Murangariro wokuparadzana kwamasimba ndewehwaro kuchimiro chehurumende yeUnited States.Iro rinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinova rine simba zvikuru, nenzira iyoyo richidzivirira rusununguko namaruramiro avagari vemo.iyi nyaya inonzvera mativi makuru okuparadzana kwamasimba, mavambo awo enhau, kuti rinoshanda sei mukushanda, uye revo dzaro nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Chii?

Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoreva kukamukana kwemabasa ehurumende kuva mapazi akasiyana - siyana kuti pasave nebazi rimwe chete rinoita mabasa makuru erimwe.

  • [[[ITS. 0] `Regitariti yeBazu' [[MVU] – inoita mitemo
  • [[[FT:0] Bazu reBazu re[[FTL:1] – mitemo inomanikidzirwa
  • [[[FUNDO:0] Jodicial Bazu[ – Shoma mitemo

Ichi chivako chakagadzirwa noune neFramers dzeBumbiro reMitemo kudzivisa kuiswa kwamasimba ayo akanga atungamirira kuudzvinyiriri mukutonga kweBritain. James Madison, anowanzonzi Baba weBumbiro remitemo, akanyora zvikuru pamusoro pokudikanwa kwamadhipatimendi akaparadzana mu Federalist N. 51. Iye akapikisa kuti "Kuda kutsiva kunofanira kuitwa kuti kukwikwidziridzwa" – kureva kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva nesimba rakakwana kunzvera vamwe.

Mavambo Enhau Okuparadzana Kwesimba

Pfungwa yacho haina kutanga naVavambi. Muzivi weFrance Montesquieu, mubasa rake ra1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [, unorevererwa nokuda kwokukamuranisa chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika kuva chigaro chemitemo, dare, uye mabasa okutonga. Gadziriro yeBritain panguva yacho yakanga ine paradzano yakaganhurirwa, asi Mambo akanga achiri anotonga paParamende napamatare. VaAmerica, vachiva vakawana unyanzvi hwokudzora, vakanga vakatsunga kuumba tsika umo simba rakapunzika.

PaConstitution yeChibvumirano cheBumbiro reMitemo cha 1787, nhume dzakaitirana nharo kuti mavakirwe ehurumende itsva yorudzi. Virginia Plan yakakarakadza hurumende yakasimba namapazu matatu, nepo New Jersey Plan yakada chiremera chikuru chisina kusimba. Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakupedzisira kwakanga kuri Bumbiro reMitemo sezvatinoriziva, neMitemo I, II, uye II kuumba mapazi matatu nokuronga masimba awo.

Bazu Romutemo: Chikamu I

Bazu remitemo rinotangwa neChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo uye rine mutoro wokuita mitemo uye rinoumbwa nedzimba mbiri: Dare neImba yavamiriri. Pamwe chete, vanoumba United States Congress.

Mavambo Emisangano

Congress ine:

  • Sayenzi:[ yakanyorwa na100, maviri kubva munyika imwe neimwe, achibatira mashoko amakore matanhatu. Dare rakagadzirirwa kumirira fariro dzenyika zvakaenzana.
  • Imba yavamiriri:[ Yakanyorwa navamiriri 435, nenhamba inobva kunyika imwe neimwe yakavakirwa pavagari vayo, inobatira mashoko amakore maviri. Imba yaiitirwa kuva pedyo zvikuru navanhu.

Simba Redare

Constitution inopa Dare masimba akananga anodudzwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8.

  • Kurwisa uye Kuvhota Mutemo
  • Kuzivisa Hondo
  • Kutarisira kutengeserana kwepakati penyika nekwekumwe
  • Kutarisira mari inoshandiswa nehurumende uye kubhadhara mitero
  • Kurera nokutsigira mauto nemauto egungwa
  • Kugadzira mahofisi epositi uye migwagwa
  • Kugadzira matare epasi pehurumende

Dare rakarevawo masimba kupfurikidza neChinodikanwa neChinowirirana naClaus, icho chinoibvumira kuisa mitemo inodikanwa kuita masimba aro anodudzwa.

Miganhu Pamisangano

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurirawo Congress muChikamu I, Chikamu 9.

