Kurongwa Kwesimba Rakadzikama Kunotsigirwa neBumbiro Romutemo

Vavaki veUnited States Constitution vakatarisana nedenho huru: nzira yokuita nayo hurumende yapakati yakasimba zvakakwana kuti ishande zvinobudirira apo inoidzivisa kuva inodzvinyirira. Chigadzikiso chavo chakanga chiri gadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana, yakakamuraniswa pakati pamapazu matatu emwero wedavi , dare, uye dare. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda richizvimirira asi rinobatanidzwa navamwe kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wechekero nedzikamo. Chimiro ichi, chakanatswa kupfuura mazana maviri amakore, chinoramba chiri chombo chesimba reAmerica. Kunzwisisa mitoro yakasiana nenharo pakati pamapazu matatu anotonga zvinhu zvinokosha zvinokosha hachingori bedzi vadzidzi vehurumende asi nokuda kwomugari ari wose anoda kubatanidzwa nehurumende yavo.

Bazu Romutemo: Injini Yokuita Mitemo

Yakatangwa neChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, bazi remitemo rinozivikanwa zviri nani seCongress(*icho chirongwa chikuru chokugadzira mutemo chehurumende yehurumende. Donzo raro guru kumirira kuda kwavanhu, namaune pamuitiro wavose, uye kushandura kurangarira ikoko kuva mutemo wemitemo. VaFramers vakaita namaune kuti Bazu rokutanga rinorondedzerwa muBumbiro reMitemo, kuratidzira chitendero chavo chokuti mutemishoni anofanira kuva ane simba zvikurusa uye ari pedyo zvikuru kuvanhu.

Bimeral Programme neMufananidzo

Congress ibhimeral, ine makamuri maviri akasiyana: Dare neImba yaVamiririri. Ichi chivako chamativi maviri chakanga chiri muuyo wokubvumirana Kukuru kweTsitsi kwa 1787, uko kwakapedza gakava pakati pehurumende huru neduku pamusoro pomufananidzo.

  • Dare: Rakanyorwa na100 senators (2 pahurumende imwe), Dare rakagadzirwa naFramers kuva muviri unorerutswa, wakatsiga. Mabhii anobatira mashoko egore matanhatu, ane zvigaro zvinongokwana zvikamu zvitanhatu bedzi makore maviri oga oga oga. Chivako ichi chinofukidza majeni anobva nokukurumidza emafungiro avanhu, chinoabvumira kuisa ngwariro pafariro dzenguva refu dzorudzi. Dare rinovawo namasimba akasiana, kubatanidza chiremera chokusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (mapepa echikori, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, vamiririri) uye kunyorerana namabazu ebazu.
  • Imba yavamiriri: Nemitezo yokuvhota inogoverwa pakati penyika 435 dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo, Imba inoitirwa kuva bazi riri pedyosa navanhu. Vamiriri vanobatira bedzi mashoko amakore maviri, kuchivaita kuti vagamuchire zvikuru kuchinja murangariro wavose. pamutemo wose une chokuita nemari unosimudzira mitero kana kuti unobvumira kupedza (mahmhizha) unofanira kuvamba muImba, mutemo unopa vanhu udzoredzore dare rakananga parusaitiso rwezvikwama zvehurumende.

Simba Nemabasa: Zvinopfuura Kuita Mitemo

Nepo kugadzira mirau riri basa rinooneka zvikurusa rebazu remitemo, mitoro yaro yakafara uye ine simba:

  • Kugadzira pamutemo: Dare rinokarakadza, nharo, gadziridzo, uye mavhoti pamabhiri. Dare rinofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana uye risinwa naPurezidhendi (kana kuti rine kuva nechinhu chikuru mudzimba mbiri) kuva mutemo. Muitiro wewigionalment unobatanidza kunzwa kukuru, kuisa mifungo, kurukurirano youriri, uye matare esangano (a anodzosa nomuitiro wekunangidzira kuvaka nokudzika kuvaka mutemo unogadzirirwa kubvumiranisa nokudzivisa mutemo wakakomba.
  • Bheti neMitero: Congress ine simba rechikwama chemari yepevy] chiremera chayo chemitero, mari yokukwereta, uye mari yehurumende yakafanira. Iri simba rinopa Congress simba guru pamabasa ebazi rehurumende. Gore riri rose, Masangano anofanira kupfuudza mabhajeti nemitero kuti atsigire mapurogiramu ehurumende; kundikano kuita saizvozvo kunogona kuguma nokumisa hurumende.
  • Kuongorora nokuedza: Kupfurikidza namatare ayo, Congress inonzvera mibato yamasangano anotungamirira, inonzvera kusazvibata kunobvira, uye inoita kuti temberi dzide kuzvidavirira. Matare anogona kuraira zvapupu zviduku nezvinyorwa, anosunda ufakazi, uye anorumbidza pomero dzezvishoro. Iri basa routarisiri icherekedzo inodenha pasimba revakuru vakuru.
  • Kupa: Mutezo mumwe nomumwe weCongress unobatira sebatano yakananga pakati pehurumende yehurumende nevagari vemo voruwa rwavo kana kuti nyika. Vanobata basa rokutonga, kuita chimwe chinhu kuzvinonetsa, uye kutsigira fariro dzomunzvimbomo mumuitiro wenyika.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Rinochengeta Mitemo

