Dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzeUnited States rutivi runorondedzera rwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yeUnited States. Enshrined in the Tenth Amendment, iyo inochengeta masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kuvanhu, iyi simba inoita basa guru mukuumba munenge chikamu chiri chose choupenyu hweAmerica. Kunzwisisa kuti aya masimba anoshandira pamwei mukushanda here. Kubva mumienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo yezvoutano. Dzidzo, murairo wemhoteredzo, chengeteko yavose, uye dzimwe nzvimbo (jere) zvinokosha mukunzwisisa kuoma kwehurumende yazvino uno uno uno uno uno uno uno uno unovarira pakati penyika yose. Kunzwisisa kuti aya masimba makuru anofambidzana sei. Nyaya iyi inonzvera nhau huru apo hurumende nemasimba enyika anosangana, kubatira, uye kukwikwikwidza, kugovera, kudzivirira, kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende yehurumende yenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzose muzana rechi21.

Kutarisira Utano: Afford Care Act Nemiganhu Yemamoreshi

Zvichida hapana chidimbu chimwe chomutemo chinoenzanisira zviri nani kusawirirana nokuchinjika kwechibvumirano cheAmerica kupfuura Affordble Care Act (ACA), yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2010. ACA yakamirira kukura kukuru kwechiremera chehurumende pamisika youtano, bva kuita kwacho kwakatsamira zvikuru pazvisarudzo zvenzvimbo yehurumende. Muuyo ibasa rakaganhurirwa rinosiana zvikuru kubva kuruwa rumwe kuenda kune rumwe.

Kukura kweMedicaid: Kuparadzaniswa kweHurumende Norudzi

Pachikamu chikuru cherwisano yehurumende yeACA iTsvene percentage medicaid. Mutemo waida pakuvamba kuti nyika dzifutunure Medicaid eactive kuvakuru vose vaiwana kusvikira ku 138% yemwero wourombo hwehurumende, nehurumende ichifukidza mari yakawanda. Zvisinei, 2012 Dare Gurusa reNational Federation of Independent Business reReavention [[FLT] rakaita nokubudirira nenzira inoshamisa kupfurikidza nokutonga kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kutyisidzira kubvisa mari yose yeMedica kubva kuruwa rwairwo rwakaramba. Ichitonga chakaparira muganhu: sepakati pa25-20, 41 nereti reruwa reColumbias dzakagamuchira kukura, nepo nyika dzisina kurangarirwa kuva navanhu vakuru vane mirioni vakaderera.

Migumisiro yacho yakakomba. Mumigariro isati iri yokuwedzera yakadai seTexas, Mississippi, uye Alabama, zviuru zvavagari vemo zvinowira mumukaha we "chivako chakavanzika"" zvinowana mari shomanene zvikuru kukwaniriswa nokuda kweinishuwarenzi yomunhu oga mumisika yeACA asi hazvikodzeri nokuda kweMedicaid nemhaka yokuti hurumende yavo yakasarudza kusawedzera. Ikoku kuratidzira kuti kudzivisa hurumende kumuitiro wenyika kunogona sei kutapura zvakananga kusvika kuutano hwevagari, kuenzanisira mazariro chaiwoiwo enyika yehurumende.

State Waivers uye Kugadziridzwa

ACA inopawo mawirirano kupfurikidza neChikamu 1332, ichibvumira kuedza mitoo inotsiva chero bedzi ichisvitsa mipimo yehurumende. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seAlaska neOregon, dzakashandisa zvigadzikiso zvokushandisa kugadzira magadziro akavakirwa pahurumende ayo akaderera. Dzimwe, kufanana naMassachusetts, dzakavakirwa paACA simentia nenhano dzadzo dzimene dzoutano. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira kuti simba rehurumende rinogona kuva pamwe chete nokuumbwa kwehurumende.

Nokuda kwokuravirwazve panzvero dzezvoutano, ona Kaiser Family Foundation yewedzero yeMedicaid ne CMS Chikamu 1332 chemashoko .

