Kunzwisisa mutambo uyu kunokosha kuvadzidzisi uye vadzidzi zvakafanana, sezvakunopesvedzera mativi akasiyana - siyana enzanga, kusanganisira dzidzo, kuchengeteka kwevanhu vose, uye kodzero dzevanhu. Nyaya ino inoongorora mabasa akasiyana - siyana emitengo yemitemo yoga yoga, mashandisiro anoita mitemo, uye zvinobatanidzwa mumibatanidzwa yayo.

Kunzwisisa Matanho Okupa Mitemo

Mutemo muUnited States unoshanda pamwero huru nhatu: nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye hurumende. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une simba rawo umene, mitoro, uye ganhuriro, izvo zvinogona dzimwe nguva kutungamirira kurwisano kana kuti batira pamwe. U.S. Constitution[ inosimbisa tsika yehurumende umo simba rinoparadzirwa pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende, nehurumende dzinowana chiremera chadzo kubva kumabumbiro enyika nemitemo.

Mitemo Yomunzvimbomo

Mitemo iyi inotaura nhau dzakananga nezvinodikanwa zvevagari vomunzvimbomo. Mitemo yomunzvimbomo inofukidza nhau dzakadai sokuvakwa kwenzvimbo, kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, kudzorwa kweruzha, chengeteko yavose, uye bhizimisi romunzvimbomo.

  • Mienzaniso inobatanidza mitemo yokuvaka iyo inodzora marudzi ezvivako zvinogona kuvakwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mitemo yomunzvimbomo panhambo pfupi yakadai seAirbnb, uye mitemo yemanisiparati pakuungana kwavose.
  • Hurumende dzemo dzine simba rokuita mitemo inodzora upenyu hwezuva nezuva, yakadai semitemo yeruzha, yokudzora mhuka, uye yokugadziridza nzira dzomumugwagwa.
  • Mapoka echikoro anoita miitiro pamusoro pezvidzidzo, kotsekano yechikoro, uye kuronga mari, kazhinji kazhinji anoshanda mukati menhungamiro dzehurumende nedzehurumende.

Nepo mitemo yomunzvimbomo iri inowirirana zvikurusa navagari vemo, ivo vanodzorwa nehurumende. Mitemo inogona kuganhurira kana kuti kukurira mitemo yomunzvimbomo kana ikapesana nomutemo wehurumende kana kuti zvinangwa zvemitemo. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakapa mitemo inodzivisa maguta kuita mibhadharo mishomanene kana kuti mipimo yokurenda.

Mitemo yeHurumende

Mutemo wehurumende unotangwa nehurumende dzehurumende kupfurikidza nemisangano yadzo yemitemo (mutoo, magungano ehurumende namajenari). Mitemo yehurumende inobatanidza nhevedzano yakafara yenhau kupfuura mitemo yomunzvimbomo uye inogona kusiana zvikuru kubva kunyika imwe kuenda kune imwe. United States inoshandisa masimba ehurumende[[FLT:] kudzivirira utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vayo.

  • Mienzaniso inobatanidza miitiro yedzidzo (mipimo yemari, chitupa chomudzidzisi), mitemo youtsotsi (kuzivikanwa kwoutsotsi, kutsiviwa kwenhungamiro), uye mitemo youtano (zvinodikanwa zvokudzivirira nhomba, kutarisirwa kweMidhiaid).
  • Nyika dzine simba rokuita mitemo isingabudisi nhau dzisina kufukidzwa nomutemo wehurumende, wakadai sokutengeserana kwehurumende, mutemo wemhuri (roorano, chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta vana), uye mutemo wezvinhu.
  • Masangano ehurumende anodzorawo marongerwo ehurumende, achisarudza masimba adzo uye mabasa adzo.

Apo rwisano yemitemo yehurumende nehurumende inodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji, asi hurumende dzinogona kupa dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura mwero yehurumende munharaunda dzakawanda dzakadai semipimo yemhoteredzo kana kuti maruramiro avagari vemo.

Mitemo Yakabatana

Mutemo weFederal unoumbwa neDare reU.S. (Imba yavamiriri neDare) ndokusainwa mumutemo naPurezidhendi. Mitemo yeFederal inoshanda munyika dzose nenharaunda, ichitaura nhau dzoukoshi hwenyika. Masimba ehurumende yehurumende anonyorwa muBumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, icho chinobatanidza masimba okudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, mari yemari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutanga mahofisi epositi.

