Mavambo EOath yaPrezidhendi paKokorodzano yeBumbiro reMitemo

Chinodikanwa chemhiko youpurezidhendi chakabuda munharo paConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1787. Vamiriri vakanetseka kuti vangasunga sei mukuru mukuru mutsva kumitemo yakanyorwa yaizoganhurira simba rehurumende. James Wilson wePennsylvania akataura kuti mhiko yakanga iri madikanwa kuvimbisa Purezidhendi “yaizova pasi pemise yakakomba zvikurusa kuchengetedza, uye kudzivirira”. Purezidhendi yokupedzisira, yakabatanidzwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Clause 8, yakanga iri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati paavo vaida mhiko yorudzidziso neavo vaifarira kusimbiswa kwapamutemo kwavagari vemo. Rugwaro rwacho runobvumira namaune une ungwariro ku “kupfeka kana kuti kusimbisa,” Kudzivirira Dare reMitemo yemitemo nemamwe mapoka orudzidziso izvo zvinosimbiswa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Chikamu 1 Celaundigaro 8, rwakavarati chinodikanwa pakati pezvaro chavanhu.

Chisarudzo chekokorodzano chokuisa mhiko zvakananga mukati meBumbiro reMitemo panzvimbo pomutemo wakasimbisa ukoshi hwayo hwenheyo. Kusafanana nemhiko dzinodikanwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehondo, mhiko youpurezidhendi inowana chiremera chayo kumutemo mukuru umene. Uku kuisa mutemo unosimbisa nheyo yokuti kuva pamutemo kwaPrezidhendi weBumbiro remitemo, kwete kubva mukuda kwakakurumbira kana kuti rukundo rwomutongi oga. Nokuda kwenhau ine udzame yekurukurirano dzekokorodzano pamhiko, ona Chiteshinganiso cheNational Constitution yeChivitition .]

Rugwaro Neukoshi Hwarwo Hwepamutemo

Manyorerwo chaiwo emhiko yacho anoramba asina kuchinja kwamakore anopfuura 230: “ Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPrezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichashandisa zvakanakisisa zvemano angu, kuchengeta, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States.] Mashoko okuti “kuna zvakanakisisa zveMbasa rangu” anotanga mupimo wetsika, asi musengwa mukuru, uye kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo (*). [[FLT:]]

Mhiko yacho inopiwa nokukurumidza Purezidhendi asati ava namasimba ehofisi. Kana Purezidhendi aizoramba mhiko yacho, havasati vaizova vakakodzera mumutemo kubatira. Ichi chinodikanwa hachisi muitirowo zvawo; Dare Rapamusorosoro rakanongedzera mhiko soufakazi hwomusengwa webumbiro remitemo waPrezidhendi wokutsigira mutemo. Muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza ropafadzo yechiremera kana kuti kupiwa chibvumirano, mhiko yacho inobatira sechiratidzo chokusarudza apo zviito zvoupurezidhendi zvinopfuura miganhu yemitemo.

Musiyano Pakati Pechigunwe Nekupora

Kubatanidzwa kwakajeka kweBumbiro reMitemo kwa “kana kuti kusimbisa” kwakanga kuri kuputsa kwapachivande nokuda kwenhambo yaro. Chibvumikiso chinotakura simba rimwe chetero remitemo semhiko asi hachikumbiri mwari. Mapurezidhendi anosarudza kusimbisa panzvimbo pokupika achiri paBhaibheri kana kuti mamwe rugwaro kana achida, asi mashoko okusimbisa oga akakwana. Mutungamiriri wehurumende mumwe bedzi . “‘Franklin Pierce/chose kuti atsigire panzvimbo pokupika, uye akaisa ruoko rwake pabhuku romutemo panzvimbo peBhaibheri. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuremekedza kwaMatesitation nokuda kwehana yomunhu oga apo anoramba kuzvipira kutsveneswa.