Dzidzo: Mipimo Yetsika Yakaganhurirwa Nedzoro Yomunzvimbomo

Dzidzo yave iri nzvimbo inorwisana hurumende nechiremera chehurumende, nemitemo yehurumende inogadza mipimo yakafara apo nyika namaruwa ezvikoro zvinochengeta udzori hukuru pamusoro pezvidzidzo, mari, uye kuzvidavirira. Kuchinja kubva paNo Child Let Behind (NCLB) kuenda kuAll Students Receeds Act (ESA) muna 2015 kwakaratidzira chinjo yamaune kukuva anochinja simba kudzokera kunyika.

Mudzidzi Ari Wose Anobudirira Muitiro (ESSA)

ESSA yakatsiva gadziriro yapamusoro yokuzvidavirira yeNCLB nechirongwa chinopa rusununguko rukuru rwokuronga gadziriro dzavo vamene dzevandudziko dzechikoro, kugadza nharidzano dzedzidzo, uye kusarudza nzira yokuyera nayo basa rechikoro. Zvisinei, mutemo uchiri kuda mitemo yokuedza vadzidzi gore negore mukurava uye masvomhu mumagiredhi 3-8 uye kamwe muchikoro chapamusoro, uye kutora ndokupindira muzvikoro zvinobudirira zvikuru.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwegadziriro yeHurumende

Mitezo yakashandisa kuchinjika kweESSA kuronda zvinhu zvakasiyana- siyana. Somuenzaniso, Ohio yakagamuchira gadziriro inosimbisa mwero yezvikoro zvesekondari nokugadzirira basa, nepo California yanangidzira ngwariro pakuvhara misiyano yetsika nedzinoderedza mwero. Munguva ino, dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa ESSA kukudza chisarudzo chechikoro kupfurikidza nezvikoro zveparamende uye mapurogiramu ezvibvumirano, nepo dzimwe dzakaderedza kuedzwa kwakarongwa. Uku kufambiswa kwemitemo yehurumende imwe kunogona sei kuparira miuyo yakasiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pamipimo yehurumende yetsika nedzidzo.

Chibage Chavose Nechidzokeredzo Chehurumende

Gadziriro yeCorè State Direfects yakaitwa pakuvamba, yakagamuchirwa nehurumende inopfuura 40, yakava nzvimbo inonyengera yehurumende kunyange zvazvo yakatangwa namagavhuna ehurumende nevakuru vakuru vedzidzo, kwete hurumende yehurumende. Sezvo vatarisiri veObama vakasunga Ruoko kuTsitsi kuti vagamuchire "College nemipimo yebasa yagara-kare" (inorondedzerwa seCore), nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga kunzwisisa kumanikidza kwehurumende. Panosvika 2015, nhamba yedzimwe nyika dze(Indiana, South Carolina, Oklahoma, uye vamwe / na) neDdrew kubva kuCommole ndokuitsiva nemipimo yavo vamene. Iyi mirangariro yokudzokera shure inosimbisa sei kuti simba renyika, kunyange apo isina kunanga, inogona kuparira kurambwa zvakasimba.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwakadzikama kwedzidzo yehurumende, ona Brookings institution yeESSA uye kushandiswa kwehurumende.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo: Apo Nyika Dzinotungamirira Nesimba Rinotonga Rinofutunurwa

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inzvimbo umo hurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzakasimbisa utungamiriri hunopfuura zvikuru ganhuriro dzehurumende, nepo dzichidzorera kuvhozhokera kuvhozhokera hurumende. Clean Air and Clean Water Act inogadza mipimo yenyika asi nenzira yakajeka inobvumira nyika kugamuchira dziviriro dzakati kuti. Iyi zvivako yakagonesa nyika kuva marabhoritari okuvandudza mhoteredzo.

Mipimo Yokutanga yeCalifornia

California ine nzvimbo yechienzi pasi pePean Air Act: ine mhesvedzo yokugadza mipimo yayo imene yemotokari inobudiswa, iyo ine shungu zvikuru kupfuura iyo yehurumende. Dzimwe nyika ipapo dzingasarudza kutevera mipimo yeCalifornia kana kuti kunamatira nemirau yehurumende. Kusvikira muna 2025, 17 hurumende dzakabatanidza disiturikiti reColifia rakagamuchira mipimo yeCalifornia yeSced Clean Cars, inofukidza 40% yeU.S. Musika wemotokari. Munhambo nenhambo yeTrump, hurumende yehurumende yakaedza kubvisa chiteshinamu cheCaliforniair ndokutanga mupimo mumwe worudzi uyo wakabvisa chiremera chehurumende. California, pamwe chete nedzimwe nyika 20, kufukidza, kufukidza, uye kudzoresa kwaBiden gare gare gare gare gare yakadzorera kudzorwa kwomutemo. Iyi purofesa wehurumende inodzokorodza mumugariro mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende inogona sei kuchinja muganhu mukuru mukuru.