Bazi Rine Vatungamiriri: Nyaya II

Bazu ravakuru vakuru rinotangwa neChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo. rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo uye rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States, uyo anobatira shoko ramakore mana uye anogona kusarudzwazve nokuda kwerimwe shoko rokuwedzera (sezvinoganhurirwa neMwedzero Yama 22).

Mabasa aPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi ane mabasa anokosha anoverengeka, anosanganisira:

  • Comminer-in-Chief yemauto akashongedzwa nezvombo, nesimba rokutungamirira mabasa ehondo
  • Mumiriri weChief, ane mutoro weukama hwokumwe, kuwiriranisa zvibvumirano (nebvumirano yeDare), uye kugadza vamiririri
  • [ Mukuru mukuru wedare, achitarisira hurumende uye kugadza mitemo kunoitwa nokutendeka
  • Mutungamiriri wehurumende, achipesvedzera kuita mutemo kupfurikidza neHurumende yeState of the Union, simba, uye zvirairo zvevakuru vakuru
  • Head yehurumende, inomirira rudzi pazvinoitika zvemiitiro

Gadziriro Dzavakuru vakuru Nehurumende Yamaunzi

Masangano akawanda ehurumende anoshanda pasi pebazi guru, rimwe nerimwe rine mutoro wenzvimbo dzakati dzemiitiro.Madhipatimendi makuru anobatanidza:

  • Department of Defense
  • Department of dzidzo
  • Department of Health and Human Services
  • Department of Justice
  • Department of State
  • Dhipatimendi Reveimba

Mukuwedzera, masangano akazvimirira akadai seEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), Federal Reserve, uye Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) asi anoshanda nemwero yakasiana - siana yeudzori. Kukura kwehurumende kwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro penhume dzesimba romutemo kumasangano makuru – musoro wekurukurirano inopfuurira mumutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Chikamu III

Bazu rokutonga rinotangwa neChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo. Rinotsanangura mitemo ndokushandisa ruramisiro. iro rakaumbwa neDare Rapamusorosoro uye matare ehurumende akaderera.

Zvivako zvePuderal Judiciary

Bazu rokutonga rinobatanidza:

  • Dare reMitemo: Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika, rinoumbwa nevatongi vapfumbamwe (kubatanidza ruramisiro imwe huru) yakagadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu naPurezidhendi nesimbiso yeDare. Upenyu hwakarongedzerwa kudzivirira vatongi mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Courts of Appeals (Matare Ematunhu): matunhu 13 anonzwa zvikumbiro zvakabva kumatare oruwa. Anongova mwero wapakati wezvikumbiro.
  • Matare eruwa: maruwa amatare anoshanda sematare anotonga mhaka dzomubatanidzwa. Hurumende iri yose ine dare roruwa rinenge rimwe.

Mibato yeBazu Rokutonga

Bazu rokutonga rinoita mabasa anoverengeka anokosha:

  • Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo yehurumende
  • Kugadzirisa kusawirirana pakati pehurumende
  • Kuongorora kutevedzana kwemitemo nemabasa ehurumende (kuongorora nezvemutemo)
  • Kutonga nyaya dzinobatanidza mutemo womuhurumende, zvibvumirano, uye kutongwa zvisina kufanira
  • Zviitiko zvokusarudza umo hurumende yeUnited States iri mubato

Simba rokuhwirudzura rakaitwa mumhaka yechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison (1803). Muchisarudzo ichocho, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akanyora kuti "ndiro purovhinzi nebasa redare kuti ritaure kuti mutemo chii. Izvozvi zvakapa matare chiremera chokuputsa mitemo nezviito zvechiremera zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwoga hakusati kwaizova kwakakwana kudzivisa udzvinyiriri; zviratidzowo zvakavakwa mugadziriro yecheki nedzikamo. Idzi inzira dzinobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira masimba amamwe. James Madison akarondedzera ikoku mu Fedarisan Nha. 51 savanopa bazi rimwe nerimwe "mipimo yemitemo iri madikanwa nevavariro dzomunhu oga kudzivisa kupindira kwevamwe."