  • Mienzaniso inosanganisira mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu (Chivil Rights Act ya1944, Voting Rights Act), mitemo yokutama, mitemo yezvakatipoteredza (Decrate Air Act, Clean Water Act), uye mitemo yemhosva yomuhurumende (kutengesa zvinodhaka, kuba mubhangi).
  • Mitemo yehurumende kazhinji kazhinji inogadza mipimo miduku iyo nyika dzinofanira kutevera, asi hurumende dzinogona kushandisa mirau yakasimba zvikuru munharaunda umo mutemo womubatanidzwa unoubvumira zvakajeka.
  • Mutemo wehurumende ndiwowo mutoo mukuru wokupa nawo mari kunyika kupfurikidza nezvipo zvine chokuita nemamiriro ezvinhu (chitsauko, mari yomumugwagwa mukuru yakabatanidzwa nehurumende kuwirirana nemimwe miitiro).

Kupasa kwa Claus kweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kunosimbisa kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, kureva kuti unoisa mitemo inorwisana yehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadudzira iyi nenzira yakaganhurirwa mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, richichengeta chiremera chehurumende munharaunda dzegamuchidzanwa dzakadai somutemo wemhuri neruramisiro youtsotsi kutoti mutemo wenyika uchirangarira zvakajeka kuibvisa.

Kupindirana Kwazvaiita

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi zvinokosha pakuongorora manyorerwo anoitwa uye mashandisirwo anoitwa mutemo uye mashandisirwo anoitwa mutemo wacho.

Kushandira Pamwe Pakati Pemavako

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende dzinoshanda pamwe chete kukurukura nhau dzakafanana.Idzi batira pamwe inogona kukudza kubudirira kwemitemo ndokuva nechokwadi chokuti pfuma inounganidzwa nokuda kwesimba gurusa.

  • Nhano dzokutanga pautano hwavanhu vose [[FLT: 1]: Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, masangano ehurumende akadai seCDC akagovera nhungamiro nemari, nepo madhipatimendi outano enyika nowomunzvimbomo akaita kuedza, nhomba, uye purogiramu dzekuonana. Federal anopa nhamburiko dzinotsigirwa nehurumende kukudza zvivako zvezvoutano.
  • Nhamburiko dzamaoresa mumhinduro yengwavaira nokunaya: Apo ngwavaira dzomusikirwo dzinorovanya (muto, madutu, mwoto wehondo), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) inobatira pamwe namasangano anotarisira mamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro ehurumende navapinduri vokutanga vomunzvimbomo. Mari yeFederal inobviswa kunzvimbo nenzvimbo nokuda kwokuvakazve nokuzvidzora.
  • Kubatira pamwe kwehurumende pazvokufambisa: Mari dzehurumende dzehurumende mumigwagwa mikuru yenyika nemabasa okufambisa, nepo madhipatimendi ehurumende egadziriro yezvokufambisa uye anochengetedza migwagwa, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotarisira migwagwa yesendi wekare nemiitiro yokufambisa yavose. Iyi mubatanidzwa wezvifambiso zvizhinji unovimbisa mubatanidzwa wezvokufambisa worudzi rwose.
  • Masangano ebasa rokuchengeta pamutemo[[FLT: 1]: Masangano eFBI neDEA anowanzoshanda nehurumende nemapurisa omunzvimbomo pamasimba ebasa rimwe anopinza zvinodhaka, ugandanga. Mashoko nezviwanikwa zvinogoveranwa pamwero yose kuvandudza chengeteko yavose.

Kusawirirana Pakati Pemapoka

Kurwisana uku kunowanzotungamirira kuzvinetso zvepamutemo uye kunoda kuti kutonga kuitwe, zvikurukuru kubva kuDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States, kuti kuone kudzikama kwakakodzera kwesimba.