Zvirongwa Zvesimba Zvinodzokororwa neHurumende

Nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mipimo yadzo imene inomutsidzirwa (RPS), ichida magetsi okugadzira chikamu chakati chependindi kubva kumanyuko anomutsidzirwa. Hawaii inovavarira 100% magetsi anomutsidzirwa panosvika 2045; New York zvinovhiwa 70% panosvika 2030; uye Texas, pasinei zvapo nomukurumbira wayo seoiri negasi, zvinobudisa simba remhepo rakawanda kupfuura imwe nyika ipi neipi murutivi nemhaka yeRPS yayo refu (kubvira pakubvumirwa kupera). Iyi mipimo mikuru yenyika yakasunda chinjo mumisika iyo pane dzimwe nguva inopfuudzira chiito chehurumende dzehurumende kuti igadzirise simba renyika.

Kushanda Kwomunyika Nemamiriro Okunze Achinja

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze inopa denho huru zvikuru yehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chokudzora kubudiswa kwegasi rinopisa pasi peGeneral Air Act ([[FT:0]] MAssachusetts v. EPA, 2007), asi mutemo wehurumende wakakwana wemamiriro okunze wakakundikana kakawanda muCongress. Mukupindura, masangano akaumba maburi akaita mapepa akafanana neGreginary Gastive (RGI), nhamburiko inobatira pamwe pakati pe 12 kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwakadziva neMid Atlantic kuderedza kubudiswa kwemvura. Uku kudzika kwenzvimbo kunoratidza kuti nyika inogona sei kuzadza mazasi apo chiito chomubatanidzwa chinotemwa.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kune udzame panhano dzomugariro wokunze wapakati pehurumende, rava EPA midziyo yehurumende yokuronga simba.

Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu uye Kudzorwa Kwepfuti: Nyika Inorwisana Nepfuti Inosvika

Kudzora pfuti ndeimwe yenhau dzinoparadzaniswa zvikurusa muAmerican university.The Second Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro avanhu okutakura zvombo, asi Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kuti iyi maruramiro haana kuganhurirwa uye kuti hurumende dzingaisa mirau ine mufungo.Muuyo iganhuriro huru pakati pehurumende dzinoisa maruramiro epfuti zvikuru neiyo inotungamirira kukotsekano yepfuti.

Zvirongwa zveHurumende zvinorambidza

Mumitemo yakadai seTexas, Arizona, uye Idaho, mitemo yakasunda kubvisa ganhuriro: kutakurwa kusina mvumo zvino kunobvumirwa, kureva kuti munhu upi noupi anogona kuva nepfuti nenzira yapamutemo angaitakura pachena kana kuti kuvanzwa pasina rezinesi. Kuno rumwe rutivi rwenzvimbo dzacho, dzinodaro seCalifornia, New York, uye Illinois yakapfuudza mitemo inoda kunzvera mamiriro ezvinhu ekare okutengesa kwomunhu oga, kurambidza zvombo zvokudenha, uye nhambo dzinokatyamadza dzokumirira. Hawaii neNew York dzine mipimo yakakwirira zvikuru, nepo nyika dzakawanda dzokuMaodzasi kune zvinodikanwa zvishomanene kupfuura mwero womubatanidzwa wehurumende.

Zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro uye Kuedzwa Kwevarwi

Dare rapamusoro rakaita basa guru mukurondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende. Mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008), Dare rakakurira Washington D.C. chirambidzo chepfuti, asi rakacherekedza zvakajeka kuti chisarudzo hachina kuderedza ruwara rwakawanda rwemitemo yepfuti iripo. Gare gare, mu [FLD] [[FLT] $PT]. Chicagoc, Dare rakashandisa Hurumende yechipiri kupfurikidza neGartmentation. nguva ichangobva kupfuura nakare, mu [FLT] Romesssssssss, rinobvumira pamutemo kuti ripfuure, pamutemo rinodzokera kuzivisa pamutemo.

