Table of Contents
Hurumende dzinobatira sechinhu chikuru chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pamwero wenyika, dzichishandisa simba guru pamusoro pemitemo nemirairo zvinoumba upenyu hwezuva riri rose nokuda kwamamirioni eAmerica. Basa guru redare ripi neripi nderokugadzira mitemo, asi mitoro yavo inotambanukira kupfuura kugadzira mitemo yakapfava. Kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei, masimbai aanawo, uye kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvinokutapura sei nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kuva mugari wemo akadzidza uye akaronzeswa.
Kubvira panguva yaunomuka mangwanani kusvikira panguva yaunorara usiku, mitemo yehurumende inopesvedzera mativi asingaverengeki emiitiro yako yezuva nezuva. Iyi mitemo inodzora mativi akasiana - siana oupenyu hwezuva nezuva, mabasa ebhizimisi, mufambiro woutsotsi, uye nhau dzevagari vemo mukati memiganhu yakati. Kana uri kuendesa vana vako kubasa, kuendesa kuchikoro, kupinda muutano, kana kuti kuita bhizimisi, zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvehurumende zvinokutapura munzira dzinooneka nedzine revo.
Mitemo yeHurumende Chii?
Masangano ehurumende anogadza mitemo anoumbwa muimwe neimwe yenyika dzine makumi mashanu kuti adarike, kurukurirano, uye ape mutemo unodzora nhau dzehurumende. "Signational comporation" ishoko rinonongedzera kudare remitemo iro rine mutoro wokuita mitemo yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo mazita akananga achisiana nehurumende, kubatanidza mazita akadai se "dare redare rehurumende," "dare redare rehurumende," kana kuti "dare redare renyika,"
Kutoti kune imwe nyika, Nebraska, nyika dzose dzine chigaro chemirayiro chebhiharari chakaumbwa nemakamuri maviri: imba duku yepamusoro neimba yakaderera zvikuru. Iyi gadziriro yekamba kaviri inoratidzira chivako cheCongress chehurumende, nekamuri rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda mabasa akasiyana asi anowirirana mumuitiro womutemo.
Dare Rapamusoro: Dare reHurumende
Kamuri duku rapamusoro rinowanzonzi Dare, uye mitezo yaro inowanzobatira mashoko marefu zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji makore mana. Hurumende zvikurukuru inomirira nzvimbo huru dzapasi uye nzvimbo dzakawanda kupfuura vamwe vavo mukamuri rakaderera. Iyi kamuri kazhinji kazhinji ine simba rakakwana rokusimbisa kugadzwa kwakaitwa nagavhuna uye kuedza zvinhu zvokusatarisira, ichipa mitoro yechienzi mukati mehurumende yehurumende.
Dare Rakaderera: Imba Yevamiririri Kana Kuti Gungano
Kamuri rakaderera zvikuru rinowanzonzi Imba yaVamiriri, asi dzimwe nyika dzinoidana kuti Assembly kana kuti House of Varanda. Mitezo yayo inowanzobatira mashoko mapfupi, kazhinji kazhinji makore maviri. Kamuri rakaderera zvikurukuru rine mitezo mizhinji inomirira maruwa maduku, ichibvumira nokuda kwemimwe mireza yefariro neitiro hanya zvenzanga.
Nebraska Yakasiyiwa
Nebraska pakuvamba yakanga ine chivako cheminamato sedzimwe nyika, asi imba yakaderera yakabviswa pashure peterumu, inobudirira nesarudzo ya1936. Musangano womutemo wakasara weuncameral (mumwe wekamba) unonzi Nebraska Legislature, asi mitezo yawo inonzi vatenator. Ichi chivako chakasiana chinoita kuti muitiro wemitemo weNebraska uwedzere kudzokororwa, kunyange zvazvo ichinawo chinonangidzira ngwariro musimba mukamuri rimwe.
Mitemo yeCore Nemasimba eHurumende
Hurumende dzinoita mabasa akawanda akakomba ayo anoumba pamwe chete kudzora uye kunaka kwoupenyu mukati menyika dzadzo. Masimba ehurumende munyika yose anobatanidza kuchinja mitemo iripo nokuita mitemo mitsva, kutanga bhajeti yehurumende, kusimbisa kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru kunounzwa pamberi pedare, kuzivisa uye kubvisa muhofisi dzimwe nhengo dzebazu. Masimba aya anogona kurongwa mumapoka matatu makuru: kumirira, kugadzira mitemo, uye kutarisira.
Mufananidzo: Kupa Inzwi Kuvakongidziri
Basa guru romuiti wemitemo nderokumiririra zvinodiwa uye zvinoshuviwa nevanhu vanogara maari uye muruwa rwake rwemitemo.
Iyi mimiriro yakaitwa yomunzvimbomo ndiimwe yamativi anokosha zvikurusa edzimba dzehurumende. Kusafanana navamiriri vehurumende vangamirira mazana ezviuru zvezvikamu, vaiti vemitemo vehurumende kazhinji kazhinji vane batano dzakafanana zvikuru nenzanga dzavo. Hurumende dzinoita basa rinokosha mukumirira fariro neitiro hanya dzavamiririri vavo. Kupfurikidza nokuita misangano yehoro yehoro yetaundi uye kutora rutivi nokushingaira muvarwi vehurumende kuti vasimbise kutsinhiraniswa kwemipimo yemitemo nezvishuvo zvaavo vanomirira.
Kuita Mitemo: Kuumba Mitemo Inodzora Sosaiti
Basa rokuita mitemo mutoro unooneka zvikurusa uye wakatanhamara wevatongi vehurumende. Chikarakadzo chokuita mutemo mutsva, kana kuti kuchinja kana kuti kudzosera mutemo uripo, chinopiwa kuMutemo somurayiro. Kuva mutemo, mutemo unofanira kupfuura dzimba dzose dziri mbiri nevhota voruzhinji uye unofanira kutenderwa naGavhuna.
