga kunaka kwoupenyu hwavagari vemo.

  • Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinotarisira mugove wemvura, kurapa kwetsvina, kuunganidzwa kwetsvina, chiedza chomugwagwa, uye gadziriro dzokufambisa dzavose.
  • Mitambo neNhandaro: Vanotarisira mapaka avose, nzvimbo dzokutambira, nzvimbo dzenzanga, uye nzvimbo dzemitambo. Mitemo yokugadzira inosarudza kushandiswa kwevhu (yemigove yezvokutengeserana, yemaindasitiri) inodzorwa munzvimbomo.
  • Mutemo Wapanharaunda:[[FLT: 1] Mapato emapurisa eMunicipa, mahofisi ehurumende, uye mapato okudzima moto mitoro yomunzvimbomo yakakurumbira, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji achibatira pamwe namasangano ehurumende nehurumende.
  • [[FOLT:0] Maguta enzvimbo iri kure: uye mirangariro inoita mirairo paruzha, pakara, zvirango zvokuvaka, marezere, uye kugadziriswa kwezvinhu. Izvi zvine simba romutemo mukati mazvo.
  • School:[ Hurumende dzichigadza muitiro wedzidzo wakafara, mabhodhi ezvikoro omunzvimbomo anopinza vadzidzisi, vanovaka zvikoro, uye vanotarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva. Mari yechikoro inotsamira pamitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo.

Nokuda kwemhesano huru zvikuru mumibato yehurumende yomunzvimbomo muUnited States, National League of Cities [[[FLT: 1] inopa zviwanikwa zvakaisvonaka.

Kuganhurirwa Kwesimba Nekungwarira: Kuganhurirwa Kunoitwa Simba

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kungava kusina revo kana michero nedzikamo `majaji anobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kudzivisa, kumanikidza, kana kuti kupesvedzera mamwe. Gadziriro inova nechokwadi chokuti gwinyiro risingadzivisiki rebazu rimwe nerimwe rinorwisana negwinyiriro rerimwe, kudzivirira rusununguko.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Dare Nevatungamiriri

  • Simba reVETO: purezidhendi anogona kuramba mari yechikwereti inopfuudzwa neCongress. Zvikamu zviviri netatu zvezvikamu zviviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri zvinodikanwa kukurira vhato, uko kusingawanzowaniki.
  • Simba rokugadza: Mutungamiriri anoisa vatongi vehurumende nemitezo yedare, kusimbiswa neDare. Ikoku kunoumba mutongi nesangano kwamakore.
  • Simba rePradente: Purezidhendi anogona kukanganwira mhaka dzomubatanidzwa, achinzvera nenzira inobudirira simba rokutonga rebazu.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Padare Nemajeri

  • Dare rinogona kubvisa purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwokupandukira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye zvisakafanira.
  • Kusimbisa uye Zano: Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwavakuru nezvibvumirano. Ikoku kunopa mutezo mudare remitemo muanoronga masangano uye icho rudzi runoita mhiri kwamakungwa.
  • Simba rePurse:[[FLT: 1] Rinodzora kupiwa mari kwemibato yose yehurumende uye rinogona kubvisa zvirongwa kana kuti kunzvera kusingafarirwi.
  • [ Kutonga kwokutonga kwomutemo: Kutonga nokufeyafeya kunoratidzira tsvina, unyengeri, kubatwa zvisina kufanira, uye kutsoropodzwa. Mahofisi anotarisira anofanira kupupurira pasi pemhiko.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Kutungamirira Nomutemo

  • Judicial Review: Matare anogona kurova mirairo yavakuru vakuru kana kuti mitemo inoputsa bumbiro remitemo. Iyi ndiyo nzvero yedare renhau ine simba zvikurusa.
  • [[[FRAT:0] Kuiswa kweMitemo: Dare rinotema icho mitemo inoreva chaizvoizvo mukushanda, kugadzirwa kwemiitiro.
  • Kurangarirwa kwezviito Zvoukuru: Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kudenha kuva pamutemo kwemirau yesangano, kusungwa, kana kuti nhungamiro dzapurezidhendi mudare remubatanidzwa.

Kuongorora uku kunogara kuchiitwa, dzimwe nguva chinyararire uye dzimwe nguva panguva inoitika njodzi dzezvematongerwo enyika.

Mienzaniso Inoshanda Yavanoita Chii

Kuti uite kuti iyi mifungo ive yechokwadi, rangarira zvinoitika zvitatu zvezuva riri rose:

  • . . . . . . . . . inovaka nokuchengeta migwagwa, inoisa ganhuriro dzekumhanya, uye vatyairi veraisenzi. Mapurisa omunharaunda anodzika mitemo yemotokari ndokuita tsaona.
  • mutemo mutsva wezvoutano: Congress inopfuudza mutemo (murakata). Department of Health and Human Service inonyora mirairo ine udzame ndokuita mapurogiramu akafanana naMedicare (kuuraya). Kana murwere kana kuti hurumende ichiita mhaka pamusoro pomutemo, matare ehurumende anosarudza muuyo (mushonga).
  • chikoro chavose chapanzvimbo yacho: Dare rehurumende rinogadza zvinodikanwa zvezvidzidzo nemiitiro yokushandisa mari. Boka rechikoro romunzvimbomo rinopinza vadzidzisi ndokutarisira chivako. Hurumende yehurumende ingabatanidza migariro kuzvipo zvayo (Mitemo I) inoda kuedza kana kuti mipimo inobatanidza.

Kunzwisisa aya matura kunobetsera vagari vemo kuziva wokuonana naye: chivanze inhau yomunzvimbomo, sarudzo yakakwikwidzwa ihurumende 939, uye chinjo mumutemo wokutama inoda chiito muWashington, D.C.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kunopfuurira Kwemasimba eHurumende

Kuparadzirwa kwamasimba hakusati kuri kwakabatana. Gadziriro dzeFederal dzakaona simba richichinja nokufamba kwenguva, (kazhinji kazhinji kuhurumende yenyika mukati menjodzi dzorudzi dzakadai sehondo kana kuti njodzi dzemari, uye kudzokera kunyika apo kudzorwa kwomunzvimbomo kunodiwa. Mitemo yeDare Rapamusorosoro reUniversity, yakadai se [[FL:0] United States v. Lopez [1955]) iyo inoganhurira chiremera chebhizimisi cheCongress comment direction, inoratidza kuti miganhuro inopfuurira kubatanidzwazve.

Mugadziriro dzeparamende, kubatanidzwa kwamasimba avakuru vakuru neomutemo (gurukota guru nedare rehurumende) imitezowo yeparamende yakarongwa asi kunotsamira pamakwikwi ebato nenzvero yokutonga kuti zvichengete dzikamo. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza nemitemo yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, gadziriro dzakananga (kubvisa simba rehurumende nenhepfenyuro), kana kuti masangano anodzora akazvimirira kuti aparadzirezve simba.

Kupedzisa: Nei kunzwisisa kuti “Ndiani Anoita Zvinokosha”

Vagari vemo vakasanozivikanwa icherekedzo yokupedzisira pahurumende inonyengerwa. Kupfurikidza nokuziva mabasa akasiyana emukuru mukuru, wrumbidzo, uye mapazu okutonga (//ne kuti simba rinokamurwa sei pakati pehurumende, hurumende, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo) unogona kutora rutivi zviri nani muupenyu hwavose. Unogona kutungamirira vhoti yako, inzwi rako, uye kutendeka kwako kunzvimbo yakarurama nebazu. Unogona kuziva apo kunzvera nedzikamo zvinoshanda zvakanaka uye apo zvinenge zvichidzorwa. Uye unogona kunzwisisa kuti tsika, nokuda kwokuoma kwayo kwose, yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwako.

Sezvaunopinda munhau, zvisarudzo zvenzanga, uye sarudzo, zvinoramba zvichibvunza: ndiani ane simba rokuita pano? Bazu kana mwero une mutoro? Mhinduro ichakutungamirira kunzira inobudirira zvikurusa yokuita musiano.