Kubhadhara Mutero Nechibvumirano Chezvemari

Kupfuura nzvimbo dzakananga dzemiitiro, ukama hwemari pakati pehurumende nehurumende yehurumende isimba guru repesvedzero. Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa mari yemari yemari neaid(bhoriti difect) inopa nemigariro yakaoma zvikuru nezvipo zvinopa kupfaviswa kwakawanda (hwunokurudzira chiito chohurumende munharaunda kubva pakuvakwa kwemigwagwa kusvikira kuutano hwavanhu.

Mitsetse Yemari Yokutsigira Kudya

Muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa izera rokunwa rorudzi. Muna 1984, Congress yakapasa National Monter Age Act, iyo yainyima mari yomumugwagwa mukuru ipi neipi yaibvumira vanhu vane makore ari pasi pe 21 kutenga chinwiwa chinodhakisa. Nyika dzakanga dzisina musengwa wakananga wokuwirirana, asi dzvinyiriro yefiscal yakanga yakasimba kwazvo zvokuti nyika dzose 50 dzakamutsa zera ravo rokunwa pakasvika kupera kwama 1980. Uku kushandisa simba rokushandisa inhau yebhuku ye "cococenivedive colicismism," umo nyika dzinofanira kudzikamisa mutemo unopesana nokurasikirwa namadhora ehurumende.

Uchangamire hweHurumende Hwokubhadhara Mitero

Nyika dzine chiremera chikuru chokuisa mitero yadzo dzimene(mutero, kutengeserana, zvinhu, uye kuganhurira mutemo wehurumende zvisarudzo. Internet Tax Freedom Act inorambidza mitero yehurumende pakusvika paInternet, uye Trust Cuts neJobs Act ye2017 yakaisa panzvimbo nyika nomutero womunzvimbomo (SALT) pa $100,000, inotapura zvikuru misha yakakwirira seCalifornia ne New York. Hurumende dzakadzokera shure kupfurikidza nokuisa gadziridzoro yadzo. SALT mutambo wemitezo wemutezo woruwa unogona sei kudzosa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende.

Kunyoresa Pamutemo uye Mutemo Wemabhinya WeFederal

Rwisano pakati pehurumende nomutemo wehurumende haioneki zvikuru kupfuura munharaunda yembanje. Kusvikira muna 2025, 24 hurumende neWashington D.C. dzakanyoresa mbanje nokuda kwokushandisa nhandaro, uye maruwa 38 ane purogiramu dzekurapa dzembanje. Bva pasi pomutemo wehurumende, mbanje inoramba iri chinhu chamatongerwo, chisiri chapamutemo kugadzira, kuparadzira, kana kuti kuva nacho. Ikoku kunoparira dzvinyiriro yebumbiro remitemo: mitemo yomutemo inoregerera zvakajeka mibato iyo iri mhaka dzehurumende.

Ungwaru Hwenyika Hunotsigirwa Nehurumende

Vose vari vaviri vatarisiri veObama neBiden vakagamuchira mitemo yekusapindirana, vachiraira vachuchisi vehurumende kubvisa zviitiko zvembanje mumashoko ayo ane gadziriro dzinoshanda zvakanaka. Gweta reTrump rokutanga, Jeff Sessions, rabvisa nhungamiro iyi muna 2018, asi Congress yakapindura nokubatanidza vatasvi vemijenya yemongi (Rocracebach-Blumeneer andement) inorambidza Department kuti ipedze mari kutengesa hurumende nembanje. Chiito ichi chinoratidza kuti Congress aices inogona sei kushanda zvakanaka sechekero pazvinhu zvinokosha zvebazi, achibvumira hurumende kushanda pasinei nokurambidza kwehurumende.

Zvisinei, kusaziva pamutemo kunopfuurira. Mabhangi anoramba achizengurira kubatira mabhizimisi embanje anoitwa nehurumende nemhaka yokuti anopinda mungozi yemari yehurumende inobhadharwa. Mabhizimisi haagoni kubvisa ndyiko dzenguva dzose dzemitero yehurumende nemhaka yeIRS Language 280E. Idzi mhinganidzo dzinoshanda dzinoratidzira ganhuriro yezvigadziko apo mutemo wehurumende unoramba uripo. Mabhizimisi navatengi, mukaha pakati pehurumende nomutemo wehurumende unoparira musika wakashata zvikuru uye hauna kudzorwa zvizere.