Matare anoongorora matare, kazhinji ane wiridzi dzokuunganidza mashoko nepfungwa, uye anogona kuronga kugadzirisa matare emitemo munyika yose. Zvikwereti zvakawanda hazvigoni kuiswa mumutemo kusvikira zvataurwa, zvadzorwa, uye zvadzorwa, dare rimire muimba imwe neimwe.
Dare rimwe nerimwe rinoumbwa kuti rirangarire zvikwereti zvine chokuita nenhau yakati. matare akamira anopomerwa mutoro unokosha wokunzvera mabhiri nokurumbidza chiito kuDare kana kuti Imba. Kazhinji kazhinji pamazuva apo mutezo womutemo unenge usiri murusando, matare eimba imwe neimwe anosangana ndokurangarira zvikwereti izvo zvakanongedzerwa kwavari kusarudza kana zvikwereti zvakagoverwa zvichifanira kushumwa nokuda kwechiito chakawedzerwa.
Masangano ehurumende anogadzira mitemo ine misoro mizhinji inotapura zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo. Mitemo yehurumende ine misoro yakasiyana- siyana. Inogona kubatanidza mitemo pamusoro pedzidzo, zvokufambisa, kurapa, uye kunyange ruramisiro youtsotsi. Somuenzaniso, nyika imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo pamusoro pokuti unogona kumhanya sei pamugwagwa mukuru kana kuti unofanira kutenga chinwiwa chinodhakisa.
Kubudirira Kwebhangi Nesimba Rechitengo
Rimwe ramaturusi ane simba zvikurusa rinoshandiswa nehurumende kudzora ndyiko dzehurumende. Hurumende dzinobvumirawo kurongwa kwemari nokuda kwehurumende. Vangatanga masangano ehurumende, kugadza mitemo yavo, uye kubvumira bhajeti ravo. Iri "simba rechikwama" rinopa matare okuisira pamutemo anokosha pamasangano ebazu makuru nehurumende.
Iri basa rokudzikamisa rinogona kuitwa kupfurikidza nokuita tarisiro yemitemo inobatanidza kuhwirudzurwa nokurangarirwa kwemibato yakasarudzwa yebazu guru rehurumende nokushandiswa kwe "simba rechikwama" – ndiko kuti, kuita mutoro wokuita bhajeti yemari yehurumende. MuAmerica hapana mari inogona kupedzwa nesangano rehurumende kutoti goverano yakananga inoitwa nokugadzwa kwemitemo (mari inorongwa mumutemo unoiswa mumutemo somumwe mutemo upi noupi).
Kusarudza kuti vanhu vanogara munyika vanoshandisa mari yakawanda zvakadini kuti vape mari yakawanda yedzidzo, youtano, yokuchengetedza zvinhu, yehurumende, uye yemamwe mabasa kunoratidza zvakananga kuti mabasa aya anobatsira sei uye kuti anowanika sei.
Kutarisira uye Kunzvera Simba Rine Simba
Basa rechitatu renheyo rinoitwa nedare remitemo, naizvozvo, kudzikamisa simba romukuru mukuru. Iri basa rokudzikamisa rinogona kuitwa kupfurikidza nokuita utarisiri hwemitemo hunobatanidza kuhwirudzurwa nokurangarirwa kwemibato yakasarudzwa yebazu guru rehurumende nokushandiswa kwe “simba rechikwama".
Hurumende dzine mutorowo wokutarisira kushandiswa kwemitemo nokutarisira kushanda kwayo. dzine chiremera chokurangarira nokuyera mitemo iripo, dzichiita gadziridzo dziri madikanwa kana kuti kugadziridza kuti mitemo ive nechokwadi chokuti zvinangwa zvayo zvichaitwa.
Iri basa rokutarisira rinobetsera kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira muhurumende. Hurumende dzinogona kuita kuti zvibvumikiso zvipiwe, chipupuriro chinobva kuvakuru vamasangano, kunzvera kushandiswa kwemari yavose, uye kuita chiito chokururamisa apo zvinetso zvinozivikanwa. Gadziriro ino yechekero nedzikamo zvinodzivisa bazu rimwe ripi neripi rehurumende kuunganidza simba rakanyanyowanda.
Mamwe Masimba Nemabasa
Kupfuura aya mabasa makuru, vagadzi vemitemo vehurumende vanoshandisa mamwe masimba anokosha anoverengeka:
- Dzine simba rokudzora mabhizimisi anoshanda maererano nehurumende yavo, uye dzinodzorawo matare maererano nehurumende yadzo, kusanganisira kuronga mitero yedare uye kusarudza kuti ndeapi anokwanisa kutongwa.
- Chiremera chokukarakadza gadziridzo kubumbiro remitemo rehurumende chiriwo mumibatanidzwa yehurumende; simba iri rinovagonesa kuumba nheyo huru dzenyika dzavo nezvinokosha zvinotsaukana. Irori harisati richingomirira mano apamutemo chete asi chishandiso chinokosha nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo mukukurukura zvinodikanwa zvenzanga.
- Mukuwirirana neChikamu V cheBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanochengeta simba rokugadziridza Bumbiro Romutemo rakakarakadzwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress uye ivo vanochengetawo mano okukumbira kokorodzano yorudzi.
- Mune dzimwe nyika, matare okugadza matare ane simba rokusarudza vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende uye kusimbisa kugadzwa kwedare rakasiyana - siyana, masangano, uye nzvimbo dzokutonga.
Kutapura Kunoita Mitemo yeHurumende Upenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva
Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa mudzimba dzehurumende zvine tapuro huru nedzinokurumidza pazvinoitika zvezuva riri rose zvavagari vemo. Kusafanana nemitemo yehurumende, iyo inowanzobata nenhau huru dzorudzi, mitemo yehurumende inodzora zvakananga mibato mizhinji namabasa zvaunosangana nazvo zuva nezuva.
