Masimba eCongress anoumba chirevo chekudzora kweAmerica, achiumba chinhu chiri chose kubva kuvagari vemo vanobhadhara mitero kusvikira kuhondo dzenyika. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa aya masimba haasati achingovawo zvake muitiro muvagari vemo(kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inorongwa sei, kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa sei, uye kuti hurumende inoshanda sei mumiganhu yemitemo yemitemo. United States Congress, sangano rebhinational rinoumba Imba yaVamiririri naVatongi, rine rudungwe rwezviremera zvinorongwa, zvinorehwa, uye zvinogarwa. Nyaya inosano inonzvera icho chirevo paizvo vapi vanogona kuita, ichipinda mumiganhuro yemitemo yemitemo.

Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Emasimba Emisangano

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chinosimbisa bazu remitemo ndokurondedzera zviremera zvaro zvikuru. Kusafanana namapazu makuru emitemo neatongi, ayo akarongwa munyaya dzapashure, Congress inopiwa ndaza ine udzame hukurusa yemasimba() inosarudzwa namaune naVamiriri kuita kuti chivara chikuru chehurumende itsva. Masimba iwanike mumapoka matatu akafara: akatara, akarehwa, uye akakura.

Simba Rine Simba: Vamiriri

Masimba akaitwa kuti ave ndiwo akanyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, zvikurukuru muChikamu I, Chikamu 8. Aya mapfundo ane gumi namasere anopa zviremera chaizvo zveCongress izvo zvinokosha kuuchangamire hworudzi neteramo yemari. Chinokosha chinodudzwa chinobatanidza:

  • Simba rerevy mitero [[FLT: 1] - Congress inogona kuisa nokuunganidza mitero, mabasa, mapost, uye zvibvumirano zvokubhadhara zvikwereti, kugovera dziviriro yavose, uye kusimudzira garikano yose zvayo.
  • Simba rokudzora kutengeserana – The Commerce Clausle inopa chiremera cheCongress pamusoro penyika dzose nekutengeserana kwamarudzi ose, simba rakadudzirwa zvikuru neDare Rapamusorosoro.
  • Simba rokuzivisa hondo [ - Dare Berimene rinogona kuzivisa hondo nenzira yakarongwa, kunyange zvazvo Purezidhendi achigona kuita mauto pasina chiziviso mumigariro yakati.
  • Simba rokusimudza nokutsigira mauto [[[FLT: 1] - Congress inodzora kutsigira mari yehondo uye inogona kusimudza ndokuchengeta mauto akashongedzerwa, akaiswa paganhuriro.
  • Simba rokuumba mari [[[FLT: 1] – Congress inoumba mari, inodhinda mari yepepa, uye inodzora ukoshi hwayo, ichivimbisa gadziriro yemari yenyika yakafanana.
  • Simba rokugadza mahofisi epositi – The Postal Claus inoita kuti Paramende itange nokuchengeta basa repositi.
  • Simba rokugadza matare akaderera – Congress inoumba matare ehurumende akaderera pasi peDare Rapamusorosoro.
  • Simba rokupa zvivakiso nekodzero dzokunyora – Kusimudzira fambiro mberi yesayenzi nounyanzvi, Congress inogona kuchengetera kodzero dzakatsaurwa nokuda kwavagadziri navanyori.

Aya masimba anodudzwa akarongedzerwa kuva akananga, asi zvikamu zvakanzwisisa kuti hakuna ndaza yaigona kukarira chinodikanwa chiri chose chomunguva yemberi.

Vanoshandisa Simba: Chiito chaClaus Ane Simba

Chinodikanwa neSeaty Claus(8) kazhinji kazhinji chakadana Elastic Claus·grants Congress chiremera chokuita mitemo yose iri "yokukosha neyakafanira" nokuda kwokuita masimba ayo anodudzwa. Ichi chitsama chinowanwa pamugumo weChikamu I, Chikamu 8, Claus 18. Hachipi simba rokuzvimirira asi panzvimbo pezvo chinobvumira Congress kusarudza mutoo wokuita nawo miganhu yayo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kushandiswa kwakakurumbira zvikurusa kwamasimba anorehwa kwakauya muRepublic yapakuvamba. Apo Congress yakanyoresa Dare reChipiri reUnited States, system yaro yakadenhwa. Mu Mcloch v. Maryland[ [1819]), Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akatonga kuti bhangi rakanga riri simba rapamutemo ramashoko nemhaka yokuti rakanga riri "ri madikanwa nerakafanira" kutora masimba akarongwa somutero, kukwereta mari, uye kudzora kutengeserana. Chisarudzo ichocho chakasimbisa kuti chitsauko chapamutemo, kwete chinoganhurirwa.