Kutama: Kusunungurwa Kwoutsvene Kwetsika uye Kusunungurwa

Kutama inharaunda umo hurumende yehurumende ine simba rakafara rebumbiro remitemo, asi nyika dzakasimbisa nenzira inowedzera chiremera chadzo dzimene, zvikurukuru mukushayikwa kwechinjo huru yehurumende. "Guta reSanctuary" uye "hurumende yehurumende" mirau inoganhurira batira pamwe yomutemo yomunzvimbomo nezviremera zvehurumende zvokupinda kwavanhu nemo."have inova nzvimbo huru yokuchinja.

Nyika Nokuramba Kwomunzvimbomo

Mitemo yakadai seCalifornia neIllinois yakaisa mitemo inoganhurira mapurisa nevanodzorwa nokubvunza pamusoro penzvimbo yokupinda munyika kana kuti kuvhara vanhu vakavakirwa pamitezo yehurumende inotakura vanhu. Vatungamiriri veTrump vakatsvaka kuranga idzi zviremera kupfurikidza nokuisa mari yehurumende, asi matare akadzivisa zvikuru idzi nhamburiko. Mu United States v. California [2017], dare reruwa rakarova mativi emitemo yetembere yeCalifornia apo raitsigira vamwe, richiratidzira kuoma kwemiganhuro yemitemo yapamutemo. MuBiden rakatora kusvika kwapamutemo kwakawanda, asi nhau yacho inoramba ichipomerwa pamusoro pezvamatongerwe enyika.

Simba reHurumende rePolice

Nepo Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa rasimbisazve ukuru hwehurumende pamusoro pokupinda munyika ( Arizona v. United States, 2012), kwakazivawo kuti hurumende dzinochengeta masimba amapurisa nokuda kwekotsekano yavose. Nyika hadzigoni kuita zvirongwa zvavo vamene zvokuchengetedza vagari vemo, asi dzinogona kusarudza nzira yokugovera nayo zviwanikwa zvomunzvimbomo. Uku kusiyana kunosiya nzvimbo nokuda kwerwisano inopfuurira, sezvo nyika dzinofamba mumutsara pakati pokubatira pamwe nemitemo uye kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo vasina kunyoreswa.

Mugumisiro: Kushandiswa Kusingaperi Kwesimba

Sezvinoratidzwa neiyi mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika, dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende haisati iri gadziriro iripo asi kurukurirano inopfuurira inoumbwa nomutemo, kudzorwa kwemitemo, chiito chokutungamirira, uye murangariro wavose. Mukungwarira zvoutano, ACA yakaratidzira zvose zviri zviviri kusvika kwechiremera chehurumende nokugadziridzwa kwezvisarudzo zvehurumende. Mudzidzo, ESSA yakatsvaka kuvandudza ukama kupfurikidza nokudzoserazve kuchinjika kuzvinhu nepo matare anofanira kupedza nhambo necherokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Mitemo yemhoteredzo inoratidzira kuti kazhinji kazhinji inoshanda samapiona, anodisa kupfuurira mberi kunyange apo chiito chehurumende chinenge chisipo kana kuti chisimutsivi. Uye munharaunda dzakafanana nokudzorwa kwepfuti, mhadzi, mhiriso pakati pehurumende nomutemo zvinoparira rwisano pakati pehurumende kuti matare adzore nguva dzose.

Kunzwisisa simba iri kunokosha, kwete bedzi kuvaiti vemitemo navadzidzi vehurumende asiwo nokuda kwevagari vemo vanowana migumisiro yehurumende muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Mibvunzo yokuti mweroi wehurumende inofanira kugadza mitemo, uye kuti mitemo iyoyo inogona kutambanudzwa kusvikira papi, icharamba iri pakati pehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi zvakafanana, iyi chinyorwa chinogovera hwindo mumuitiro wenyongano, unochinjika, uye zvikurukuru womunhu wokutonga rudzi rukuru uye rwakasiana - siana.