Dzidzo
Nyika dzinotarisira masangano edzidzo, dzinoronga mafaro uye mari yadzinopiwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa. Hurumende dzinosarudza kuti zvikoro zvinowana mari yakawanda sei, kuti zvii zvinofanira kupiwa, zvinofanira kutevedzerwa nevadzidzisi, zvinodiwa nevadzidzisi, mitemo yekotsekano yechikoro, uye mamwe mativi asingaverengeki edzidzo. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinotapura zvakananga kunaka kwedzidzo inogamuchira, ukuru hwekirasi, kuvapo kwepurogiramu, uye migumisiro yedzidzo.
Masangano ehurumende anoitawo zvisarudzo pamusoro pedzidzo yakakwirira, kubatanidza mari yemakoreji avose namayunivhesiti, miitiro yetsika, mapurogiramu emari okuyamura, uye mipimo yokubvuma. Kunyange uri mudzidzi, mubereki, kana kuti mubhadhari wemitero, izvi zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvine revo huru yemari nedzidzo.
Kutarisira Utano Noutano Hwavose
Masangano ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha mumiitiro yokutarisira utano, kuita zvisarudzo zvinotapura kusvika kwamabasa okurapa, kubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi, purogiramu dzoutano dzavose, uye ndyiko dzezvoutano.
Mukati memigariro yengozi youtano hwavanhu, matare ehurumende anoshanda navatongi kugovera pfuma, kutanga masimba ekurumidziro, uye kuita mitemo yokudzivirira utano hwavanhu. izvi zvisarudzo zvinogona kutapura chinhu chiri chose kubva kuzvinodikanwa zvokudzivirira nhomba kusvikira kusimba rechipatara kusvikira kumabasa outano hwendangariro.
Zvekufambisa Nezvirongwa
Hurumende dzinogona kuronga mitemo yakadai sepurogiramu dzezvokurapa kana kuti zvirongwa zvokufambisa zvichienderana nezvinokosha zvomunharaunda. Hurumende dzinosarudza mari inoshandiswa nokuda kwemigwagwa, mabhiriji, zvirongwa zvezvifambiso, uye zvimwe zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa. Vanogadza mitemo yemotokari, mitemo yokunyoresa motokari, mipimo yemotokari, uye mitemo yokufambisa mabasa okufambisa.
Zvisarudzo izvi zvine chokuita neupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva, migwagwa yaunofamba nayo, nzira dzokufambisa dzinowanikwa nevanhu vose, uye kuchengeteka kwezvifambiso.
Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Nokuchengeteka Kwavanhu
Hurumende dzine chiremera chokuita mitemo inodzora mufambiro mukati memiganhu yadzo.Idzi dzinobatanidza nharaunda dzakadai semirau yemigwagwa nemitemo youtsotsi, izvo zvinovimbisa chengeteko yavose. Hurumende dzinorondedzera chinoumba mufambiro woutsotsi, chinotanga zvirango nokuda kwemhaka, chinosarudza nhungamiro dzokutonga, uye chinoita mitemo yokuchengeta mutemo neruramiso.
Zvisarudzo izvi zvemitemo zvinotapura kuchengeteka kwevanhu munharaunda yenyu, zvinosarudza kuti masangano anoona nezvokuchengetwa kwemitemo anoshanda sei, zvinotanga kodzero dzevanyajambwa vemhosva, uye zvinoumba nzira yokutonga nayo utsotsi yakadai semhosva dzezvinodhaka, utsotsi hwechisimba, uye kugadziriswa.
Basa Nebasa
Hurumende dzinogadza mitemo yemibayiro, mirau yekotsekano yebasa, gadziriro dzavashandi dzemibayiro, mapurogiramu einishuwarenzi yourovha, uye miitiro yemibatanidzwa yavashandi. Vanotema kana mamiriro ako ezvinhu ari "basa rakarurama", kugadza dziviriro parusaruro rwebasa, uye kuita miitiro pamusoro pebetsero dzemari inobhadharwa navashandi.
Mitemo iyi ine zvainoita pamari yaunowana, mashandiro ako, kuchengeteka kwebasa, uye kodzero dzako semushandi, inoitawo kuti vashandirwi vade kuita zvinhu uye iumbe mamiriro ezvinhu ebhizimisi munyika imwe neimwe.
Dzimba Nenzvimbo
Masangano ehurumende anotanga mitemo inodzora ukama hwemuridzi wenzvimbo, mitero yezvinhu, mitemo yokuvaka, uye kutengeserana kwenzvimbo. Mitemo inodzora bumbiro remitemo rokuvaka kana kuti kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, nepo iri madikanwa nokuda kwokuronga nokuchengeteka kweguta, inogona kuganhurira chisarudzo chomunhu oga mukugadzirwa kwedzimba kana kuti kukura kwezvinhu. Nenzira yakafanana, mirau yemhoteredzo ingaganhurira miitiro yakati yebhizimisi kana kuti zvisarudzo zvevatengi muzita rokuchengetedza mhoteredzo.
Zvisarudzo izvi zvemitemo zvinokanganisa mari yokuwana pokugara, mipimo yezvinhu, misika yokurenda, uye kukura kwenzanga.
Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo
Hurumende dzinotanga mitemo yemhoteredzo, dzinotanga mapurogiramu okuchengetedza, dzinotarisira zvinhu zvakasikwa, uye dzinogadzirisa mamiriro okunze. Mitemo ine chinangwa chokusimudzira miitiro inochengetedza, yakadai sezvikonzero zvemotokari dzemagetsi kana kuti mitemo yepurasitiki inoshandiswa, inochinja zvishoma nezvishoma mufambiro wevatengi uye tsika dzemagariro. Inokurudzira kuchinja mararamiro ezvakatipoteredza, kupesvedzera kutengesa zvisarudzo, kubvisa marara, uye kunyange kuziva kwedu nhau dzezvakatipoteredza.
Iyi mitemo inotapura kunaka kwemhepo nemvura munzanga yenyu, kuvapo kwamapaki nenharaunda dzomusikirwo, ndyiko dzesimba, uye kuchengetwa kwenguva refu kwemhoteredzo neupfumi zvehurumende yenyu.