  • Kutendeutswa kwapamutemo panzvimbo yehurumende pasinei zvapo nechirambidzo chehurumende: Kusvikira muna 2025, nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa mbanje nokuda kwokushandisa kwokurapa kana kuti nhandaro, bva inoramba iri purogiramu yandakadzora pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Ikoku kunoparira kusawirirana pakati pezvinhu zvinokosha zvehurumende nezvokudzika mutemo. Hurumende yehurumende yakatodza zvikurukuru muitiro usiri wewirirano pasi penhungamiro yeCole Mennandrandum, asi kudzorwa kwapamutemo kunopfuurira.
  • Mitemo yeguta yeSantary inorwisana nokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika : Dzimwe hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakagamuchira mitemo inoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvokubuda zvehurumende, zvakadai sokusadzosa vanhu vamwe navamwe vakavakirwa pamugariro wokupinda munyika. Hurumende yehurumende yakapa miganhu mizhinji, ichiramba ichirwisana kuti miitiro yakadaro inoputsa 8 U.S.C. 763 (mutemo wehurumende unorambidza ganhuriro pamashoko okugoverana pamusoro pomugariro wokutama). Matare akabudisa kutonga kwakavhengana, uye chinyorwa chinoramba chiripo nemhaka yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Mitemo yetsika[[FLT: 1]: Apo hurumende inogadza mipimo yemhoteredzo yakatsiga kupfuura mipimo yehurumende yeCalifornia (mutoo, kubudisa motokari), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ingadenha kana kuti kubvumira kukuvadza. Ceally Air Act inobvumira California kutsvaka chiteshi chemipimo yorumano, uye dzimwe nyika dzinogona ipapo kutevera mitemo yeCalifornia. Iyi batira pamwe-via-waiser inoratidzira mutambo wakaoma.
  • Kuzvidavirira: Mubatanidzwa All Students Foundations Act (ESA) inoda miganhu yokugadza mipimo yedzidzo nemiedzo yavadzidzi, asi masangano anochinjika mukuronga gadziriro dzawo amene dzokuzvidavirira. Nhamo dzinogona kumuka apo nhungamiro dzehurumende dzinorangarirwa sedzinonyanyooneka kana kuti apo maruwa anotsvaka zvirango zvapamberi pezvinodikanwa zvakati.

Nzvero Dzenhau Dzokupindirana Kwomutemo

Kuongorora nyaya dzakananga kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti mutemo womunharaunda, wehurumende, uye wehurumende unoshanda sei. Mienzaniso inotevera inoratidza misiyano yegadziriro iyi inodzora zvinhu zvakawanda.

Fundo Yokutanga: Mitemo Yedzidzo

Gadziriro yedzidzo muUnited States inoratidza kubatanidzwa kwemitemo mumwero yose. Nepo mitemo yehurumende yakadai se Mudzidzi ari wose Wekubudirira [ akagadza miganhu yakafara ndokugovera mari, maruwa namaruwa omunzvimbomo anogadziridza miitiro yawo yedzidzo kuti asvitse zvinodikanwa zvakati.

  • [ mabhodhi ezvikoro enzvimbo ino anoita mitemo pamusoro pezvidzidzo, kotsekano yechikoro, uye bhajeti. Anotarisirawo kuvakwa kwechikoro, kubhadharwa kwomudzidzisi, uye mabasa ezuva nezuva. Kudzora kwomunzvimbomo ukoshi hwakadzika midzi zvikuru mudzidzo yeAmerica.
  • Madhipatimendi edzidzo eruwa anotanga mipimo (muremo, Core kana kuti mipimo yehurumende yakananga), kuvamba ziviso, uye kugovera mari yehurumende kumaruwa. United States inogadzawo zvinodikanwa zvepepa zvavadzidzisi nezvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda.
  • Kubatanidzwa kwematunhu kunobatanidza mari yezvikoro zvinowanwa zviduku (Tit I), dzidzo chaiyo (IDEA), uye kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo (Tit IX). Mitemo yeFederal inoraira kuti nyika namaruwa zvigovere mikana yedzidzo yakaenzana uye zvinodzivirira vadzidzi pakusarura.

Mutambo unooneka munharo pamusoro penzvero dzakatevedzerwa. Mutemo weFederal unoda kuedzwa kwegore negore mukurava nenhamba, asi maruwa ane chichinjiko mukusarudza zviverengero. Mamwe maruwa omunzvimbomo akadzosazve kuedzwa kwakanyanyisa, kuchitungamirira kukuchinja kwenzvimbo kunoderedza zvinodikanwa zvokuedza apo zvichiri kuwirirana nomutemo wehurumende. Uku kusimba kunoparira kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pakati pemwero.