Kusimbisa Kunoita Mararamiro Echinoumba Bumbiro Romutemo

Kukwirira kweBumbiro reMitemo kunoreva kuti Bumbiro reMitemo ndiro tsime gurusa rechiremera chepamutemo muUnited States. Hapana mutemo wehurumende kana kuti wehurumende, chiito chokutungamirira, kana kuti chisarudzo chokutonga chinogona kuipokanidza.Mhiko yapurezidhendi inobatanidza uku uku uku ukuru munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Kuzviisa pasi: Kupfurikidza nokupika ku “chengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira” Bumbiro reMitemo, Purezidhendi anobvuma kuti chiremera chavo chinotorwa murugwaro irworwo uye chinoganhurirwa. Chiito chipi nechipi chinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo (* kunyange chimwe chakakurumbira) ndiko kuputsa mhiko.
  • Kuzvidavirira: Mhiko inotorwa pachena, zvikurukuru pamberi poMutongi Mukuru navateereri vorudzi. Uku kuoneka kunoita chipikirwa chaPurezidhendi inhau yechinyorwa chavose, inogonesa Congress, matare, uye vagari vemo kuiita kuti izvidavirire. National Archives inochengeta zvinyorwa zvapakuvamba zvemhiko yeridzo iri yose.
  • Kupfuurira kwechiito: Mhiko inoratidzira nguva chaiyoiyo apo Purezidhendi anosarudza anova Purezidhendi. Inoparira mutsetse wakajeka webumbiro remitemo: pamberi pemhiko, munhu mugari wemo wapachivande; pashure payo, vanosungwa namabasa ehofisi. Iyi chinjo inosimbisa kuti chiremera chebumbiro remitemo hachisi chidzoreso chomunhu oga asi chirongwa.

Muhara Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Mhiko yacho inoita zvinopfuura kusunga Purezidhendi neparadzano yamasimba. Simba reCongress rokuisa kuna Purezidenti nokuda kwe “Mhosva dzakakwirira neMisdears” kazhinji kazhinji rinonanga pakuti Purezidhendi akaputsa mhiko yavo here. House Judicary Committee inopika mu 1974. Chipikiso chinorwisana naRichard Nixon chinobatira pachena kukundikana kwake ku“ chengeta kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka” sokuputswa kwemhiko. Nenzira yakafanana, 2019 ne2021m anonongedzera kupika mupimo womufambiro. Saka mhiko inobatira somusimbo wapamutemo nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri zvinotungamirira noudzo, ichivimbisa kuti Mutemo unoramba uri mupurezi wesimba rokupedzisira.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Netapuro Yayo

Anenge Purezidhendi wose akashandisa mhiko yacho sechinhu chokuedza kupindura, kunyanya panguva dzenjodzi yomunyika.

Kutanga Kuchinja kweGeorge Washington (1789)

Pana April 30, 1789, George Washington akaita mhiko pavharanda reFederal Hall muNew York City. Akawedzera mashoko okuti “ndibetserei zvikuru Mwari” pamugumo wamashoko ehurumende, gamuchidzanwa iro vatsivi vazhinjisa vakatevera. chiito cheWashington chakanga chisati chiri bedzi chetsika; kwakaratidzira kuti kunyange mutungamiriri anoremekedzwa wekupandukira aizozviisa pasi peganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Iye gare gare akanyora kuti mhiko yacho yakanga iri“ chiziviso chakakomba chokuti Bumbiro reMitemo richava mutungamiriri wehurumende yangu.”

Abraham Lincoln Nehondo Yavagari Vemo

Mukati mokutsaurirwa kwake kwokutanga muna 1861, namasangano manomwe akatoparadzaniswa, Lincoln akapa hurukuro iyo yakakumbira zvikuru mhiko yake. Iye akati: “Ini ndinoita mhiko yapamutemo nhasi pasina kupanikira kwendangariro, uye pasina donzo kudzosa Bumbiro remitemo kana kuti mitemo kupfurikidza nemitemo ipi neipi inodenha.” Mhiko yaLincoln yakava pfundo reutungamiriri hwake hwehondo. Apo akaregeredza habeas corpus kana kuti akabudisa Emancipation Proclamence, nguva dzose akaisa izvi zviito sezvinodikanwa kuti “chengete, dzivirire uye dziviriro pamutemo Union. Tsamba dzake dzakadzokorokorokorokorokorodzazve kurumano dzakabetsera kubatanidza rudzi rwakaputswa pamusoro pechiremera chebumbiro remitemo.