Kubhadhara Mutero
Zvisarudzo izvi zvine chokuita zvakananga nemari yaunochengeta pamutero wako, mari yaunobhadhara paunenge uchitenga, uye mutoro wako wose wemitero.
Mitemo yemitero ndiyo inotemawo kuti ndezvipi zvinogona kuitwa nehurumende uye kuti ingabatsira sei pakubudirira kweupfumi, kusarudza nzvimbo dzebhizimisi, uye kutama kwevanhu.
Mutemo Wemhuri
Mitemo iyi inochinja zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha uye zvinonyanya kukosha muupenyu hwevanhu, kuronga kodzero uye mitoro mumhuri uye kudzivirira nhengo dzemhuri dzine ngozi.
Kudzorwa Kwebhizimisi
Mitemo iyi inodzora kutanga kwebhizimisi, kugadzira zvinhu, kunyora magwaro epamutemo ebasa, kudzivirira vatengi, uye kutengeserana.
Kuumbwa uye Kurongwa Kwemitemo yeHurumende
Kunyange zvazvo masangano ose ehurumende achigoverana zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana, panewo zvakasiyana - siyana kunoitwa munyika dzose.
Utungamiriri Hwomutemo
Vanosarudza marudungwe emisangano nekarenda yezvikwereti zvezuva nezuva zvinofanira kufungwa, kutarisira mapurogiramu, kugadza zvigaro zvematare nenhengo, kuendesa zvikwereti kumatare okufunga nezvawo, uye kutungamirira bhizimisi redzimba dzavo.
Mubato mumwe nomumwe muImba imwe nomumwe unosarudzawo vatungamiriri vebato: Majority Mutungamiriri weMinety, mutungamiriri wevatungamiriri, uye vatevedzeri. Vatungamiriri vebato vanobetsera kutanga muitiro webato panhau dzeMitemo pamberi poMutemo. Utungamiriri ihwohwu hunobetsera kuronga gadziriro yemitemo nenzvimbo dzebato pamitemo.
Gadziriro DzamaDare
Matare ndiwo mabhiza ezvirongwa zvehurumende, uko zhinjisa dzebasa rine udzame pamitemo inoitika. Kupfurikidza namatare akamira, mutemo mumwe nomumwe unokurukurwa neboka remitezo ine zivo chaiyo yenhau yawo. Mimwe mitezo yesangano rinogarwa ramasangano ine ruzivo rwenhau dzakati dzemitemo, uye iyi mitezo inowanzoiswa pamatare kuti ashandise zvizere iyi zivo chaiyo. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, mutemi wemitemo anowanzogamuchira kurumbidzwa kwokupedzisira kwematare ayo akamira.
Yakawanda yekurukurirano pamusoro pezvakanakira mudare. Vamiriri vamapoka echimuko nemitezo yavose vanowanzopiwa banza rokupa mirangariro yavo pamisangano yedare. uyu muitiro wedare unobvumira kunzverwa kune udzame kwemitemo yakakarakadzwa uye unogovera mikana yokuwana mubatanidzwa wavose.
Nguva Yakazara v. Mitemo yeNguva yeChikamu
Hurumende dzinosiana zvikuru mukuti inguva yakawanda sei yadzinopedza murusando uye kuti ihuru sei. dare rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinosangana kwenguva yakasiana, kubva pamazuva 30 ari ose gore rimwe nerimwe kusvikira kunguva dzose. Tendai kana kuti kwete, nyika pfumbamwe bedzi dzine masangano emisionariyo akazara nguva yakazara — California, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Alaska, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio, neWisconsin.
Kutaura idi, gumi nerimwe muzana bedzi ravaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanoronga nzvimbo yavo inosarudzwa sebasa ravo rakazara — vasara vacho magweta, vadzidzisi, vanachiremba, varidzi vebhizimisi, vashandi vakarega basa, uye mamwe mabasa akawanda. Uyu muitiro wenzvimbo dzehurumende dzakasarudzwa dzehurumende kuva zvibvumirano zvenguva imwe chetedzo dzinonzi "signatial passystem" sezvo, nokuda kwevazhinji vehurumende vasina mabasa ehurumende api naapi enzvimbo dzavo dzakasarudzwa. Vagari vemo vemo vakarangarirwa pakutanga kuva boka ramasanga ravagari vemo vanobhadharirwa nenzira ine mwero — kufanana neinodokuva nhengeriyo yenguva yavo — panzvimbo yaava vamiririridzi vehurumende vachiva nzvimbo dzenguva yakazara.
Iyi mhatsa inotapura kuti vatemi vemitemo vanoshanda sei, vaiti vemitemo vane unyanzvi vanotanga, uye kupindura kwavo kumativi. Masangano emitemo enguva yakazara anokombamira kuva navashandi vazhinji vebasa, anopa mitemo yakawanda, uye anoshandisa simba rakasununguka zvikuru pamusoro pavatongi. Hurumende dzenguva imwe dzingava dzakabatana zvikuru nenzanga dzavo asi dzingavawo dzinotsamira zvikuru pavagamuchiri navakuru vakuru vebazu nokuda kwamashoko.
Mushandi Womutemo
Vashandi vehurumende vemitemo yehurumende vanokosha zvikuru kushandira zvinobudirira kwedzimba dzehurumende, vachiunza pfuma younyanzvi, mano okunzvera uye zivo yokuronga kugadziriro yomutemo. Vanoita basa rinokosha mukushandura pfungwa dzemitemo mumutauro wakarurama wemitemo uye kubatsira vagadziri vemitemo mukunyora mabhiri negadziridzo. Kupfuurirazve, vamiriri vemitemo vanogovera tsigiro inokosha kumatare kupfurikidza nokuronga kunzwa, kuunganidza uchapupu nokusimbisa kushanda kwakaisvonaka kwegadziriro yemitemo.