Fundo Yenhau 2: Mitemo Yemhoteredzo

Mutemo wemhoteredzo unopa mumwe muenzaniso wakajeka wemibatanidzwa yemitemo. Mitemo yeFederal inoisa dziviriro yemhoteredzo yakashata, nepo nyika dzichigona kuita matanho akaoma zvikuru. Dzimwe nguva hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinotopfuura, zvikurukuru panhau dzakadai sokutarisirwa kwetsvina uye kushandiswa kwenzvimbo.

  • Mipimo yemotokari inodzorwa zvikuru nemhepo inobudisa ichienzaniswa nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvinoratidzira utungamiriri hwehurumende. Mupasi peCeal Air Act, California inogona kutsvaka muvhiyi kubva kuEPA kuti ashandise mipimo mikukutu zvikuru, uye dzimwe nyika dzinogona kutevera mitemo yeCalifornia. Ikoku kwakasunda bhizimisi remotokari kuita motokari dzakachena munyika yose.
  • Nhano dzokuregwa kwepurasitiki imwe inoshandiswa nehurumende dzinopfuura mirau yehurumende. Maguta mazhinji nenhamba dzakarambidza mabhegi epurasitiki, mashawi, uye madhongi evhuvhu, kunyange apo mutemo wehurumende usingazvidzivisi. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inodzorwa kumisa kurambidza kwepurasitiki yomunzvimbomo, kuchiparira rwisano pakati pezviito zvenzanga yomunzvimbomo nefariro dzehurumende.
  • Tsitsi reFederal-state paGaratiko reNyuwa yeFivha yeFizire: EPA inoisa mipimo yemvura yakanaka, asi inodzosa kushandiswa kweNational Pollitant Directive RelationItion System (NPDES) inobvumira purogiramu. United States inogonawo kutora mipimo yemvura inodzivirira zvikuru. Disputes dzinomuka apo nyika dzinoshora mitemo yehurumende yemvura yakachena kana kuti apo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinodenha pamutemo register.

Fundo Yechitatu: Utano Hwavose Nemasimba Enjodzi

HOSHA yeCOVID-19 yakasimbisa kubatanidzwa kwakaoma pakati pemwero yehurumende mumigariro yezveutano yavose. Masangano eFederal akagovera mari, nhungamiro, uye kukura kwenhomba, nepo nyika dzakapa zvirango zvokugara pamusha, zvikumbiro zvokuvhara, uye ganhuriro dzebhizimisi. Madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo aiwanzoshandisa ndokushandisa iyi miitiro.

  • Basa reFEDA: CDC yakabudisa nhungamiro, FDA nhomba dzinobvumirwa nokurapa, uye Congress yakapfuudza zvipano zvokuyamura se CARES Act inogovera yamuro kunyika nenzvimbo.
  • Basa reruwa[: Vatongi vakashandisa masimba ekurumidziro kuraira kuvharwa nokuvhurwazve. Dzimwe nyika dzakabvisa mirairo yomunzvimbomo yakanga yakaoma zvikuru kupfuura yehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzakabvumira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kugadza miganhu inoganhurira zvikuru.
  • Basa repanopoteredza: Vakuru vakuru navakuru veruwa vaigadza nguva dzokusvika pamba, kuungana kwakaganhurirwa, uye zvinodikanwa zvokuvhara mabhakitire. Madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo aiitisa nhimbe dzokuronga nokudzivirira.

Makakatanwa akavamba apo mamwe maguta kana kuti mirangariro inoshorwa nehurumende yakavhurazve, kana kuti apo hurumende dzehurumende dzakapomera nzvimbo nokuda kwokupfuura chiremera chadzo.Mitemo yakadenhawo ukuru hwesimba ravakuru vakuru mukati memigariro yekurumidziro. Murakatira wacho wakasimbisa ukoshi hwegadziriro dzapamutemo dzakajeka dzebatira pamwe yehurumende nechisarudzo cherwisano.

Matambudziko Munzvimbo Yakagadzirwa Mutemo

Kuoma kunzwisisa kwakaita mitemo kunoratidza kuti vanoronga mitemo, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vanoomerwa chaizvo.

Kusawirirana Mumutemo uye Kupinda Mungozi

Kurwisana kwepamutemo kunowanzovapo nokududzirwa kwemitemo zvakasiyana - siyana, uye izvi zvingaita kuti mabhizimisi, vanhu, uye masangano evanhu arambe achinetsana.

  • Mitongo yeDare yakakura inojekesa dzikamo yesimba, yakadai se National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2020: 2) paAfford Care Act yeMitemo yeMedicaid nemurairo womunhu mumwe nomumwe, kana kuti [[FLT:]]]Murphy v. NACA[FLT:] (20: 8) yakadzosa mutemo wehurumende unodzora kubva mukubvumira kubhejera mitambo.
  • Mitemo yeruwa yakadenhwa mumatare ehurumende nokuda kwokuwirirana nemirairo yomubatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, masangano anoverengeka akapfuudza mitemo inodzora kubvisa pamuviri iyo yakadenhwa sechinoputsa Roe v. Wade nemirau inotevera. Matare anofanira kusarudza kana mitemo yehurumende ichibviswa nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende.
  • Kutsiva [: Mitemo inowanzobvisa mitemo yomunzvimbomo kuti itange mitemo yenyika yakafanana, asi hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoramba kuti ikoku kunosekesa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, nyika zhinji dzakarasikirwa newedzedzero dzemari shomanene dzomunzvimbomo, kubhadhara zororo rinorwara, uye zvirambidzo zvepurasitiki.

Kungwarira Vanhu uye Kuita Chibvumirano

Kunzwisisa kuoma kwemitemo yomunharaunda, yehurumende, uye yehurumende kunoda kuti vanhu vazive uye vavimbisane.

Mitoro Yokutarisira

Kudzika mitemo inodiwa nevanhu vose kunogona kukonzera mitoro inokosha yokutarisira uye yemari kuhurumende nemasangano evanhu.

  • Zvinodikanwa zvinotsaurwa[[FLT: 1]: Mipiro inopa mari inowanzouya nemisengwa mikuru yokushuma uye kubatira izvo nyika inodzvinyirira nezviwanikwa zvomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, Ambuya Nedzidzo ye Diculturation Act (IDEA) inoda nyika kugovera "dzidzo yapachena yapachena yakakodzera" kuvadzidzi vane urema, asi mari yehurumende inofukidza chikamu chiduku bedzi chendyiko chaiyoiyo.
  • Kubatanidza [: Mabhizimisi angada kuwirirana nemvumo dzehurumende, hurumende, uye dzomunzvimbomo dzemhoteredzo, mitemo yebasa, uye mirau yokudzivirira. Ikoku kunogona kudzivisa bhizimisi ndokuparira denho dzokuteerera, zvikurukuru kumabhizimisi maduku.
  • Zvinetso zvokuronga [: Mukati memigariro yekurumidziro, dikanwo yokufambisa tsinhirano nokukurumidza pakati pemwero inogona kudziviswa nemhinganidzo dzapamutemo kana kuti kushaikwa kwemitemo yokukurukurirana. Kupindura kuHurricane Katrina kwakaratidzira kukundikana kwebatira pamwe, kuchitungamirira kukuchinja mukudzora ngwavaira.

mhedziso

Mutemo wemitemo womunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye wehurumende rutivi runokosha rwekudzora muUnited States. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iyi nzvimbo yakaoma, vadzidzisi navadzidzi vanogona kutungamirira zviri nani denho namabanza zvadzinopa. Urongwa hweFederal hahusi gadziriro yakabatana asi igadziriro ine simba inovapo kupfurikidza nemitemo, rondedzero yedare, uye muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Sezvo nhau dzakafanana nechinjo yemamiriro okunze, utano hwavanhu, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinopfuurira kuyambuka miganhuro, mano okushanda mumativi ose ehurumende achatova akakomba zvikuru.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera USA.gov tsananguro yamapazu ehurumende, [[FLT]] Conmor.gov recontical database yehurumende [, uye upfumi hunobva National Conference of State Legislatures [ pahurumende nebatanidzo dzomubatanidzwa. Vagari vemo vanozivikanwa idivi vezvoumbikishinari yezvo yehurumende itsika dzinobudirira, vachivimbisa kuti mwero yose yehurumende inoshanda pamwe chete kuti iwirirane nezvinodikanwa zvavanhu.