MuUnited States, ukama pakati pomutemo wehurumende nehurumende hunoita basa rinokosha mukuumba muitiro wavanhu. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi mwero miviri yehurumende inoshanda pamwe chete kunopa sei nzwisiso inokosha mumifungo yakaoma yokudzora uye kushandiswa kwemitemo inotapura upenyu hwevagari vemo. Uku simba harina kumira pakare; kunochinja nemisiano yezvamatongerwe enyika, tsananguro dzedare, uye zvikumbiro zvechibharo. Federalism, kupesana kwemitemo kwemitemo, kunoparira mikana yose iripo yokuumba mitemo yomunzvimbomo nedenho apo mitemo inopesana. Nyaya inopfuudzira miraudzo, inonzvera miraudzo, inonzvera mirangariro inokudzwa, uye inotarisana mberi nokubudisa miitiro inopfupikisa, apo inopa kunzvera kwakakwana, kunenge kwakakodzera nokuda kwavaiti vemitengi, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzori vezvizvarwa.

Basa ReFederalism

Federalism igadziriro yehurumende umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pechiremera chikuru namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika akapoteredza, zvakadai senyika. MuUnited States, iri divi rinoparira kubatanidzwa kukuru pakati pemitemo yehurumende nehurumende, uye rave riri nhau yekurukurirano chifo chokuvamba. Mafomu eBumbiro reMitemo akagadzira gadziriro yaizodzivisa kuiswa kwesimba rapakati nemasimba ehurumende pachishandiswa nyika apo inochengeta zvasara nokuda kwehurumende. Iri dare rakabvumira mwero wekuedza nokugamuchira panzvimbo yacho, kazhinji kazhinji kacho rikarondedzerwa se " zvigaro zvehurumende inotonga hurumende inosarudzwa namaune. Mutongi Louis Brangeidhei akakurumbira zvikuru akacherechedza kuti "hurumende, kana vagari varonze varongwi varo, vanoshanda sengozi yemitevero yetsikano yenzanga uye vasingaedzeri nyika yose."

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo

.S. Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa gadziriro yehurumende, rinoratidzira masimba anopiwa kuhurumende yehurumende apo inochengeta mamwe mamiriro enyika. Chikuru chidzoreso, zvakadai seTenth Amendment, chinosimbisa kuti masimba asingagoverwi kuhurumende yehurumende anochengeterwa hurumende. Supremacy Claus (Artle VI, Clausce 2) anogadza mutemo wehurumende ndi "Mutemo weNyika," asi bedzi apo hurumende yehurumende inoita mabasa mukati mamasimba ayo anodudzwa. Iyi chiyero chakaedzwa chaidzwazve mumitengo yeChivi yakatanhamara. [[FLT]][10]] MCULCLO v. Mary [19])) chinosimbisa ukurusarira pakati peBank reChivitiose]

Dual Federalism neBooperative Federalism

Munhau dzakaitika, ukama hwacho hwakava pakati pehurumende mbiri dzehurumende. Uko mwero miviri yehurumende inoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana- siyana(8) uye hurumende inoshandira pamwe, umo dzinogoverana mitoro. MuRepublic yapakuvamba, hurumende mbiri dzinodzorwa. Zvisinei, New Deault yakapinzwa muhurumende inobatira pamwe, hurumende iri kuva inobatanidzwa zvikuru munzvimbo dzakafanana negarikano, mibato, uye basa. Nhasi, mitemo mizhinji inobatanidza chiremera chinowirirana, nechibvumirano chehurumende nechiito chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, zera rokunwa ramakore 21 rakadzorwa zvikurukuru nokubvisa mari yemubatanidzwa wemigwagwagwa kubva kumazera akaderera. Iyi mitsetse mitsetse inopfuurira inopfuurira kuparira kurukurirano pamusoro pouchangamire hwehurumende nehumwe nzanga.

Gadziriro Yomutemo

Muitiro wemitemo pamwero dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende unobatanidza nhanho dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza kunyora, kukwikwidza, uye kuvhota mitemo inokarakadzwa. Kunzwisisa iyi miitiro kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wavanhu unorongwa sei. Nepo chirongwa chakafara chinofanira kupfuura ne(a) chinofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri ndokuenda kumukuru mukuru wehurumende (magumo anosiana mumitanhiko, kumhanya, uye kuoneka. Muitiro wehurumende, nemitezo inovhotera, unononoka zvikuru, kuraira matare makuru, kunzwa, uye mabhurokwa akaenzana nedare rehurumende muDare. Hurumende, zvikurukuru miganhu miduku, inogona kufamba nokukurumidza zvikuru, asi inotarisanawo nezvinetso zvakasiana semarusati enguva neboka nevashandi.