Nhengo dzevashandi dzinogoverawo mabasa anobetsera, kunzvera, kunzvera miuyo yemitemo yemitemo inokarakadzwa, uye kubetsera vaiti vemitemo vanotarisira mahofisi avo nerudungwe. Ukuru neunyanzvi zvavashandi vemitemo zvinosiyana zvikuru munyika dzose, nemirau yemisika yenguva yakazara kazhinji kazhinji ine vashandi vakuru zvikuru uye vane unyanzvi.
Mitemo yeHurumende inorwisana neHurumende Inotonga
Kunzwisisa ukama huri pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende kunokosha pakunzwisisa basa revanogadza mitemo.
Penjero Yegumi Nesimba Rakachengetedzwa
MuTenst Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, masimba ose asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende anochengeterwa hurumende navanhu.Iyi nheyo yebumbiro remitemo inopa chiremera chakafara chokutonga munharaunda dzisina kugoverwa zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende.
Mugadziriro yehurumende yeUnited States, masangano ane mano okuita mitemo yawo amene chero bedzi asingarwisani nemitemo ipi neipi yehurumende kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo reU.Genesi. Iyi gadziriro yokudzora, inozivikanwa sehurumende, inobvumira nyika imwe neimwe kukurukura zvinodikanwa zvakasiana neitiro hanya zvavagari vemo vayo nepo ichichengeta tsinhirano nenheyo dzorudzi dzakakura.
Nzvimbo Dzechiremera Chehurumende
Hurumende dzinotonga dzine chiremera chikuru panharaunda dzakawanda dzemiitiro dzinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Federalism inogadza mubatanidzwa pakati pezviremera zvorudzi nehurumende, ichipa masimba akananga apo inochengeta mamwe nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinotarisira gadziriro dzedzidzo, dzichigadza mipimo nemari yakavakirwa pazvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo.
Mitezo ine mutoro mukuru womutemo woutsotsi (kunze kwemhosva dzehurumende), mutemo wemhuri, mutemo wezvinhu, mutemo webvumirano, mutemo wetort, dzidzo, utano hwavanhu, uye dzimwe nharaunda dzakawanda. Hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chikuru pamusoro pedziviriro yorudzi, muitiro wokumwe, kutengeserana kwenyika, kutama, uye dzimwe nhau dzeitiro hanya yorudzi.
Apo Hurumende Nemitemo Yamasangano Anorwisana
Kana pane rwisano pakati pehurumende nomutemo wehurumende, mutemo womubatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji unotanga. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa sekusunungurwa kwomubatanidzwa, yakavakirwa paSupremacy Claus yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.. zvisinei, hurumende dzinogona kazhinji kazhinji kugadza mipimo yakakwirira kupfuura inodikanwa nomutemo womubatanidzwa, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nedziviriro yemhoteredzo, dziviriro yomutengi, uye mipimo yavashandi.
Mitemo yeHurumende Semasangano Okushanda Kwemitemo
Masangano ehurumende anowanzobatira se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," kuedza muitiro mutsva uyo ungagamuchirwa gare gare nedzimwe nyika kana kuti hurumende yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, roorano yevatano nevatano yakakurumbira bedzi pashure pokunge varongi vehurumende nemirairo yehurumende vapfuudza zvikwereti zveroorano zvakaenzana. Nenzira yakafanana, tiri kuona kombamiro yakafanana sezvo hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakanyoresa kushandiswa kwembanje kunowedzera mubvunzo apo hurumende yehurumende icharangarira kuchinja muitiro wayo.
Kuedza uku kunobvumira nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokuedza nadzo uye kuongorora, kuchipa mashoko anokosha pamusoro pemitemo inoshanda zvinobudirira.
Chikonzero Nei Mitemo yeHurumende Ichikosha Zvikuru Kupfuura Zvaunofunga
Pasinei zvapo netapuro yazvo inokosha paupenyu hwezuva nezuva, matare ehurumende anowanzogamuchira ngwariro shomanene kupfuura hurumende yehurumende.
Tapuro Yakurumidza Zvikuru
Mitemo yehurumende kazhinji kazhinji ine tapuro dzapakarepo zvikuru nedzinooneka paupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva kupfuura mitemo yehurumende.
Kuwanwa Kunowedzera
Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende kazhinji kazhinji havasati vachirovedzana nokunzwa kubva kuvamiriri vehurumende.
Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanowanzomiririra vanhu vashoma zvikuru kupfuura vamiririri vehurumende, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuonana navo, kusangana navo, uye kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvavo.
Nzira Yokuenda Kuhofisi Yepamusorosoro
Hurumende dzinorangarirwa sepaipi yebasa rakakwirira. Vezvamatongerwe enyika vazhinji vorudzi vanotanga mabasa avo mudzimba dzehurumende. Makumi maviri navaviri vaichimbova Purezidhendi weU.S. (kubatanidza Purezidhendi Obama!), 22 vaichimbova Purezidhendi Mapic, 44 vakagara zvino, uye 220 vamiriri veCongregation vanoshumira mumitezo yehurumende vasati vatamira kuhofisi yenyika.
Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa navaiti vemitemo vehurumende, ungave uchisonganirana navatongi vomunguva yemberi, mitezo yeCongress, kana kuti kunyange mapurezidhendi.
Kutaura Nenzwi Rako
Sezvo Congress inowedzera kusashanda zvakanaka, mapoka akawanda ezvisarudzo ari kutendeukira kuvaiti vemitemo kuti apedze kuchinja. Kana hurumende yehurumende yarongedzerwa panhau dzinokosha, matare ehurumende anogona kuita chiito kuti apedze zvinetso zvinonetsa zvatarisana nevagari vayo. Ikoku kunoita kuti masangano emitemo arambe achikosha nokuda kwokuvandudzwa kwemitemo uye kugadziridzwa kwechinetso.
Kuratidza Kuchinja Kwetsika
Mitemo yenyika inogona kusiyana zvikuru panzvimbo imwe neimwe, zvichiita kuti nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dziratidze tsika uye zvinhu zvinokosha zvevagari vadzo.