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

  • Dzivisa vhoti yemapurezidhendi nevhiyi yezvitatu zviviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri
  • Biston akagadzwa kuva purezidhendi (Sarudzai voruzhinji vemitezo yedare, nhume, uye vatongi)
  • Zvibvumirano zveRafégin (Sarudzai mavhoti maviri namatatu)
  • Kutsvaka ndokubvisa Purezidhendi navamwe vakuru vakuru
  • Rongai mashandisiro amunoita mari — kusarudza kuti munoshandisa sei mari
  • Sarudzai mabasa ebazi ravakuru vakuru nokuteerera

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

  • Mutemo weVeto unomiswa neCongress (Makuru Kuno Cangress unogona kukurira)
  • Kuridza runhare paCongress
  • Hurumende yeUnion
  • Mirayiro yevakuru vakuru yokutungamirira mashandisirwe emitemo
  • Ramba kupedza mari yakakodzera neCongress (Kuisa Mungozi) kunyange zvazvo yakaganhurirwa neImpound Control Act ya 1974)

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mamwe Mapazi

  • Taura mitemo kana kuti zviito zvevakuru vakuru zvisiri zvehurumende (hwirudzuro yezvomutemo)
  • Ongorora kuti mutemo wedare repasi uri papi panyaya yokukwirira
  • Kunzwisisa zvinorehwa nemitemo paunomuka makakatanwa
  • Kudzivirirwa kwaPurezidhendi pamatare akati kunoganhurirwa nekutonga

Macheki Pajeri

  • Musangano unogona kuchinja nhamba yematare kana kuti kuisa matare epasi
  • Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende (nesimbiso yeDare)
  • Congress inogona kubvisa vatongi vehurumende
  • Dare rinogona kuronga kuchinja zvinhu zvinosarudzwa nedare kuti zvisarudzwe
  • Mitumbi inodzora mutemo inogona kuchinja mutemo wemitemo kana Dare rikadudzira mutemo munzira yarisingabvumirani nayo

Kushandira Pamwe Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti gadziriro yeU.S. ine rumwe rutivi: hurumende. Simba rinokamuraniswawo pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene ramapazu matatu ehurumende, ichiratidzira gadziriro yehurumende. Tenth Amendment Respiration res respotement kuhurumende kana kuti kuvanhu masimba api naapi asingapiwi kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo.

Kupesana pamusoro pemiganhu yesimba rehurumende kwave kuchizivikanwa munhau yose, kubva paNhamo yeUnication in the 1830 kusvikira kunharo dzazvino uno pamusoro pokutarisirwa kwoutano, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye dzidzo.

Nhau Dzinokosha Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Pamusoro Pokuparadzana Kwesimba

Dare Repamusorosoro rakapa mitongo yakawanda inoratidza miganhu iri pakati pemapazu.

  • [FLT] Marbury v. Madison (103): yakagadza kuhwirudzurwa kwedare – simba rematare rokurova mitemo isiri yomutemo.
  • Throwwn Comment=Uronga + Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952]: Simba rapurezidhendi rakaganhurirwa, richitonga kuti Purezidhendi Truman aisagona kuba zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea pasina mvumo.
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixon [19974]): kuramba kutaura kwaPrezidhendi Nixon kweropafadzo yakakwana yehurumende, kumumanikidzira kuvhura matepi eWatergate.
  • INS v. Charha [19983]: Kuderedza chibvumirano sechishatisa masimba, kudzora kuti Programme haigoni kuendesa zviito zvehurumende pasina kuputsa mutemo.
  • [FLT] Clinton v. Guta reNew York (1998:[FLT ]]]
  • [FLT]Boumediene v. Bush (2008): Unions corpus consupiers for vatapwa paGuantamo Bay, inoganhurira masimba ehondo neomukuru wehondo.

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano Nenharo

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba masimba hakusi kwapakati; kunotarisana nezvinetso zvinopfuurira.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi akashandisa nenzira inowedzera mirairo yavakuru vakuru kufuratira Congress apo chiito chomutemo chinomiswa.Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa ikoku vanosekesa bazu remitemo, nepo vatsigiri vachiti kushandiswa kwapamutemo kwesimba roukuru kumanikidzira mitemo iripo. Kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru kwakakura ndokuitwa munhau yose, napurezidhendi akadai saFranklin D. Roosevelt, George W. Bush, uye Barack Obama vakatarisana nokutsoropodza kwakabva kuDare.

