Chivako chehurumende yeUnited States chakavakwa pagadziriro yecheki nedzikamo, izvo zvinokosha kuchengetedza rusununguko rwedu. Hurumende yakakamurwa kuva mapazi matatu: Masimba, Gurukuro, uye Rutongi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana nemabasa zvinoshandira pamwe kudzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo uye rinovimbisa kuti hapana chinhu chimwe chinonyanya kuva nesimba. Iyi purogiramu haisi tsaona (inoratidzira mazana amakore omufungo wezvamatongerwe enyika noruzivo rwokuzviwanira runoshanda, uye inoramba iri musimboti werusununguko rweAmerica.)

Hwaro Hwenhau Hwokuparadzana Kwesimba

Pfungwa yokuparadzanisa simba rehurumende kuva mapazi akasiyana yakanga iri kutsauka kukuru kubva kugadziriro dzemiganhu ye 18-century Europe. Muzivi weFrance [[FLT: 0] Manteusquieu, mubasa rake Mudzimu weMitemo [[[FLT:]] [1748] [], yakataura kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye masimba okutonga anochengetwa nemitumbi yakasiana. Vatangiri veAmerica, zvikurukuru James Madison naAlexam, vakadzidza Montesquieu. [FLT:] Filtera.[FFLT], [FLD], APM], Akm, anotorerwa kuti vakurirei nheyo iyi kuidzoro yehurumende. VaAmerica kutungamirira kuidzo yehurumende yehurumende imwe neimwe yakaita kuti itsinde vamwe.

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rakatenderwa muna 1788, rakakamuraniswa pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana. Vavambi vakatya kuiswa simba kupfuura zvavaitya. Vakaronga gadziriro yaizoderedza kuita zvisarudzo ndokuda bvumirano, nokudaro vachidzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji kana kuti mutongi mumwe. Nhasi, chirongwa ichi chinopfuurira kuumba nharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pesimba rapurezidhendi, zviito zvokutonga, uye magirabhuti.

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu

Dare reMitemo, rinozivikanwawo se Conrer, rine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Rinoumbwa namakamuri maviri: Imba yavamiriri neDare. Ichi chivako chinova nechokwadi chokuti mutemo unorangarirwa nokukurukurwa usati wava mutemo. Imba, nemitezo yayo 435 inogoverwa navanhu, inorongedzerwa kuratidzira kuda kwavanhu kwapakarepo. Dare, rine mitezo miviri inobva kunzvimbo imwe neimwe pasinei zvapo noukuru, rinogovera nzvero pazvishuvo zvakakurumbira uye rinodzivirira fariro dzenyika duku.

Simba Nemabasa eDare

Dare rine simba rechikwama, kureva kuti rinodzora kutengwa kwemari nemitero zvehurumende. Rinogona kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuzivisa hondo, uye kusimudza mauto. Kupfurikidza nebasa raro rokutarisira, Congress anonzvera zviito zvebazu guru, anotonga, uye anogona kumanikidza chipupuriro. Simba rokupa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi, rinogara muImba, nepo Dare rinoita miedzo nokuda kwaavo vanorairwa.

Muitiro wemitemo unogadzirirwa kuva wamaune. Chibvumirano chinofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana uye chinofanira kusainwa naPurezidhendi (kana kuti nevhoti mbiri dzezvitatu) kuti chive mutemo. Iyi rwendo(kubva pakutonga kwedare kuenda kunharo dzapauriri kumatare esangano). Zvibvumirano zvokuti mirangariro mizhinji inoiswa mumhepo uye mitemo inowanzova isina kugadzirwa zvakanaka inovharwa. Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pomutemo wazvino uno, shanyira Canv[FLT].

Kudzivirira Rusununguko Kupfurikidza Nemienzaniso

Gwende reMitemo rinozvidavirira yakananga zvikurusa kuvanhu. Mitezo yeImba inosarudzwa makore maviri ari ose, uye Senator makore matanhatu ari ose. Iri jongwe renguva dzose remauto anoisa mitemo yeSarudzo kuteerera zvikamu zvawo ndokupindura kuzvinodikanwa zvinochinja. Dare rakapfuudza mitemo yechiratidzo yakakudza rusununguko muAmerica: Chirevo chekodzero dzemunhu womuna 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, uye maAmerica ane Mitemo yeCult ya1990. Kupfurikidza nokumirira fariro dzakasiyana- siyana uye kutsiva, Congress Comment inodzivirira nheyo yerusununguko rwemunhu oga.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri: Basa Noutariri

Bazu raVatungamiriri vane mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo inoitwa neCongress. Rinotungamirirwa naPrezidenti, anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende neMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa nenzira isina kunanga kupfurikidza neElectoral College nokuda kwenhambo yamakore mana. Kuwedzera kuPrezidhenti, bazu guru rinobatanidza Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi, Kabhinete (akabatanidzwa nemisoro yemadhipatimendi ehurumende yakadai seState, Defense, Trence, uye Justice), uye boka guru ramasangano ramasangano namasangano zvinoshandisa muitiro wezuva nezuva.

Simba Rapurezidhendi Nemabasa

Purezidhendi ane simba rokuisa mutemo weveto, asi Congress anogona kukurira kuvhota ikoko nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza dare reDare Gurusa, vachizviisa kusimba reDare. Mumutemo wokumwe, Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinoda dare redare) uye anobatira semutungamiriri mukuru wenyika. Somutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuisa mauto, kunyange zvazvo Korosaromendi ichigonawo kuzivisa hondo. Purezidhendi anewo chiremera chokubudisa zviratidzo zvehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Nepo zvirevo zvavakuru vakuru vehurumende zviri chishandiso chapamutemo chokudzora, pane dzimwe nguva vakamutsa pamusoro pemiganhuro yesimba rehurumende.

Kabhineti Negadziriro Dzehurumende

Dare rePurezidhendi rinobatanidza 15 ramadhipatimendi makuru, rimwe nerimwe richitungamirirwa noMunyori mukuru (kunze kweAttrorney General, uyo anotungamirira Department of Justice). Aya mapato, pamwe chete namasangano akazvimirira akadai seNdengedzero yeNdekudzivisiro neFederal Reserve, anoita basa rezuva nezuva rehurumende. Vanomanikidzira mitemo, vanodzora maindasitiri, vanogovera mabasa, uye vanodzivirira vagari vemo. Basa rebazu rehurumende rakura zvikuru chibviro chokuvambwa, asi basa raro raro rinoramba riripo: kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yenyika inoparadzwa nokutendeka. Nokuda kwebazu guru, ona [[FLT:] Nharefu]

Kudzivirira Kunoita Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru

Bazu guru rinodzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakaenzana uye kuti mabasa ehurumende anoshanda zvakanaka. Department yeMutongi inotonga kuputswa kwemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo uye inodzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo. Department of Homeland Security inoshanda kudzivirira nyika patyisidziro dzokunze. Apo ngwavaira dzomusikirwo dzinorova, Federal Emergency Management Management Agency (FEMA) inogovera yamuro. Mano aPrezidhea anoita chiito nokukurumidza mumigariro inokurumidzira. $867, kupfurikidza nokubudisa mauto engwavaira, kana kuti rugare (8) runongokoshairwa kudzivirira chengetedzwa chengeteko nerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Zvisinei, simba rimwe chetero rinofanira kunzverwa neDare rokudzivisa kubatwa nedare.

Bazu Rokutonga: Gunhuri reBumbiro reMitemo

Bazu reDare rinotonga rinotsanangura ndokushandisa mutemo. Rinoumbwa negadziriro yematare, neDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States sedare rakakwirira zvikurusa. Vatongi vanovimbisa kuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye kuti kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinodzivirirwa pavezvematongerwe enyika. Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vachibatira mukati momufambiro wakanaka, unovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye unovabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvokusasarura zvakavakirwa paBumbiro remitemo nemuenzaniso wemitemo.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine mitanho mitatu: matare oruwa (matare edare redare), matare edunhu emhosva (matare ehurumende yehurumende yepasi pevhu), uye Dare rapamusorosoro. Kune matare 94 eruwa uye matunhu 13 anopa mhaka. Matare anowanzovamba mudare reruwa, umo ufakazi hunopiwa uye mutongo unosvikwa. Zvikumbiro zvinonzwiwa nedare redunhu, iro rinohwirudzura kukumbira kwedare rapasi. Dare rapamusoro rinosarudza kuti imhaka ipi inopa mhaka dzechocho inopa inenge 1% yemhosva yacho inokwirira bedzi kwairi gore rimwe nerimwe. Dare rinogadza zvisarudzo zvechisarudzo nokuda kworudzi rwose.

Judicial Review naMarbury v. Madison

Simba rine simba zvikurusa reReaudition Branch ichiremera chokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvisati zviri zvehurumende. Iri simba, rinozivikanwa se hwirudzuro yedare , rakatangwa muchinyorwa [1803] nhau Marbury v. Madison[. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akanyora kuti “inosimbisa ruwavi rweruwa nomusengwa zvedhipatimendi redare kutaura zviri pamutemo. Kubvira panguva iyeyo, Dare rapamusorosoro rakarovanya mativi emitemo, kubatanidza mitemo yemitemo yedzinza, ganhuriro pakutaura yapachena, uye pamiganhuro. Chirengo cheResvicial Appy itsoro pamamwe mapazuru.

Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinogona kuva nemiuyo mikuru parusununguko. Somuenzaniso, mu Brown v. Board yeDzidzo (1954), Dare rakaguma nomutemo muchikoro chavose. Mu Roe v. [[FLT][FLT]] [777]] na[[FLT]] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:] [20222], kodzero dzeDare rokubereka. [FLT] [FLT] [FF] .FLT] .[59]

Basa Rematare Akaderera

Dare rehurumende repasi rinobata mativi mazhinjisa enhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende. Dzinonzwa nharo pamusoro pamaruramiro avagari vemo, kunyoreswa kwekodzero, kubhuroka kwehurumende, utsotsi hwehurumende, uye kutengeserana kwenyika. matare ehurumende anobata nhau dzapamutemo dzakawanda zvikurusa dzezuva riri rose, asi matare ehurumende anogovera nzvimbo yokusimbisa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuti munhu ari wose anogamuchira kutonga kwakarurama uye kuti mitemo inoshandiswa nguva dzose, mabasa eRecucial Branch sedziviriro inokosha mukurwisana nechiito chehurumende choutongi.

Gadziriro Yemakero Nedzikamo Zviri Mukushandiswa

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mano okuganhurira masimba emamwe mapazu, kuchidzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru. Uyu muitiro hausati uchifungidzirwa (ichochi) chakaedzwazve munhau yose yeAmerica.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Padare Nemajeri

Dare rinogona kukurira voruzhinji vapurezidhendi mumativi ose ari maviri matatu. Inodzora bhajeti, inoreva kuti inogona kubvisa zvirongwa kana kuti masangano asingadiwi. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza mitezo yeKhabhinethi, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume. Congress inogonawo kubvisa Purezidhenti, Purezidhendi, Purezidhendi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Uyezve, Congress inogona kukarakadza kugadziridza kwemitemo kuti zvisarudzo zveDare Guru, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichida mavhoti maviri ezvitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri uye kubatanidzwa nedzitatu dzezvina dzenyika.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo uye Muzinda Wacho

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopiwa neCongress. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokubudisa zvirango zvevakuru vakuru nekanganwiro (kunze kwenhau dzinodzorwa). Somutungamiriri webazu guru, Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupesvedzera kuchengetwa kwomutemo ndokugadza muitiro kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo yesangano. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare reMitemo, kuumba vatongi vedare reMitemo kwamakumi amakore. Kupfurikidza neDare reSahluleri, Purezidhendi anogona kusarudza kuti imhakai yezvokutonga uye nzira yokudzivirira nayo mitemo yehurumende mudare.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mutemo Noukuru

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinogona kuzivisa zvose zviri zviviri mitemo yehurumende nezviito zvokutungamirira zvisina wirirano. Kupfurikidza nokuita kudaro, rinoiparadza ndokugadza muenzaniso unobatanidza hurumende dzomunguva yemberi. Dare rinopedzawo gakava pakati pehurumende uye pakati pehurumende nehurumende. Iri simba rokunzvera kutonga icherekedzo ine simba, asi rinoganhurirwa neidi rokuti Dare harigoni kuita kuti zvisarudzo zvaro rimene zvivepo pabazu guru kuti rizviite. Dare rokuvimbika rinotsamirawo pakuvimbwa navanhu vose.

Mienzaniso Yokuongorora uye Yedzikamo Inoshanda

Muna 1974, Dare Rapamusoro rakarayira Purezidhendi Nixon kuti asunungure matepi eWatergate, zvichitungamirira kukurega kwake. Muna 1998, Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akapinzwa mhosva neImba ndokusunungurwa neDare. Muna 2012, Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira chirongwa cheAffordable Care Act cheSalment muBhungare, asi pane imwe nyaya yapashure, rakatonga kuti nyika hadzigoni kumanikidzwa kuwedzera Médicaid. Muna 2020, Dare Rapamusoro raizodzivisa chirongwa chaPuresic alcial al Action for Childhoonglity Agesal (DAC), chinodzora kuti kutungamirira kwakanga kusina kutevererwa zvakanaka. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kuti hapana bazi riri pamusoro pomutemo, uye mumwe nomumwe anogona kushanda somurwiridziridzo.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Bazu Rimwe Nerimwe Rusununguko

Kunzwisisa mabasa ebazi rimwe nerimwe rehurumende kunokosha kuti tizive kuti rusununguko rwedu runodzivirirwa sei.Bazi rimwe nerimwe rinobatsira kuti pave nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu inoshanda nokuziva kuti inoitwa sei, nokugadza mitemo, uye kutsanangura mitemo yacho zvakanaka.

Dziviriro Dzomutemo: Dzivisa uye Gadziriro Yakafanira

Gwende reLegislative Branch rinopa vanhu inzwi. Kupfurikidza nesarudzo, zvirongwa zvinogona kuita kuti vagadziri vemitemo vazvidavirire nokuda kwezviito zvavo. Dare rine simba rokurondedzera nokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu kupfurikidza nemitemo. Mitemo inorwisana norusaruro, dziviriro dzemhoteredzo, uye dziviriro dzavatengi zvose zvinobva muCongress. Muitiro wemitemo unoda kuwirirana, kugadziriswa, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, izvo zvinobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo haitsigiri rusununguko rukuru. Chinodikanwa chokuti zvikwereti zvemari inotambira mari yose inovamba muImba inopa vagariwo zvavo chirevo chokudzivirira mutero. Basa reSangano mukuva vatongi vanoshandura mutemo unova nechokwadi chokuti vanoshanda uye havasarumbidziri.

Dziviriro Dzavane Vatungamiriri: Kushandisa Mitemo Nechengeteko yeNational

Bhazi Guru rinodzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokuita nokutendeka mitemo inopfuura. Pasina kusimbisa, kodzero dzakanyorwa papepa hadzina revo. Department of Justice inoongorora nokutonga kuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu, utsotsi hwokuvenga, uye uori. Purezidhendi anogona kupa mirayiro yavakuru vakuru inokudza dziviriro, sezvakaitwa naPrezidhendi Truman kubvisa mauto naPrezidhendi Obama kuti vadzivirire vatami vasina kunyorwa pasi peDACA. Bazu guru rinodzivirirawo rudzi patyisidziro dzokumwe nyika, uko kuri chinodikanwa nokuda kwekusunungurwa. Zvisinei, simba rapamusoro rinofanira kugara mukati muganhu webumbiro remitemo; ndicho chikonzero nei mabasa aPrezidhente aripo achidzorwa kuhwirutsiridza nokutarisira.

Dziviriro Dzokutonga: Guardian Mukurwisana Noudzvinyiriri

Bhazi reSahlulero rinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu kupfurikidza nokududzira kwapamutemo uye simba rokuongorora pamutemo. Apo mutemo kana kuti chiito choukuru chinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo, matare anogona kuuparadza. Chiviko chekodzero, kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye dziviriro pakunzverwa kusina mufungo, zvinoshandiswa zvikurukuru mumatare. judicariary inovimbisa kuti kunyange vanhu vasina dziviriro zvikurusa vane nzvimbo yokutsvaka ruramisiro. Mutemo wakafanira weRevolutions, sezvinodudzirwa nematare, zvinoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro inoruramisira isati yanyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti nzvimbo. Kubatira somubati mukuru, mugumi namakore anodzivirira vanhu vashomanene zvikuru muudzvinyiriri.

Mugumisiro: Basa Revagari Vomunyika Mukuita Kuti Vasawana Rusununguko

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinoita basa rinokosha mukuchengeta rusununguko rwatinarwo savagari vemo. Mapazu eLegislative, Hurukuro, uye Anotonga anoshandira pamwe chete kuva nechokwadi chokuti simba rakadzikama uye kuti kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinodzivirirwa. Kunzwisisa ichi chirongwa chinokosha nokuda kwavagari vose, nemhaka yokuti rusununguko harugoni kutsigirwa namasangano oga (irwo runoda kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kuvanhu.)

Vagari vanofanira kushandisa maruramiro avo okuvhota muvhota dzose, kubva kumasangano ezvikoro omunzvimbomo kusvikira kuupurezidhendi. Vanofanira kugara vachiziva pamusoro pezviito zvavamiriri vavo ndokuvaita kuti vazvidavirire. Vanogona kutora rutivi muupenyu hwavo hwehurumende kupfurikidza nokubatira pamatare apamutemo, kupinda misangano yavose, kusangana nemitezo yavo yeCongress, uye kunyange kumhanya nokuda kwenzvimbo. Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo zvinoshanda zvakanakisisa apo vanhu vanenge vavimbisana uye vakasvinurira.

Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende yako inoshanda nayo uye kuti ungabatanidzwa sei, shanyira USA.gov. Kuchengetwa kwerusununguko rwedu mutoro unogoverwa, (icho chisati chiri bedzi chamapazu matatu ehurumende, asi kuAmerica iri yose.