Chikamu II chesimba rechiremera reBumbiro reMitemo muMutungamiriri mumwe weUnited States. Purezidhendi ndiye zvose zviri zviviri musoro wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende yehurumende, anopomerwa kuita mitemo yakapiwa nokutendeka neDare. Bazu racho rinotungamirira rinobatanidzawo Mutungamiriri weSaniheridhendi, Kabhini, uye sangano guru remasangano ehurumende namaparedhi ehurumende.

Purezidhendi: Basa Rakachinjwa Zvizhinji

Purezidhendi anopfeka ngowani dzakawanda, imwe neimwe ine masimba akasiyana ebumbiro remitemo uye anoshanda:

  • Comminer-in-Chief: Purezidhendi ane murairo mukurusa pamusoro peMauto ane zvombo zveU.S. Nepo Congress bedzi ichigona kuzivisa hondo, Purezidhendi anogona kutumira mauto, kurwisa kwehondo, uye gadziriro dzakananga dzehondo. Chisarudzo cheHondo cha 1973 chinoedza kuganhurira mano aPrezidhendi kumasimba anorwisana nehondo pasina tendero yedare, asi kuoma pakati pebasa rehurumende rehondo netarisiro yehurumende zvinoramba zviri nhau yebumbiro remitemo.
  • .Chief Diplomat: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotungamirira muitiro wokumwe, anogadza nhume (dzinozviisa kusimbiso yeDare), anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinoda Dare retendero yezvitatu zviviri), uye mufambiro ukama hwemibatanidzwa namamwe marudzi. Zvibvumirano zvechiremera, izvo zvisingadi kuti Dare riitwe, zvakava chishandiso chinozivikanwa nokuda kwaMapurezidhendi kuvhara mabhishopu mumitezo okumwe nyika.
  • Chikuru: Somusoro webazu guru, Purezidhendi anotarisira vashandi vazhinji vehurumende vavashandi vasiri varwi vanopfuura mamirioni maviri. Purezidhendi anovimbisa kuti mitemo yehurumende ino "kutendeka," inoraira vakuru vakuru kutungamirira zviito zvesangano, uye vanogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vazhinjisa vebazu pachadai.
  • Mutungamiriri weIregioti: Mutungamiriri anopesvedzera purogiramu yemitemo kupfurikidza nokuisa zvikwereti, kupa Hurumende yeUnion kero, uye kukurudzira mitezo yeCongress.] Simba (isimba) mano okuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress(ichishandiso chine simba. Dare rinogona kudzora vhoti yezvikamu zviviri bedzi, iyo isingawanzowaniki.
  • Head yeHurumende: Purezidhendi anobatira sechiso chokufananidzira chorudzi, achiita mabasa etsika uye kumirira mipimo yeAmerica nefariro kunyika.

Kabhinati uye Utongi Hwehurumende Hunotonga Vanhu

Dare rinoumbwa naVice Purezidhendi navakuru vakuru 15 vemadhipatimendi makuru (zvakadai seHurumende, Nhevedzo, Tsitsi, Ruramisiro, uye Dzidzo). Ava vanyori vanogadzwa naPrezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Pasi peKabhinati pane gadziriro huru yokutonga yamasangano anozvimirira, masangano anotonga, uye masangano ehurumende. Nepo aya masangano achishanda muchiremera chaPresidenti, vazhinji vane kuzvitonga, vachiumba, vachiumba dzikamo yakaoma pakati pekuzvidavirira yezvamatongerwe enyika namano.

Nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa dzeDare dzinosanganisira:

  • Munyori Wehurumende (nyaya dzedzimwe nyika)
  • Munyori Wedziviriro (chengeteko yehondo neyenyika)
  • Munyori weVhinzi (muitiro wezvemari uye wezvemari)
  • Attorney Mukuru (Kuitwa kweRuramisiro, kuchengetwa kwomutemo)
  • Munyori Webasa Routano Nerevanhu (utano hwevanhu vose, Medicare, Medicaid)

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Bumbiro Remitemo

Artigit III inosimbisa bazu rokutonga, iro rinotsanangura mutemo uye rinovimbisa kuti ose ari maviri mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira anoita mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Dare redare rehurumende rinotungamirirwa neDare rapamusorosoro reUnited States, dare rokupedzisira. Pasi peDare repamusorosoro pane matare ehurumende akaderera, kubatanidza matare edunhu ezvikumbiro nematare oruwa.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende ndeyechiremera:

  • Dare remitemo rina makumi mapfumbamwe: Vatongi vapfumbamwe (kubatanidza ruramisiro imwe huru) vanobatira kugadza kwenduramo, vachivimbisa kuzvimirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare rinonzwa kukwirira kunobva kumatare edunhu uye, mumhaka dzisingawanzoitika, gakava rehurumende dzapakuvamba pakati pehurumende. Rinosarudza bedzi inenge 1% yezviuru zvemikumbiro iyo inogamuchira shoko rimwe nerimwe (mapfundo anomutsa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti apo matare akaderera akakamuramuranisa panhau.
  • Matare Enhu ezvikwiriso: Kune matunhu 13 (matunhu amatunhu emuruwa, D.C. Federal, uye Federal Tturt). Aya matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa uye kutonga kunoitwa namasangano ehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvawo zvinosunga mukati mematunhu awo uye kazhinji kazhinji pamutemo worudzi kutozosvikira Dare Rapamusorosoro rapedza rwisano.
  • Dare rePhondo: Maruwa 94 ehurumende anobatira sematare okutonga nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi. matare eruwa anonzwa ufakazi, kutonga, uye rutongeso. Anenge ari apo kutongwa kwehurumende zvikurusa kunovamba.

Simba Rokuhwirudzura

Simba rinokosha zvikurusa rebazu rinotonga ihwirudzuro yedare.[1] Chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvisiri zvehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo risina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, iri simba rakasimbiswa zvakasimba nechiratidzo cheDare Gurusa 1803 mu Marhory v. Madison. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akanyora kuti "ndiro irevo yakananga nebasa redhipatimendindi kuti itaure kuti mutemo uri sei." Kupfurikidza nehwirudzurudzuruso yedare, matare anoita sechekedzo yokupedzisira pamamwe mapazu, achivimbisa kuti hapana mutemo kana chiito chinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Zvandakaita Kupfuura Kududzira Mutemo

  • Kudzivirira maruramiro Avanhu vamwe navamwe:[ matare ehurumende anomanikidzira Bill of Rights nedzimwe dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Mhaka dzinobatanidza kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye maruramiro eutsotsi kazhinji kazhinji anosvika Dare Rapamusorosoro.
  • Matare akarongwa: anopedza rwisano pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, uye pakati pemapati akavanzika apo mutemo wehurumende unenge uchikurukurwa.
  • [ Kudzosa uye Kutsiva: Munyaya dzoutsotsi, matare anoisa mitongo; mumhaka dzevagari vemo, anopa mirango kana kuti mirairo. Mutongi anotarisirawo kutarisirwa kweruramisiro kupfurikidza nemirau yetsika.

Kupindira Kwemakero Nedzikamo

Unyanzvi hwegadziriro yebumbiro-mitemo huri kwete bedzi mukuparadzanisa masimba asi mukuita kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rive chekero pane mamwe. Chiremera chinoitwa kuti chikurire chinzvimbo, seizvo James Madison akanyora mu Faterast N. 51. Mitemo inokosha inobatanidza:

  • Nzvero dzinodzorwa pamukuru mukuru: Congress inogona kukurira vapuresi (mavhiti maviri edzimba dzose dziri mbiri); kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru nezvibvumirano (Sayenzi); kubvisa Purezidhendi uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende (Imba, vatongi vedare); kudzora bhajeti; uye kunzvera zviito zvebasa.
  • Nzvero dzemitemo padare redare: Congress inogadzira matare ehurumende akaderera, inogadza nhamba yevatongi veDare Gurusa, uye inogona kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kuti ipedze zvisarudzo zvedare. Dare rinosimbisa kutonga.
  • Nzvero dzinoshanda padare remitemo:[[FLT: 1] Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kukumbira mari yechikwereti; kudana Congress kupinda murusando chairwo; uye kugombedzera (kana kuti kuramba kumanikidzira) mitemo, kunyange zvazvo kuramba kuita mutemo kungakoka denho yapamutemo kana kuti kurambidza.
  • Kunzvera kwemitemo padare remitemo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoisa vatongi vehurumende (pamberi pekusimbiswa kweDare); anogona kupa kanganwiro nokudzorwa kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa; uye anogona kupesvedzera vatongi kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzeRugare rweRuramisiro.
  • [[[FUZI:0] Nzvero dzedare padare redare: Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kuwirirana kupfurikidza nokuhwirudzura. Vatongiwo vanodudzira revo yemirau, pane dzimwe nguva munzira dzinodzongonyedza donzo remitemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nzvero dzechimurenga pamukuru webasa:[[FLT: 1] Matare anogona kukurira mirairo nezviito zvevakuru vakuru zvinopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chomutemo; anogona kumanikidza vakuru vakuru vakuru kuita (kana kuti kurega kuita) kupfurikidza nemirairo; uye anogona kuhwirudzura kuva pamutemo kwemirau yebazu yapamusoro.

Iyi gadziriro yokutarisirana inoparira simba apo pasina bazi rinogona kudzora rimwe zvechigarire. Makakatanwa akadai saavo vari pamusoro peropafadzo huru, ukuru hwemasimba ehondo yapurezidhendi, kana kuti kutemwa kwemitemo yehurumende(akagadziriswa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kurukurirano yapamutemo, uye, pakupedzisira, dare gurusa. Sangano harina kutsinhana; makwikwi akaenzana napakati pevhorobhani anozivikanwa. Bva nyanduko iyoyo ichinhu, kwete chiputsi, chakagadzirirwa kudzosa chinjo huru nesimba.

Kunetseka Chaiko Kwenyika uye Mienzaniso Yazvino Uno

Mubasa, miganhu iri pakati pamapazu haigari yakajeka.

  • Zvinoshanda mirairo nemhedziso dzemitemo. Vatungamiriri vehurumende vanowanzoshandisa mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru kufambisira mberi nharidzano dzemiitiro apo Congress inokundikana kuita chiito. Vashori vanodzivisa iyi gadziriro yomutemo. Dzimwe nguva matare anodzosa mirairo inopfuura chiremera chaPrezidhendi kana kuti rwisano nomutemo uripo.
  • Kusimbisa hondo: Muitiro wokusimbisa weDare Gurusa wazova mutsinhano zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kuratidzira basa reDare sechekedzo pamukuru mukuru napadare. Kuramba kwa2016 kuchengeta tendero nokuda kwaMerrick Garland uye kusimbiswa kwokukurumidza kwaAmy Coney Barrett muna 2020 kunosimbisa kuti nhevedzano yezvamatongerwe enyika inoumba sei miitiro yemitemo.
  • Hurumende inodzima: Apo Congress naPurezidhendi havagoni kubvumirana pachikwereti chemitongo yemitongo, kuderera kwemari nehurumende zvinovharwa zvishoma. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidzira simba rechikwama nemigumisiro yerwisano yemitemo.
  • Kuhwirudzura kwemitemo inomutsa nharo: zviitiko zveLandmark zvakadai se bergefell v. Hodges (20, kunyoresa pamutemo roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano) uye Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [ [202], kudzorera murairo wokubvisa mimba kuzvinhu) inoratidza kuti Dare rapamusoro-soro rinogona sei kudzorerazve muitiro worudzi, pane dzimwe nguva kunyandura kuedza kudzokera shure uye kudzosera pamutemo kushatsa kana kuti ganhuriro.

Mugumisiro: Kukudzwa Kusingaperi Kwesimba Rakaparadzana

Mapazu matatu ehurumende yeU.S. akagadzirwa kuti asabatira pamwe nenzira yakapfava asi kunzvera nokudzikamisa. Aya masimba echikakavara esundo amaune anorangarira, anodzivirira maruramiro mashoma, uye anorinda kuiswa kwesimba mugadziriro ipi neipi. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye varongi varongi, kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana- siyana eCongress, Purezidhendi, uye judicata judia judia , uye judicatary judiass shopur shopus arongeria. Kudzidza pamusoro pezvamanyuko akarongwa, unogona kunzvera [FFOctivers] nguva dzose, uye kunogona kuva kunonetswa munguva dzenjodzi.[5]