Franklin Roosevelt Nokukura Kwesimba Rinotungamirira

Franklin Roosevelt, Purezidhendi bedzi akasarudzwa kumashoko mana, akateerera mhiko yacho kana. Hurukuro yake yokutanga ya1933, yakapiwa mukati meKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, yaibatanidza mutsetse wakakurumbira uyo aizokumbira kuti Congress arwe nesimba re “Gurukota kuti arwe hondo nenjodzi, guru sesimba raizopiwa kwandiri kudai chaizvoizvo taidenhwa nomuvengi wokumwe.” Pasinei zvapo nouyu mutauro mukuru, Rooselt nguva dzose aisimbisa zviito zvake muBumbiro remitemo, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji achidudza mhiko sechiremera chekushinga. Kushandisa kwake mhiko kunosimbisa kuoma: kutaura kumwe cheteko uko simba rapurezidhendi rinogonawo kururamiswa kukura kwaro, chero bedzi nharidzano yose iri pamutemo ichichengeta tsika yebumbiro.

Mapurezidhendi Azvino Uno Nesimba Rokudzora reOath

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Purezidhendi akashandisa mhiko yacho kukurukura nharo. Ronald Reagan, mukati mokugadzwa kwake kwa 1981, akayeuchidza vaAmerica kuti masimba ehurumende yehurumende aka “temerwa” uye kuti mhiko yakamubatanidza kuremekedza kodzero dzehurumende. Barack Obama, pakutsaurirwa kwake kwechipiri muna 2013, akashandisa mhiko sehwaro hwekushevedzera kwake kuti “achengete, adzivirire, uye adzivirire maruramiro evagari vemo. Donald Trump’s 2017 akanongedzera kurumbiso sechipikirwa chokuendesa simba kurudzi kuvanhu. Mutungamiriri mumwe nomumwe anodudzira mhiko yacho kupfurikidza nechiso chavo vamene chezvamatongerwe enyika, asi chiito chokuitora pachena chinosimbisa kodzero yeConstitution inopfuurira.

Murayiro uye Kutonga Kwomutemo

Mhiko yapurezidhendi ishongwe yokutonga kwomutemo weAmerica. Inovimbisa kuti hakuna Purezidhendi, pasinei zvapo nomukurumbira kana kuti murairo wevhoti, anogona kuva nechiremera kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo. Iyi nheyo yakaedzwa kakawanda, zvikurukuru mukati mechinyadziso cheWatergate. Apo Dare Gurusa reChibatanwa guru rakaraira Purezidhendi Nixon kusunungura matepi eWatergate, chisarudzo cheDare chakabatana chakadudza mhiko yake soufakazi hwokuti akanga asati ari pamusoro pomutemo. [[[FLT: 0] Mhiko yorumbiso ichiyeuchidzo chokuti Mutungamiriri weSangano wokutanga ndiye mubatiri weBumbiro reMitemo, kwete tendero.

Munyika yose, mhiko yapurezidhendi inobatira somuenzaniso nokuda kwedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Mabumbiro emitemo enyika akawanda anobatanidza zvinodikanwa zvemhiko zvakafanana nokuda kwemisoro yavo yehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kukwereta zvakananga murugwaro rweU.S.. U.S. Department of State[ yakabvumikisa kuti murangariro wemhiko wakachinjwa sei mumarudzi anobva kuSouth Korea kusvikira kuNigeria, kusimbisa mipimo yenyika yose youkuru hwemitemo.

Kusanzwisisana Nengano Dzakajairika

Pasinei zvapo nokujeka kwaro, mhiko yapurezidhendi pane dzimwe nguva inonzwisiswa zvisina kufanira.

  • Myth: Mutungamiriri weProfesi anofanira kuisa ruoko paBhaibheri. Bumbiro reMitemo haridi rugwaro rupi norupi rworudzidziso. Nepo gamuchidzanwa rinobatanidza Bhaibheri, Mutongi Mukuru anoita mhiko kunyange kana pasina bhuku riripo. John Quincy Adams akashandisa bhuku remitemo; Theodore Roosevelt haana kushandisa bhuku.
  • Mhiko inobatanidza kuti “ndibatsirei Mwari.” Mashoko aya haasati ari murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo. Akabatanidzwa naPurezidhendi ari wose chifo cheWashington, asi itsika, kwete mutemo. Mutungamiriri wenyika angagona kuabvisa pasina muuyo wapamutemo.
  • Mhiko inoita Purezidhendi mudziviriri bedzi weBumbiro reMitemo. Chaizvoizvo, vakuru vakuru vose vehurumende vanopika kutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo, uye mhiko yehondo inobatanidza chipikirwa chokuteerera mirairo yapamutemo. Mhiko yaPurezidhendi yakasiana bedzi mukunangidzira kwayo rugwaro rwose, asi haipi chiremera chapoga.