Mitemo Yakabatana

Pamwero wehurumende, mutemo unokarakadzwa muCongress, iyo inoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri naDare. Chisarudzo chinofanira kutenderwa namakamuri ose ari maviri uye ipapo chakasainwa naPurezidhendi kuti chive mutemo. Muitiro wacho unobatanidza kunongedzera kumatare, kubhadharwa, nharo dzapauriri, uye zvimwe dare redare rokuyananisa. Masangano aPrezidhendi anogona kushatiswa nevoruzhinji vaviri mumakamu ose ari maviri. Mitemo mikuru yakafanana neSocial Security Act, uye Act yeAffordable Care Act yakabuda mumuitiro uyu wakaoma. Kudzorwa kwomutemo kunopesvedzerawo nokupinzwa nokupinzwa kwemitezo, mirayiridzo yehurumende, uye kugadzirwa kwemitemo, uko kutakura simba remutemo mudzimba mbiri mudzimba dzose dzose.

Mitemo yeHurumende

Masangano ehurumende anoshanda zvakafanana, nehurumende imwe neimwe ine mutumbi wayo umene wemitemo (Nebraska bedzi ine mubatanidzwa wemitemo wegameya). Mitemo yehurumende inogona kusiana zvikuru, inoratidzira zvinodikanwa nezvinokosha zvakasiyana zvevagari vemo vavo. Somuenzaniso, California inowanzotungamirira pamipimo yemhoteredzo, nepo Texas ine mitemo yakasiana yesimba nejere rokubvisa mimba. Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinosiana muurefu; dzimwe nyika dzinosangana gore rose, dzimwe kwemwedzi mishomanene bedzi. Gavhunamhina kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vane mutsetse wezvinhu zveveto nesimba (se Purezidhendi), inobvumira kurova gadziriro dzakananga. Nhenharo dzemitemo yehurumende dzinobatanidza mitengo yehurumende dzinowedzera kumwe kukurasa murefurefu, dzinorega mutemo. Izvi zvakatungamirira kumitengo inokudzwa semitero yemba yembanje.

Nzvimbo Dzinotapura

Kubatanidzwa kwemitemo yehurumende neyehurumende kunopesvedzera nharaunda inenge iri yose yomuitiro wavanhu.

Muitiro Wedzidzo

Gadziriro yedzidzo ndiimwe nzvimbo umo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inowanzopesana. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari uye inogadza nhungamiro, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nePlementary and Secondary Education Act (zvino Mudzidzi ari wose Wedzidzo Wekubudirira), nepo nyika dzichisarudza masangano edzidzo anotarisira gadziriro nemiraudzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yehurumende neyamasangano ekodzero dzavana, asi masangano edzidzo okudzora dzidzo avadzidzi, zvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda, uye masangano echikoro anopa mari. Maruwa echikoro omunharaunda anowedzera musara wechitatu, achiita kuti dzidzo ive yakaisvonaka zvikuru. Mitezo yeU. Mitemo inomuka pamusoro penhau yakafanana nokuedza kwapamutemo, kuisa mitemo yavadzidzi yeruwa. Mitemo yemisi yazvino unodzodzodzodzodzodzorwa padzinza redzinza ravanhu kana kuti kurambidza mabhuku akati, kusimbisa sei mutemo womutemo unogona kutungamirira mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende pamusoro penyika yorusununguko rwavagari vehurumende.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Utano

Gadziriro youtano inoratidzira ukama hwakaoma pakati pemitemo yehurumende nehurumende. Affordal Care Act yehurumende yakatangwa, bva inotaura kuti zvine mvumo inokosha mukushandisa gadziriro dzavo vamene dzokutarisira utano. ACA' Medicaid imuenzaniso mukuru: Dare guru ratonga mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius (20) kuti hurumende yehurumende haingagoni kumanikidza kuti mitemu yeMidhidhi, inotungamirira kukupfuudza basa rechikamu. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira kukura, nepo dzimwe dzakaramba, kuparira mikahamvu yemikaha. Nenzira yakafanana, mamiriro ezve ezvinhu ezve zvoutano anoshanda pamwe chete nokuchinja pamutemo. Kudzorwa kwomutemo kwemitengo yemitengo yemirimo yemirimo yemirimo yemite yemitezo yemiri inodzo yemiriyomu inodzo yemiririswa yemitezo yemitezo yemitezo yemiopuko yemiopuko yemi.

Mitemo Yemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inowanzoratidzira dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende. Masangano eEcern Protection Agency akagadza mitemo pasi pemitemo yakadai seCease Air ne-Clean Water Act, nepo hurumende dzinogona kuisa mipimo inomanikidzira yakavakirwa pazvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo. California yashandisa kare iri simba, kuwana zviteshi kubva kuEPA kuti zvigadzire mipimo yazvo yemotokari, iyo dzimwe nyika dzinogona kuzviisa mumirando yapamutemo, zvikurukuru apo hurumende yehurumende pasi pezvirongwa zvakasiyana - siyana yatsvaka kubvisa mipimo yezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo kana kuti yokupedzisira. Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro [FLT: 0] Massuussettsss. [FFLT:1] inodzodzo dzamas. [2001] [200]) inosimbisa chiremera cheEPA, asi inodzosera kumipimo yecarbon, mipimo yechamu yechamu yeyamu yeyamu yeyamu yemhepo inodzo.

Basa Nebasa

Basa nomutemo webasa ndiimwe nzvimbo yenyanduko yehurumende. Fair Labor Standard Act inogadza mibairo yakaderera yehurumende nemirau yomuraudzo, asi nyika dzakawanda namaguta zvakagadza mari yakaderera zvikuru. National Labor Relations Act inodzora kodzero dzomubatanidzwa, asi nyika dzakafanana naWisconsin naMichigan dzakapfuvura "kushandira" mitemo inoganhurira simba. Occupational Safety and Health Act inobvumira magate emitemo okushandisa gadziriro dzavo vamene dzekotsekatezo. Mhuri dzinorega, dzakarairwa nomutemo wehurumende bedzi nokuda kwavashandi vakati kuti vapfuure mhuri ne Medical Leact, dzakasimudzwa nezvibvumirano nemitemo yapamutemo seNew York, California, uye Massachusetts kufukidza vashandi vakawanda uye kutsiva. Kukwira kwazvino unobvumira kurongwa kwemitemo yezve mari, zvakadai seABB (zvinodzorwazverwazve kumusha munzanga yehurumende) zvinoenzanisira mamiriro epamutemo ebhizimisi.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nechibvumirano

Gadziriro yeruramisiro yehurumende yakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nemitemo yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende. Nepo kupomera kwakawanda kwoutsotsi kuchiitika pamwero wehurumende, mutemo wehurumende unofukidza utsotsi hwakati hwehurumende nemhosva dzehurumende. Hondo yemirimo yakaparira nhevedzano yakaoma; somuenzaniso, mitongo yapamutemo yecrack cocaine yakanga ine ganhuriro yetsika yechaine, asi hurumende yakagamuchira nokuchinja kwavo vamene. First Step Act (2088) pamwero yehurumende yakaro yokuderedza kubvisa kutsiva nokurerutsa zvikanganiso. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, pashure pokuurawa kwaGeorge Floyd, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakapfuudza mitemo yokuchinja zvinodhaka, dzinodaidzwa, dzinoda mabhatani, uye kuumba magariro ezvigaro. Dare rehurumende rinobvisa pamutemo renyika yose renyika yehurumende nokurevesa zviitiko zvemitemo yemitemo yehurumende (kuwedzera kumirano).

Murairo Wenzanga: Kubvisa Pamuviri Namaruramiro Okuberekazve

Hapana chinyorwa chinoratidzira zvakajeka zvikuru chisarudzo chazvino uno chevatano yenyika kupfuura kubvisa mimba. Kwamakumi amakore, Rooe v. Wade [1073] yakatanga maruramiro ehurumende okubvisa pamuviri, kuganhurira ganhuriro dzehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa redare rinopamhosa mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[[FLT] [202] [2002]) Inova inodzorwa [[FLT], inodzoka], inodzokera kudzorwa kudzorwa kwechiito kuzvinhu. Mushonga wepanyu unoparira njodzi. Muuyo wakanga uri kukwira kwechipambuko. Mutengo uno unoparira kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa kwehurumende. Kupa migariro yehurumende inoparira kubetsera kupfurikidza nemitemo yehurumende inopfuvura muhurumende ino ingava ichiita kuti ive mite mite mitevero ipfuure zviteveriso.

Matambudziko Nekusawirirana

Ukama huri pakati pomutemo womubatanidzwa nowehurumende hunogona kutungamirira kudenho nerwisano, zvikurukuru apo mitemo inopokanidzana kana kuti apo nyika dzinotsvaka kushandisa chiremera chadzo.

Kuedzwa Neganhuriro Dzesimba Renyika

Federal decurection inoitika apo mutemo wehurumende unoregwa pasi peSupremacy Claus. Ikoku kunogona kuva pachena . apo mutemo wehurumende une chikamu chamashoko chapamberi pedu, kana kuti murairo wehurumende unobatanidza kwazvo zvokuti mitemo yehurumende haigoni kudzora mitemo yakawanda mumunda. Nhamo dzinomuka zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzakafanana nokubuda munyika, apo hurumende dzakaedza kugadza mitemo yokuchengeta (g., SB 1070) izvo Dare rapamusoro rakarova. Nenzira yakafanana, Federal Arbitation Act inobvisa mitemo mizhinji inoganhurira zvibvumirano. Mapokairwe anowanzotsigira kubviswa kwechikamu chehurumende kuti idzivise basa remitemo, nepokapoka. [2]

Matambudziko Emutemo Nezvinoitwa Nematare

Zvinetso zvapamutemo zvinowanzomuka apo mitemo yehurumende inorwisana nemirau yehurumende, ichitungamirira kunhau dzedare dzinogona kuvandudza miganhu yehurumende nehurumende. Chiteshi cheDare Gurusa chinowanzobatanidza kusawirirana kwehurumende. Mienzaniso inocherechedzwa inobatanidza Gonzales v. Raich (20055], iyo yairangarira kuti mutemo wehurumende unogona kurambidza mari kunyange mumashoko okuti inoshandiswa nachiremba (hafume miraudzo yapashure inobatanidza kudzorwa uye 2014 Robachesterer-faller rendment ine chiito chomubatanidzwa chenyika). NFLT] [5]. [5] NCOMY]. [AFFFFFF:] [FFFLT] [3] [5] [8] [8] yakadzosa muenzaniso unodzivisa kudzorwa kwomutemo wapamutemo kuti uregedzedzedze kurwisana kwapamutemo, kupesana kwemitambo. Iyi inowanzoratidzira kuva yemitemo inodzodzo inodzo inodzosera nguva dzose.

Kuongorora Vara

Kuongorora nyaya dzakananga kunoratidza kuti nyika yose ine mutemo wehurumende wemitemo yehurumende wetsika dzevanhu uye weupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Mitezo yakadai seColorado neCalifornia yakanyoresa marijuana nokuda kwokushandisa nhandaro, pasinei zvapo nokuti isati iri yapamutemo panzvimbo yehurumende pasi peGutensted Substances Act (Screate I). Ikoku kunoparira nzvimbo yapamutemo yakaoma uye kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuita, miraudzo, bhangi, uye mutero. Dzinopfuura 20 dzehurumende zvino dzine ganhuriro dzapamutemo, dzinomanikidzira Hurumende kutsamira pachisarudzo chomurovereveri wemhaka (Cole Memorandrum, gare gare gare gare gare gare asi inopfuudzwa muDare rapa, zvinangwa zvamabhizimisi, zvinangwa zvemari kubvumira mabhangi kuti ashande mabhizimisi pasina murairo. Magakavawo anotapura musasa unova unoramba uri mumitengo womutemo. Safe Bank Bank Anoshandisa chibvumirano chibvumirano chitsarudzo chapamutemo pakati penhau ino.

Mitemo Yokudzora Pfuti

Kudzora pfuti ndeimwe nzvimbo inokakavadzana, ine hurumende dzinogadza mitemo yakasimba zvikuru kupfuura iyo iri pamwero wehurumende. Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1993) yakagadzira nzvero dzehurumende, asi Kudzivirirwa kweLaw Commerce in Arms Act kwa 2005 kunopa chidzivisiso kuvagadziri vezvombo. United States seCalifornia, New York, uye Illinois zvakadzika mitemo (mitemo inodzivirira ngozi yokudzivirira zvombo), kuvhozhozhozhokerwa, uye kunzvera kwenzvimbo dzose, nepo vamwe vakapfura kudzora kudzorwa kwemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yomunzvimbomo. Chisarupo cheMite-Ptrusairusa mu [FLT: 0] Roumendivhos Refel Association Association Association. Brustem vFFF. [5] [2002]

Kutama uye Kudzivirira Muitiro

Kuchengetwa kwokubatanidza vanhu mutoro wehurumende zvikurukuru, asi hurumende dzakapa nenzira inowedzera mitemo inoreva nezvayo. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia neOregon, dzine "yary" mitemo yomunzvimbomo inoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvokupinda nokuchengeteka kwehurumende. Dzimwe, kufanana neTexas neFlorida, dzakaraira kuti batira pamwe uye kunyange kupfuudza mitemo inoranga mitemo yenzvimbo tsvene. Kutarisira California yakakuchinjira kumigumisiro yakavhengana. Kudzorwa kwaBiden kwakagumisa vazhinji vevarwi ivavo vehurumende asi kunopfuurira kutarisana nedenho dzehurumende. Iyi nhau yefundo inoratidzira kuti mutemo wehurumende unogona sei kubetsera kana kuti kuisa mutemo womubatanidzwa, uye kuti kuwiriranisa sei muganhu nemitemo youdzoro nemitemo.

Nguva Yemberi Yokutonga Kwehurumende Nemitemo Yehurumende

Sezvo nzanga inochinja, ukama pakati pomutemo wehurumende nehurumende huchapfuurira kuedzwa. Nhau dzakadai sechinjo yemamiriro okunze, tarisiro youtano, ruramisiro yenzanga, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye mirau yeII ichada kubatira pamwe nokukurukurirana pakati pemitezo miviri yehurumende. Nhenda yeCOVID-19 yakakudziridza miitiro yakawanda, kubatanidza basa riri kure, iro rinoomesa mitero nemitemo yebasa. Kuwedzera kwezvamatongerwe enyika kungatungamirira kumitengo yenyika, kusunda masangano kutungamirira pamitemo yemitemo yehurumende yarongedzero yehurumende.

Miitiro Inokura Munzanga

Miitiro yokuwedzera inoratidzira kudikanwa kunowedzera kwokuvandudzika kwenzvimbo yehurumende, sokuedza kwemitemo ingapesvedzera gare gare mitemo yehurumende. Ikoku kunooneka zvikuru mukuvandika kwemitemo (Clifornia's CCPA semuenzaniso wezvimwe zvitendero uye murairo wehurumende), kusatora rutivi kwemambure (mitemo yenyika pashure peFC repeal), uye kuwedzera kwemibayiro. Nhamba inokura yemibato inobvumira kubatanidzwa kwakananga, kupfuudza mitemo yenyika. Zvisinei, zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura zvedare zvinoganhurira simba rehurumende remority remotion remotion restation reat"), ingagonazve kusimbisa nyika kuita, nepo kukwidza kuparirawo ngozi yemari inodzorwa. Mvura ingabvumira mamiriro okunze enyika pakubatana uye kubudisa zvinhu. Zviidzodzodzodzodzodzodzo dzinoramba kudzodzodzo. Zvo dzinoshandiswa nehurumende dzinoshandiswa nehurumende dzenguva yemberi dzinodzongonyengedzekerwa kugadzirirwa kugadzirirwa kweimwe, inopfuudzo dzakajeka, idzo dzinoitwa, dzinoitwa, dzinoitwa.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa tapuro yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende; kunokosha kuvadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo. Nokuziva kuoma kwemibatanidzwa iyi, vanhu vanogona kupinda zviri nani negadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kutsigira mitoo inoshanda iyo inoita kuti nzanga dzavo dzive nemamiriro ezvinhu. Kupesana kwesimba hakusi mutemo wemitemo yemitemo yehurumende; kunoumba kana murwere achigona kubvisa pamuviri, kana bhizimisi richigona kushanda mumitsetse yehurumende, kana kuti kana kuti dzidzo yemudzidzi inoratidzira mipimo yomunzvimbomo. Gaslate yedzidzo inopa zvose zviri zviviri kugadziridza nokuchinja zvinhu, uye mhindumupinduko yayo ichapfuurira kurondedzera kutonga kudzora kweAmerica. Servey Kennedy yakanyorwa mu [FLT:] bd. United States, (2011], chibvumirano chehurumende kuti ishandure vanhu vagarike vanhu voga vagari vemo.)