Nzira Yokuita Nayo Mutemo Wehurumende
Kuti unyatsobatsirwa nezivo iyi uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvaunofarira zvinomiririrwa, unofanira kushingaira kuita basa remitemo.
Ziva Vamiririri Vako
Kutanga kana muine muchato kuziva kuti ndiani anokumiririra uye kuti mumiririri wehurumende (kana kuti nhengo yegungano kana kuti mumiririri wehurumende). Dzidza nezvemamiriro ezvinhu anobva, mabasa edare, zvinyorwa zvokuvhota, uye zvinhu zvinokosha. Masangano akawanda ehurumende ane mawebsite aunogona kuwana mashoko aya uye kutarisa vamiririri vako nekero.
Ramba Uchiziva Nezvebasa Romutemo
Tevera zviri kuitika mudare rako rehurumende. Masangano ehurumende akawanda anopa paIndaneti magwaro emitemo, marusando edare, makarenda euriri, uye mapepa okuvhota. Sainai kuti muzive nezvemapepa etsamba anokufadza. Tevedzerai nhau dzemitemo kupfurikidza navatori venhau vehurumende, masangano ehurumende, uye mawebsite okuvhota.
Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvinotanga pakutanga kwegore. Masangano mazhinjisa edzimba dzomutemo anovamba muna January kana kuti February, asi akasiana- siyana. Ikoku kunokosha nemhaka yokuti vagadziri vemitemo vanoshandisa mwedzi inotangira rusando rwavo rwomutemo kuunganidza mifungo nokuda kwemabhiri. Kana une pfungwa yomutemo waungada kutanga, unofanira kurova pasi pashure pesarudzo.
Ona Vamiriri Vako
Usazengurira kuonana navatemi vemitemo venyika. Danira mahofisi avo, tumira maemail, kana kuti nyora tsamba dzinotaura mirangariro yako pamusoro pomutemo unomirira kana kuti nhau dzaunoda kuziva. Iva akananga pamusoro pezvaunoda kuti vaite(wn) nokuda kwechibvumirano kana kuti pakurwisana nechibvumirano chakati, tsigira mari nokuda kwepurogiramu, kana kuti kutaura nezvechinetso munzanga yenyu.
Paunokurukura nevanoronga mitemo, taurai muchiremekedza, muchidimbu, tsanangurai zvamuri kuita, uye taurai zvikonzero chaizvo zvinoita kuti muone kuti nyaya yacho inokubatsirai kana kuti ichabatsira nzanga yenyu.
Pinda Misangano Yavose uye Kunzwa
Hurumende dzinotonga vanhu pamutemo unokarakadzwa uko vagari vemo vanogona kupupurira ndokugoverana mirangariro yavo.Kupinda uku kutonga kunenge munhu kana kuti kunodokuva kunokubvumira kupesvedzera zvakananga gadziriro yomutemo. Misangano yeDare kazhinji kazhinji inozarukirawo vanhu, ichigovera mikana yokuchengeta muitiro wemitemo uye kunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei.
Vaiti vemitemo vakawanda vanoitawo misangano muhoro yetaundi kana kuti maawa ehofisi mumaruwa avo umo vamiririri vanogona kusangana navo zvakananga.
Kuziva Muzvisarudzo Zvehurumende
Hurumende dzinonyanya kuvimba nevavhoti: vavhoti vanosarudza vamiririri vanoumbawo zvisarudzo zvemitemo panzvimbo yavo.
Sarudzo dzehurumende dzinowanzogamuchira ngwariro shoma kupfuura sarudzo yapurezidhendi kana kuti yamasangano, asi dzinokosha zvakafanana. Zvimiro zvavanzveri pamusoro penhau dzine chokuita newe, uye vhoti muzvose zviri zviviri sarudzo huru nedzavose. Sarudzo dzemitemo dzehurumende dzinowanzosarudzwa netsananguro duku, kureva kuti vhoti yako inogona kuita musiano zvirokwazvo.
Vaiti vemitemo vohurumende vanokosha mukusarudza mitemo iri munyika yako uye simba guru sei rina vanhu munyika yako kana toreva nezvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
Wedzerana Nemasangano Okudzidzisa Kana Kuti Anotsigira
Masangano akawanda anoshanda kuti ape mitemo panhau dzakananga. Kubatana kana kuti kutsigira masangano aya kunogona kuwedzera inzwi rako uye kukupa mashoko, pfuma, uye mikana yokuita zvinobudirira.
Chimbofunga Kumhanya Nehofisi
Kana uchida zvikuru muitiro wavose uye uchida kuita tapuro yakananga, rangarira kumhanyira nokuda kwechigadziko chehurumende iwe umene. Zvigaro zvehurumende zvinowanzova zvinosvikwa zvikuru kupfuura mahofisi ehurumende, uye vaiti vemitemo vakawanda vanobudirira vakatanga vasina ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwapamberi pezvamatongerwe enyika. Maonere ako akasiana noruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwoupenyu zvinogona kuunza nzwisiso inokosha kumuitiro wemitemo.
Kuvaka Ukama
Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vane hanya nokupfuudza zvikwereti. Vanoona zvikwereti zvavanosainwa mumutemo semwero wokubudirira kwavo. Kunzwisisa chinosunda vaiti vemitemo vako kunogona kukubatsira kuita zvinobudirira zvikuru. Kuvaka ukama hunopfuurira navaiti vemitemo navashandi vavo (8) pane kungoonana nazvo paunenge uchida chimwe chinhu — anokuita mutsigiri anobudirira zvikuru.
Shandisa Zvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga
Kutevera zvikamu zvavo zvesocial network kunogona kuva nzira inobudirira yokukurukura uye kutsigira kana kupikisa mitemo yevanhu.
Matambudziko Achatarisana Nematare Ehurumende
Nepo matare ehurumende achiita basa rinokosha muhurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica, anotarisanawo nezvinetso zvikuru zvinogona kukanganisa kubudirira uye kuteerera kwawo.