Mimwe mienzaniso yemasimba airehwa inosanganisira:

  • [[[NHAU: 0] Kubatanidza international Revolution Service (IRS) - Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi sangano rokuunganidza mutero, Congress yakatanga IRS somutoo uri madikanwa wokutora nokuunganidza mitero.
  • Kudzora kutama [ – Simba rokudzora kugadzirwa kwomusikirwo rinodudzwa, asi Dare rakashandisa chiremera chakaratidzira kugadza mitemo yakafara yokutama, kubatanidza kuchengetwa kwemiganhu negadziriro dzevhiza.
  • Kuzivisa mitemo yemari shoma yehurumende yemitero – Muuriri hweChommerce Claus, Congress yakaita mipimo yomubayiro neawa zvakadai seFair Labor Standard Act.
  • Kupa masangano ehurumende - inodokuva sangano guru rehurumende riri rose, kubva kuNhungamiro Inodzivirira njodzi kusvikira kuDepartment of Homeland Security, rakaumbwa neDare richishandisa masimba aro anorehwa kuita mitoro inodudzwa.

Dare rezvemitemo reElastic Claus rinovimbisa kuti chinyorwa chekare hachiregi kuitwa nesangano rinoita kuti mitemo ienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu anenge achichinja asi rikaramba richiita zvinoenderana nebumbiro remitemo.

Masimba Atakasikwa Nawo: Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvaakapiwa naChangamire

Masimba okuberekwa nawo ndiwo aya ane Dare nemhaka bedzi yokuti United States rudzi rune uchangamire, haana kunyorwa muBumbiro remitemo asi anokosha kuti hurumende ipi neipi ishande.Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kuti Dare ringashandisa masimba okuberekwa nawo munzvimbo dzakadai senhau dzokumwe, kudzivirira nyika, uye kudzora kutama.

Mienzaniso yacho ndeiyi:

  • Kubatanidza nhau dzokumwe[ - Congress inogona kutanga zvibvumirano, kutaurirana zvibvumirano (naPresidenti), uye kuziva hurumende dzokumwe.
  • Kudzivirira rudzi [ - Congress inogona kudzivisa kuvhozhokera ndokudzvinyirira kumukira kunyange pasina kuzivisa kwehondo kwomuitiro.
  • [ inodzorwa miganhu [ - Congress ine chiremera chagara chiripo chokudzora kupinda kwavanhu nezvinhu munyika.
  • Nharaunda inopindwa navose - Kupfurikidza nesimba rokugamuchira nyika itsva nokudzora nzvimbo, Congress inoshandisa chiremera chadzo chakagadzwa choutongi panyika dzinodzorwa neU.S.

Simba rokuberekwa naro hariwanzokumbirwi zvikuru kupfuura simba rinodudzwa kana kuti rinorehwa, asi rinopa dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwezviito zvinofanira kuitwa kuchengetedza kuvapo kwenyika.

Simba Risiri Rapamutemo: Kupfuura Kuita Mutemo

Basa reCongress harina kuganhurirwa kumitemo inoita. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa masimba anoverengeka asingadi kudzorwa ayo anobvumira Congress kunzvera mamwe mapazu ndokutarisira nhau dzomukati. Masimba iwaya anokosha kugadziriro yamasangano akaparadzana anogoverana simba.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora

Dare rine simba raro rokunzvera nhau dzine chokuita nemibato yaro yemitemo. Iri chiremera chinobvumira matare kuva zvapupu zviduku, kuraira magwaro, uye kudzorwa. Kupfurikidza noutariri. , Congress inogona kutarira kushandiswa kwebazu guru remitemo, kufukura tsvina kana kuti ushati, uye kuzivisa mutemo womunguva yemberi. Kutungamirira ndichimwe chezvishandiso zvinokosha zvikurusa zveDare, kunyange zvazvo kubudirira kwaro kuchitsamira painowanzova nepati rinodzora imba imwe neimwe.

Somuenzaniso, Dare reImba paUfuri naGovernment Reformation rinogona kunzvera nhau ipi neipi panguva ipi neipi, uye matare eDare nguva dzose anoita bvumirano nokuda kwemitongo yavakuru vakuru nedare. Mhaka yechiratidzo McGrain v. Daughty [1927] inosimbisa zvakasimba kuti simba reDare rinokosha kubasa raro remitemo.

Simba Rokusimbisa

Dare rine simba rakakwana rokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi pasi peAudice and Conface Claus (Article II, Chikamu 2). Ikoku kunobatanidza vanyori vedare, vatongi vehurumende, vatongi veDare rapamusoro, nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanoisa panzvimbo yakakwirira. Muitiro wokusimbisa unopa Dare inzwi rine simba mukuumba mapazu evakuru vakuru neatongi. Nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo, Dare rinogona kutendera vamirine, asi mukushanda, muitiro wacho wazova wakakwirira zvikuru.