Muhara Nesimba Rinoderedza

Chikamu chechikamu chechina cheChikamu cheTsigina cheTsigina chinopa chitsama chokubviswa kwaPrezidhendi nokuda kwe “Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru neMisdemy.” Nepo mhiko yacho isina kurongwa zvakajeka semhosva isingabhadharwi, kuputswa kwemhiko kwave kurangarirwa munhau. Iyi bvumirano inoparira kuzvidavirira kukuru: Mutongi anoparadza namaune mushumo weNixon yakataura kuti “kupika kuchengetedza, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo ibasa remitemo; kukundikana kuita kudaro inhau.” Iyi inoumba mhiko inozvidavirira yakakomba: Mutungamiriri weBumbiro remitemo uyo anoputsa namaune kuvimbika akaputsa chipikirwa chayo chikurusa.

Kuedza kwokusatendeudzira kwa2021 kwaDonald Trump pashure pedenho yaJanuary 6 paCapitol yakanangidzira ngwariro huru pamhiko.Mamaneja eHouse akataura kuti nhamburiko dzaTrump dzokuputsa miuyo 2020 yesarudzo dzakaumba kuputswa kwakananga kwemhiko yake yoku “chengeta, kudzivirira nokudzivirira” Bhishopu. Kunyange zvazvo Dare risina kuisa mhaka, gakava racho rakasimbisa kuti mhiko yacho inoramba sei iri rutivi rupenyu rwomutemo webumbiro remitemo, kwete kutaura kwenhau kwakafa.

Nguva Yemberi Yemuti Munzvimbo Inochinja yeBumbiro Romutemo

Sezvo United States inochinja, mhiko yapurezidhendi ichapfuurira kubatira sechiyereso chebumbiro remitemo. Nharo pamusoro pemirairo yavakuru vakuru, masimba ehondo, uye ziviso dzekurumidziro dzinodzokera kumubvunzo wokuti: Ko Purezidhendi akaramba akatendeka kumhiko here? Kumuka kwezvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga namaawa 24 zvakaita kuti mhiko dzokutanga dzive dzinooneka zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose, asi dzinoparirawo zvinetso zvitsva. Kutaura kwaPrezidhendi kana kuti matrieti kunganzverwa nokuda kwetsinhirano nemabasa akabatanidza. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinokurukura nenzira inowedzera kana mhiko yacho ichiumba mupimo wakarurama wenhau dzinonzi, kana matare achigona kuhwirudzura zviito zvapurezidhendi nokuda kwokuputsa. Kusvikira panguva ino, matare ave achizengurira kuita kudaro, achisiya kupfurikidza kupfurikidza nokusarusarudzo rwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunyanguvezvo, simba rokufananidzira rinotsungirira. Makore mana ari ose, mamirioni eAmerica anotarira chiito chakapfava chokusimudza ruoko rworudyi nokudzokorora mashoko 35. Muitiro iwoyo unobatanidza Purezidhendi mutsva mumwe nomumwe navavambi nemurairo webumbiro remitemo wavakagadza. Mhiko yacho haivimbisi kuti Mapurezidhendi achatevera Bumbiro remitemo nguva dzose, asi inovimbisa kuti havagoni kutaura kuti havazivi zvinodikanwa zvaro.

mhedziso

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi hachisi chinhu chetsika chete chinotoita kuti mukuru mukuru arambe ari mukuru mukuru wehurumende, chinoita kuti azvidavirire nokusatevedzerwa, uye chinogovera nguva yokukurudzira panjodzi dzenyika. Kubva pamashoko okutanga asina chokwadi eWashington kumitambo yevezvemajeri, mhiko yacho yave ichiyeuchidza vanhu vokuAmerica kuti simba roupurezidhendi harisi iro chairo uye rinodzorwa kana chivimbo chacho chikatengeswa. Chero bedzi United States inoramba iri rekudzo yehurumende, mhiko yapurezidhendi icharamba iri shongwe yehurumende yayo, ichisimbisa pfungwa yokuti hapana munhu ari pamusoro pechinyorwa chakasika nzvimbo yacho.