Kuchinja Kunoita Kudenga
Kazhinji kazhinji, kudzora kunobudirira kunobatanidzwa nebhipartisani: kunopfavidza kupfuudzwa kwemitemo iyo ine mativi akawanda emirangariro. Nenzira yakapesana. "/gridlock" inogona kudzivisa muitiro wemitemo; ichi chidzongonyedzo chinodzivisa kuiswa kwemiitiro inokosha uye kungakanganisa chivimbo chavanhu muhurumende. Kuchengeta dare rehurumende rinoshanda nerinogamuchira, munhu anofanira kuparira ganhuriro pakati pezvinokosha zvebato nechinetso chinobatira pamwe.
Kuwedzera kwekuparadzana kwevarwi pamwero wenyika kunogona kuita kuti kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kuve kwakaoma ndokutungamirira kugadziriro yemitemo.
Pesvedzero Yemari Nokuba
Masangano ehurumende anomanikidzwa zvikuru namapoka ezviwanwa zvemubereko, masangano, uye masangano okugamuchira vanhu. Nepo kukurudzira kugona kugovera mashoko anokosha nounyanzvi, kunogonawo kuparira kuitira hanya pamusoro pepesvedzero isina kufanira uye kana vaiti vemitemo vachigamuchira zvikuru fariro dzinosanogamuchirwa kupfuura kuvagariwo zvavo.
Mari yenhimbe mumadzinza ehurumende okutonga yakawedzera zvikuru, kuchimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pepesvedzero yemari mune zvematongerwe enyika uye kana mirangariro yose ichinzwiwa zvakaenzana mumuitiro womutemo.
Kusava Nepfuma Yakawanda uye Kukwanisa Kushandisa Zvinhu Zvishoma
Masangano akawanda ehurumende, zvikurukuru enguva isina kuzara, ane vashandi nezviwanikwa zvakaganhurirwa. Ikoku kunogona kuita kuti kuve kwakaomera vaiti vemitemo kusanonzvera nhau dzemiitiro yakaoma, kunzvera kwokuzvimirira, uye kugovera mabasa akakwana. Nhengo dzakaganhurirwa dzinogonawo kuita kuti vaiti vemitemo vatsamirirwe zvikuru pamashoko anopiwa navagamuchiri namasangano ebazu makuru.
Kungwarira Vanhu uye Kuita Chibvumirano
Sezvambotaurwa, masangano ehurumende anowanzogamuchira mashoko mashoma uye ngwariro yavose kupfuura hurumende yehurumende. Uku kushaikwa kwokuziva kunogona kutungamirira kukuderedza muvhoti muvhoti dzehurumende uye kubvumirana kwapachena negadziriro yemitemo. Kana vagari vemo vasati vachiteerera, matare emitemo angasazvidavirira uye angadavidza.
Kuderedza Nokuderedza Magariro
Mumaruwa akawanda, matare ehurumende ane mutoro wokunyora miganhu yezvigaro zvehurumende zvemitemo nezvigaro zvehurumende. Iyi nzira inogona kushandiswa kupfurikidza nokukwevera nzvimbo kuti dzide rimwe divi kupfuura rimwe. Gerrymandering inogona kuderedza makwikwi akasarudzwa, kugadzira zvigaro zvakakotsekana zvisingagamuchiriki kugadziridza pfungwa dzavose, uye kushatisa kumirira.
Miganhu Yenguva
Dzimwe nyika dzakaisa ganhuriro dzenhambo pavanogadza mitemo yehurumende, dzichiganhurira kuti inosvika sei yadzinogona kushanda. Nepo ganhuriro dzenhambo dzinogona kuunza mirangariro mitsva ndokuderedza pesvedzero yokushanda kwenguva refu mumitengo, dzinogonawo kuderedza unyanzvi hwemitemo, kukudza pesvedzero yavagamuchiri navashandi vemitemo, uye kuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti vaiti vemitemo vakudziridze zivo inodikanwa kupedza nhau dzakaoma.
Nguva Yemberi Yemitemo yeHurumende
Masangano ehurumende anoramba achichinja - chinja achipindura kuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu enzanga, ezvemari, uye okugadzira zvinhu.
Kuvandudza Muitiro Kunowedzera
Sezvo giraplock yehurumende inopfuurira, masangano ehurumende sezvingabvira achava nzvimbo dzinotova dzinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwegadziriro itsva. United States ichapfuurira kuedza nemitoo yakasiana - siana yokupedza zvinetso zvakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kukwanisa kurapa, chinjo yedzidzo, uye kukura kwemari. Kuchinja kunobudirira kuchapararira kune dzimwe nyika, nepo kusingabudiriri kuchagovera zvidzidzo zvinokosha.
Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakareruka
Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kuita kuti pave nemitemo inoratidzwa zvakajeka uye inowanika.
Kuchinja Kweupenyu
Kuchinja kwechiverengero chavagari vemo kuri kutapura mavambirwo ehurumende nezvinoiswa pakutanga. Sezvo nyika dzava dzakasiana------phaana, masangano ezvirongwa zvemitemo ari kuva anomiririra zvikuru vagari vemo vawo. Uku kuwanda kwavagari vemo kungapesvedzera muitiro nemitoo yokutonga.
Chinochinja Federal-State Relations
Zvisarudzo zveDare repamusorosoro, mutemo wehurumende, uye masimba ezvematongerwe enyika zvose zvinotapura icho hurumende dzine chiremera uye nzira yadzinoshandisa nayo. Hurumende dzichapfuurira kutungamirira ukama uhwu hwakaoma hwehurumende nehurumende, dzimwe nguva dzichibatira pamwe nehurumende yehurumende uye pane dzimwe nguva dzichisimbisa utongi hwehurumende.
Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nezvinetso Zvezvakatipoteredza
Nyika dziri kuronga kuti simba rishandiswezve, kudzora kubudiswa kwemagetsi, kushandisa mashandiro anoita mamiriro okunze, uye kuita mabasa akasvibira.