Hurumende Inotonga Nedzidziso Yokusatendeseka

Dare rinowanzotuma chiremera chokugadza kusangano rokutonga seEPA, OSHA, uye FC. Dzimwe nyanzvi navatongi vanopikisa kuti ikoku kunoputsa kuparadzana kwamasimba nemhaka yokuti masangano anoshandisa mitemo, zviremera, uye mabasa okutonga akabatanidzwa. Dzidziso isingaregi, iyo inoti Congress haigoni kugadza simba rayo remitemo, yave isina kusimba kwamakumi amakore asi yaona kudzorerwazve mumhaka dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzeDare Gurusa rakadai se Goundy v. United States (20:9) uye Virginia.[PA[FLT]

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Vatsoropodzi vezviito zvokutonga vanotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kutsanangura Bumbiro Remitemo sezvarakanyorwa, nepo vamwe vachipikisa kuti matare anofanira kuchinja nheyo dzemitemo dzemitemo nemamiriro ezvinhu azvino uno. Kusimbisa pamatare eDare Repamusorosoro kunoratidza kukamukana kukuru panhau ino.

Kutsigisa Kunoita Dare

Chinodikanwa chokusimbiswa kweDare kwokugadzwa kwedare nokutonga chakatungamirira kuhondo dzinowedzera. Kushandiswa kwemoniribuster ne "chisarudzo chenyukireya" kusimbisa vamirineri kwachinja simba regadziriro yokugadza. Vamwe vanotaura kuti tsika yanyanyoshatiswa, kuchikuvadza kushanda kunobudirira kwezvose zviri zviviri mapazu evakuru vakuru neamatare.

Simba Rehondo Nokushandiswa Kweuto

War Powers Resolution ya 1973 yakaitwa kuti iongorore chiremera chapurezidhendi kuti ape masimba eU.S. kurwisana pasina bvumirano. Zvisinei, purezidhendi vakabva kumativi ose ari maviri vakapikisa kuti mutemo unopindira pabasa ravo rebumbiro remitemo saMutungamiriri weChief. Muuyo wave uri muuyo unopfuurira wehondo pamusoro pokupindira kwehondo, kubva kuVietnam kusvikira kuRibiya kusvikira kuSyria.

Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kuchikosha Nhasi

Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunokosha pakuchengetedza hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu uye kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu.

  • [[FOL:0] Anoshandisa udzvinyiriri: kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba, hakuna munhu mumwe kana kuti boka rinogona kudzora hurumende.
  • [ Kurangarira:[ mapazi akasiyana - siyana anofanira kushanda pamwe chete, kunonotsa chiito chokukurumidza uye kurukurirano inokurudzira.
  • inodzivirira maruramiro maduku:[[FLT: 1] Vatongi vanogona kunzvera kunyanyisa kukuru uko kunodzongonyedza rusununguko rukuru.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuzvidavirira: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunzvera ndokufumura chakaipa mune mamwe mapazi.
  • inochengeta mutemo:[[[FL:1] Hapana bazu riri pamusoro pomutemo; zvose zvinofanira kushanda mukati meganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kunzwisisa kuparadzana kwamasimba kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva kuti hurumende yeU.S. inoshanda sei. Iko ibwe rekona rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo vayo nepo ichiva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazi rehurumende rinova nesimba zvikuru. Nokuda kwokuravazve, kunzvera upfumi hweNational Constitution Center, [FLT].v, uye [[FLT:] dare redare repamutemo

mhedziso

Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuri rondedzerowo zvayo yebumbiro remitemo – igadziriro mhenyu inoumba chisarudzo chikuru chiri chose chezvamatongerwe enyika nechapamutemo muUnited States. Kuvambira pahoro dzeCongress kusvikira kuWhite House kuDare Rapamusorosoro, kubatanidzwa pakati pamapazu kunorondedzera kuti rudzi runozvitonga sei. Savagari vemo, kunzwisisa iyi tsika kunotipa simba rokuita kuti hurumende yedu ive inozvidavirira uye kunzwisisa dzikamo inodzivirira rusununguko rwedu. VaFramers vakanyevera kuti "kuumbwa kwamasimba ose, chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye jajipiary, mumaoko mamwe chetewo" irondedzero imene youdzvinyiriri. Kuchengeta kuti kuparadzana kunovapo pabasa rinogara riri rechizvarwa chiri chose.