Simba Rechidyiro

Congress inodzora bhajeti yehurumende kupfurikidza nesimba rayo kumari yakafanira. Hapana mari inogona kutorwa kubva kuVhircale kunze seinopiwa nomutemo. Iri "simba rechikwama" inzvero inokosha pabazu guru. Mutungamiriri wehurumende angakumbira mari nokuda kwepurogiramu, asi Congress anosarudza kana mari yokupa. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, hondo dzemari dzedzo dzakatungamirira kukumiswa kwehurumende apo Congress anokundikana kupfuudza zvikwereti.

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Imba yavamiriri ine simba rimwe chete rokutonga vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi weSanihedrini, Mutongi, uye vatongi. Kutonga kwakafanana nokupa mhaka(icho chinopomera mukuru mukuru "mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira navanokanganisa." Dare panguva iyeyo rinotonga, uye vhoti yezvitatu zviviri inodikanwa kuti itonge ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru mukuru pahofisi. Mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, uye Donald Trump) akapis akapikiswa neImba, kunyange zvazvo pasina akawanwa mhaka neDare rokubvisa.

Treaty Restation and Amendment Pursion

Dare rinofanira kutendera zvibvumirano zvinotaurirwa naPrezidhendi nezvikamu zviviri zvamatatu. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti misengwa yamarudzi ose ine tsigiro yakafara. Mukuwedzera, Congress inogona kukarakadza gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri nhatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri; kugadziriswa kunofanira ipapo kusimbiswa nezvitatu nezvina zvenyika.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Kubva Pabhiri Kuenda Kumutemo

Kunzwisisa kuti Congress inoshandisa sei simba rayo rokuita mitemo kunoda kunzvera muitiro wemitemo.

Kutanga Kwebhiri

Mutezo upi noupi weCongress unogona kusuma mutezo. MuImba, chikwereti chinoiswa mu "Enter"; muDare, mitezo inopa mashoko pauriri. Mabhiri anouya nenzira dzakawanda: zvikwereti zvavose, zvikwereti zvomunhu oga, zvisarudzo zvesonganiro, zvisarudzo zvechibvumirano chapanguva imwe chete. Zvikwereti zvavose bedzi nechisarudzo chakabatana zvinova mutemo kana zvikasainwa naPurezidhendi.

Kuongorora kweDare uye Kucherechedza

Kana yangotangwa, dare rinonongedzerwa kudare rimire rine chiremera pamusoro penhau. Matare ndeapo panosimudzwa kurema. Anova napo kutongwa, anounganidza chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye anomutsa kurukurirano. Dare ringavhota kuti risarudze kuti "risarudze" mutero wacho ungachinja usati waushuma mukamuri rakazara. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinofa mudare; avo vanopukunyuka vanotumirwa kuuriri.

Matare anewo zvibvumirano zvinopinda zvikuru munhau dzakananga.

Nharo Dzakaoma Nedzokuchinja

MuImba, Mitemo Komiti inogadza mipimo yekurukurirano − kuti ichagara kwenguva yakareba sei, kuti idzoreso ngani dzinogona kupiwa, uye kana pamutemo uchigona kugadziriswa. Dare rine ganhuriro shomanene; gakava rinowanzova risina kuganhurirwa kutoti rakumbirwa namavhoti 60. Iyi nzira yakazarurwa inobvumira vana vamajeri, apo mugadziri wejeni anogona kubatira uriri kuti rinonoze kana kuti ridzivise vhoti. Chipikibuster chazova rutivi runosimbisa rweDare razvino uno reSangano, inoda tsigiro yemikoro hurusa.

Pakakakavadzana pauriri, nhengo dzinogona kugadzirisa zvinhu. Vatasvi nenhumbi dzinobatanidza mari dzinowedzerwa kuchikwereti chakakurumbira (8apo zvinozivikanwa muDare asi zvakaganhurirwa muImba. Nharidzano ndeyokuvaka mubatanidzwa wevazhinji, asi kubatana kwemapoka anoparadza nyika kwaita kuti izvi zvive zvakaoma zvikuru.

Kufambisa Uye Kupfuura

Pashure pekurukurirano, vhoti inotorwa. MuImba, mavhoti anowanzorekodwa pakombiyuta; muDare, vhoti dzinotendwa dzinozivikanwa navose nokuda kwomutemo mukuru. Voruzhinji vanodikanwa nokuda kwokupfuura (kana pasina murairo ichiyero chebhajeti yeyanana kana kuti chibvumirano). Kana zvikapfuudzwa, mari inoendeswa kune imwe kamuri, apo muitiro unodzokororwa. Kazhinji kazhinji, makamuri maviri anopfuura shanduro dzakasiana; dare redare ipapo rinoumbwa kuyananisa misiyano. Kana chibvumirano chikasvikwa, zvikamu zvose zvinovhotera pashanduro yokupedzisira.

Chiito Chapurezidhendi

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angobvumirana, mutevedzeri wacho unotumirwa kuMutungamiriri wePurezidhendi ane mazuva gumi (anopfuura maSvondo) okusaina mumutemo kana kuti kuuisa munzeve. Kana akasainwa, Congress inogona kudzora voruzhinji vaviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri(a chinoitika chechienzi). Kana Purezidhendi asina kuita chiito neCongress zviri murusando, mutemo unova mutemo pasina sigina. Kana Congress Comress ichiita mumazuva iwayo gumi, muromo unofa nehomwe.

Makemikari Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Simba Remisangano

Vagadziri vamaFrames vakaronga gadziriro umo bazu rimwe nerimwe ringagona kudzora mamwe. masimba eDare anoongororwa namapazu avakuru vakuru navanotonga, uye Congress anoanzverawo.

  • Presidentile chuto - Purezidhendi anogona kuramba mutemo, asi Congress inogona kudzora nembiri dzvuru.
  • .JUDYY – Dare rapamusorosa rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isingawirirani, seyakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison [183]). Iyi inzvero ine simba pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo.
  • Ropafadzo yokushanda nesimba nokushandisa kungwarira - Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba kuita kuti mitemo iteererwe pazvikonzero zvebumbiro remitemo, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchiitiranwa nharo.
  • [ Kubvisa nokubvisa – Congress inogona kubvisa Purezidhendi navatongi vehurumende nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama.
  • Sarudza kusimbisa[ – Dare rinogona kumisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano.
  • [ Simba rechikwama [ – Congress inogona kubvisa nhano dzavakuru vakuru.

Mienzaniso yenhau inoenzanisira iyi nzvero dzinoshanda. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt's "stance-packing" rongedzero yakakurirwa neCongress. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akarega kutevera Dare reHouse Judicary raitenderwa kunyora. Muna 2018, Congress adrode de Prezidenti Trump’s vhato yemuitiro wokudzivirira.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nenguva Yemberi Yesimba Remisangano

Kuparadzana kwakaita mitemo kwakakuita kuti zviome kubudisa mitemo mikuru, zvichiita kuti pave nokuwedzera kushandiswa kwemitemo yevakuru vakuru uye kudzorwa kwemasangano ehurumende.

Dare rinowanzokundikana kupfuudza mabhiri ose ane gumi nemaviri okudzokorora zvinhu panguva, zvichiita kuti zvisarudze kana kuti zvisave kurambidzwa. Chikwereti chenyika yose chawedzera kusvika ku $34 000 000 000 000, zvichimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti mutemo wefiscal unotsigirwa uchidzorwa.

Imwe denho ndiro kutumwa kwesimba kumasangano anodzora. Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinopfuudza mitemo yakafara iyo inogadza chiremera kumasangano ebazu makuru, kuchiparira icho dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodana kuti "hurumende". Ikoku kunomutsa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pokuti Kokorodzano iri kupa simba rayo romutemo here. Dzidziso yeDare Gurusa re "mibvunzo" inoda kuti Dare ritaure zvakajeka apo rinopa simba panhau huru dzezvemari kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika.

Pakupedzisira, kurwisana kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye mashoko kunounza njodzi itsva.

mhedziso

Masimba eCongress makuru asi haana kuganhurirwa. Kubva pakuverengwa kwezvipo muChikamu I kureva zviremera zvakatorwa kubva kuChinodikanwa neChinowirirana naClaus, bazu remitemo rine basa guru mukuita mitemo inodzora rudzi. Masimba asingaregi akadai soutariri, kusimbisa, kusatendeseka, uye simba rechikwama chinopa Congress zvishandiso zvokuwedzera zvokunzvera mamwe mapazu. Muitiro wemitemo, kunyange zvazvo wakaoma uye panguva dzinoodza mwoyo, unovimbisa kuti manzwi akawanda ane chirevo chinova necharati mukuita. Kunzwisisa aya masimba anokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda sei, uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona kubatanidzwa sei nazvo. Sezvimo nyika inotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva, Congresss anofanira kupfuurira kuramba achirarama sezvaiwo kumira kutsika kutsika kutsika kutsika kutsika kutsika kutsika nheyo yayo.

Kuravazve, bvunza Chibvumirano [ nokuda kwokunzvera kwakakwana kwesimba rimwe nerimwe resangano, nzvero Conrer.gov[ kuronda mutemo munguva chaiyoiyo, uye hwirudzura kopi yeChroredition yeBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo [[FLT]] kuona rugwaro rwapakuvamba.