Kusashanda Zvakanaka Kwemari Nokufambira Mberi Kwebasa
Kuchinja kweruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, uye kuvhiringidzwa kweupfumi kuri kukonzera zvinetso zvitsva nokuda kwevatungamiriri vehurumende.
Kunzwisisa Mashoko Akafara
Kuti tibate zvirokwazvo pesvedzero huru yemitemo paupenyu hwezuva nezuva, tinofanira kupinda mumurangariro unotsoropodza zvikuru uye unojeka, tichiinzvera kupfurikidza nerondedzero dzenzanga, mavambo ouzivi, uye zvinoitika zvipenyu zvavagari vakasiana - siana. Mutemo hausi chishandiso chesimba; chibereko chesimba resimba, nhau dzakapoteredza, uye pfungwa dzinopararira. Simba rawo harina kuparadzirwa zvakafanana; panzvimbo pezvo, kazhinji kazhinji unoratidzira nokusimbisa kusaenzana kwenzanga kuripo, uchiparira miuyo yakasiana - siana yakasiana - siana mumapoka akasiyana - siyana emagariro.
Kunzwisisa masangano ehurumende kunoda kuziva kuti anoshanda mukati memagariro makuru enzanga, ezvemari, uye zvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinoratidza mipimo inokwikwidzana, fariro, uye zviono zvenzanga. Dzikamo pakati pezvakanaka nerusununguko rwomunhu oga inyanduko yenguva dzose inovapo mumuitiro wemitemo. Masangano anorwisana nemibvunzo yokuti kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga oga kunofanira kudziviswa sei nokuda kwekotsekano yavose, dziviriro yemhoteredzo yavanhu, kana kuti ruramisiro. murairo unoratidzira iyi kurukurirano inopfuurira, inobatanidza kubvumirana kwechibvumirano chechikwata nenzwisiso youkama hwakafanira pakati pevanhu neboka.
Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nzira yaanoshanda nayo nokubatanidzwa nawo nenzira inobudirira, unogona kubetsera kuumba mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende iyoyo inobatira fariro dzavagari vose.
Mugumisiro: Basa Rako Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu
Masangano ehurumende masangano ane simba anoumba anodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubvira padzidzo iyo vana venyu vanogamuchira kusvikira kurudzi rwezvoutano hwenyu, kubva kuchengeteka kwenzanga yenyu kusvikira kuutano hwemhoteredzo yenyu. Vagari vanova vanoziva pamusoro pemitemo iripo nemirau sezvavanowana pesvedzero yavo paupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Apo tinozvidzidzisa timene pamusoro penhau dzavose. Patinozvidzidzisa timene pamusoro pemiitiro yemiitiro yetsika, uye mabanza okutora rutivi runobudirira, tinopinzwa muonano pedyo zvikuru nomuitiro wechisarudzo chavose. Sezvatinotora rutivi, masangano makuru anochengetwa achigamuchira zvikuru zvinodikanwa zvedu. Mibato yehurumende inodzorwa zvakanakisisa apo tinoziviswa ndokutora rutivi zvizere mumuitiro wemitemo. Tinofanira kugamuchira mutoro wekuita basa ravose kupfurikidza nechiito chedu kana kuti kuita chiito.
Kana vanhu vakateerera, voita kuti vatsive, uye voita kuti vamiririri vavo vazvidavirire, matare emitemo anobvuma uye anobudirira. Kana vagari vemo vasinganyoresi, zvirongwa zvokuda kunyoresa uye zvokusasarudza zvinogona kudzora mutemo.
Une simba rokupesvedzera mutemo wehurumende kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kunyorera vamiririri, kupinda misangano yavose, kutsigira masangano okudzora, uye kuramba uchiziviswa pamusoro pemubato womutemo. Nhau dzako dzokuvimbisana — zvichida zvikuru pamwero wenyika kupfuura mumwe mwero upi noupi wehurumende.
Nokunzwisisa mashandiro avanoita uye kushingaira mumitemo, unogona kubatsira kuti hurumende iyoyo ibatsire paunenge uchifarira uye kutevedzera zvaunokoshesa.
Mubvunzo hausi wokuti matare ehurumende achatapura upenyu hwako here kana kuti kwete anotokutapura, zuva rimwe nerimwe. Mubvunzo ndowokuti uchatora basa rinoshanda here mukuumba miuyo iyoyo. Democracy haisi mutambo wokuona, uye matare ehurumende ndiwo anopa chiito chikuru. Ziva, ita kuti ubatane, uye inzwi rako rinzwike. Nhau dzemitemo yako kwauri ($//ne kuti une basa nehurumende yako.
Mamwe Matura
Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvedare rako rehurumende uye kuti ungabudirira sei, funga nezvokuongorora zvinhu izvi:
- Website yedare renyu rehurumende, iyo inowanzopa mashoko pamusoro pevaiti vemitemo, zvikwereti, purogiramu dzematare, uye nzira yokutora rutivi nayo
- Conferenceal of State Legislatures [NCSL], iyo inogovera nzvero, kunzverwa, uye mashoko pamusoro penhau dzehurumende nemiitiro yakanakisisa
- Masangano enhau omunzvimbomo ayo anobatanidza zvematongerwe enyika zvehurumende nomubato womutemo
- Masangano okutengesa vanhu zvisiri pamutemo anoshanda panhau dzaune hanya nadzo, idzo dzinogona kugovera mashoko, pfuma, uye mikana yokuvimbisana
- Raibhurari yako yomunzvimbomo, iyo ingava nezviwanikwa pamusoro pehurumende yehurumende nomuitiro wemitemo
- USA.gov's hurumende yehurumende yepanongedzerwa pa , iyo inogovera batano kumawebsite ehurumende namashoko
Kupfurikidza nokushandisa zvinhu izvi uye kuramba uchivimbisana nedare rako rehurumende, unogona kuva mugari wemo akadzidza zvikuru uye anobudirira, uchibetsera kuumba mitemo nemiitiro inodzora upenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva.