Ukama pakati pechigadziko chehurumende chinotonga chigadziko choumambo neparadziro yehurumende hunogara pamavambo amene ehurumende yeAmerica, huchibatanidza hondo inopfuurira pakati pesimba rehurumende nechiremera chorudzi. Idzi dzidziso mbiri_imwe dzinodzivirira pamatare akati, imwe yacho inopa simba rehurumende pamusoro pomutemo wenyika. Nhevedzo dzinonzvera zvose zviri zviviri. Vanobatana, vanobonderana, uye pane dzimwe nguva vanoparira vhiringidzo dzepamutemo kuti Dare Rapamusoro rinofanira kusava nechero. Kunzwisisa kuti dzinoshanda sei dzinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda mutemo wapamutemo, mumitemo yavose, kana kuti miganhu inoshanda yesimba rehurumende. Nyaya inonzvera zvose zviri zviviri muudzadzo dzomugariro unochinja, uye inonzvera kunyandukadza kuoma kuripo pakati pavo.

Kubatana kwaChangamire weHurumende: Chidzitiro Chakatangwa Munhau

Penjere Regumi Negumi & amp; Mavambo Aro

Hurumende inodzivirira Hurumende inheyo yemitemo yokuti hurumende haigoni kupiwa mhaka mudare rehurumende pasina kubvumira kwayo. Dzidziso yacho inobvumiranwa zvakananga nePendementer ye115, yakagamuchirwa muna 1795 mumhinduro kuchisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reHurumende mu Chajolm v. Georgia. [Imhosva iyoyo]. Dare rakabvumira mugari wemo asingazivikanwi kubva kuSouth Carolina kuti asunge Hurumende yeGeorgia, achimutsa hasha pakati pekodzero dzenyika. Hurumende yeFindmmate Confectionration yakadzosaidzo, ichizivisa kuti simba rokutonga reUnited States harisati richitambanurira ku “muko nomumwe weUnited States kupfurikidza navagari veNyika, kana kuti vagari veNyika ipi yeNyika dzenyika dzakaredzipi.

Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira Dare Rekudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu eA11 rakakura. Nhasi, kuzvidzivirira pamunhu oga kunowanzopesana nehurumende nevagari vemo vayowo, kutoti kubvumira kwehurumende kana kuti Congress kwakabvumira nenzira yakarurama kudzivirira ikoko kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwakafanira kwamasimba aro okuchengetedza pasi peMitemo yeMinear Standard. Dzidziso yacho inoratidzira kuitira hanya kwaVavambi kuti matare ehurumende haafaniri kushandiswa sechibharo ku "hurumende inotonga" kana kuti kubvisa zvitoro zvavo pasina mvumo yehurumende.

Chisiidzo & amp; Kubvisa

Pasinei zvapo nenhoo yacho, kune nzira dzinoverengeka idzo vaongorori vanogona kuunza nadzo zvirevo zvinorwisana nenharaunda:

  • revo yeruwa: Hurumende ingaparadza nokuzvidira dziviriro yayo yokuzvidzivirira, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemitemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mari yehurumende nemigariro.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Kure-pasi: Pasi po 1908 Ex padice Young, inoshuviwa nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende (haiwa nyika imene) inobvumirwa kumisa kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo wehurumende. Iyi ngano inobata mukuru mukuru soasati achiita pasi poruvara rwechiremera chehurumende.

Kusiyana uku kunoparira nzira dzinokosha dzokuita kuti kodzero dzehurumende dziteererwe, asi hakubvisi kunetseka kukuru kwokusunungurwa.

Kuedzerwa: Mutambo waClaus Wechimbichimbi

Kusunungurwa idzidziso yokuti apo mutemo womubatanidzwa unoshanda munharaunda, inoda nzvimbo yokutanga kupfuura mutemo wehurumende unorwisana. Nheyo yacho iSupremacy Claus muChikamu VI, Clause 2 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iyo inotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo yeUnited States “zvichava Mutemo mukurusa weNyika.” Ikoku kunoreva vatongi voruwa vanosungwa nomutemo wehurumende kunyange kana mabumbiro avo emitemo ehurumende kana kuti mirau ichitaura neimwe nzira.

Taura Kuedzwa

Dare rinogona kubatanidza mutauro wakajeka mumutemo waro unoda kupinda munzvimbo kana kuti kudzosa mutemo wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Mushandi Apunzirite Inhome Security Act (ERISA) une chitsama chakafara chinobvisa mitemo yehurumende “inotaurira vashandi vapi navapi betsero.” Apo kutaura mutauro kuripo, matare anongodudzira bedzi ukoshi hwemurairo weDare.

Kushandiswa Kwomuedzo

Kunyange pasina mutauro, muedzo unogona kurehwa munzira mbiri:

  • Kusunungurwa: apo kuwirirana nezvose zviri zviviri mutemo womubatanidzwa nowehurumende hakubviri mumuviri, kana kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unomira semhinganidzo kuzvinangwa zvakazara nevavariro dzeCongress.
  • Sangano rekuparadza: Apo gadziriro yokudzora yehurumende inoparadza kwazvo zvokuti inosiya nzvimbo yokuwedzera kwehurumende. Somuenzaniso, chiremera cheNuclear Regatoriation Commission yave ichichengetwa kuti ive chose chose.

Mienzaniso Yomutemo Wemazuva Achangobva Kutevera

Njodzi inomuka mumigariro isingaverengeki yehurumende: kubuda, mutemo wapamutemo, interstate sham, bhangi, uye mirau yemhoteredzo. Mu Arizona v. United States [2012], Dare rapamusoro rakarova mitemo inoverengeka yokuchengetesa vagari vemo veArizona nemhaka yokuti yakarwisana nezvinoiswa pakutanga nehurumende. Dare rakashandisa zvose zviri zviviri munda nerwisano, richiratidza kuti ichapinda zvikuru sei munharaunda dzehurumende.

Kuoma Kwacho: Kubatana kwaChangamire Sechipingamupinyi Kukusunungurwa

Chinetso chikuru chinobuda apo mutemo womubatanidzwa unoputsa mutemo wehurumende, asi mubato womunhu oga unoda kukwidziridza mugariro kuti umanikidze kubatira chigaro kudzivirira chigaro. Changamire anogona kuvhara sututi. Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende uri mukurusa, hurumende haigoni kuendeswa mudare rehurumende pasina kubvumira kwayo kusingashandi. Ikoku kunoparira mugariro wepanikiro: mutemo wehurumende unodzika mutemo wehurumende mupasi, asi nomutoo wakarongwa mumugariro wacho haungavi nomushonga munogona kuva nemhinduro mukurwisana nehurumende imene.

Mabhuku Akasiyana - siyana

  • Kuteererwa kwomutemo: Bhizimisi rinodavira murairo wehurumende unopinzwa nomutemo wehurumende. Inoda kuti dare rehurumende rizivise mutemo wehurumende usiri kushanda uye unodzora. Asi kana sututi ichida zita hurumende seyakakwirirwa, ganhuriro dzinozvidzora. Mupurisa anofanira kuisa panzvimbo pomutezo wehurumende pasi pe Ex - chikamu Young nokuda kwokusunungurwa kunokarirwa.
  • Koramo nokuda kwezvishako:[[FT:1] [[FT:2] Kumwe [[FLT]] Kusiiwa Kuduku [[FLT: 3] hakubvumiri sutu nokuda kwezvisakiso zvinoshanda. Naizvozvo kana hurumende yakatounganidza faindi kana kuti mari pasi pomutemo wakabviswa, paboka rapachivande harigoni kudzosa mari iyoyo kubva kunyika imene. Vangada kuvimba nemishonga yedare kana kuti tariro hurumende.

Mhaka Dzinoratidzirwa paChangamire Immuny & Kusunungurwa

Seminole Tribun of Florida v. Florida (1996)

Mu Dare rapamusoro rakataura kana Congress yaigona kudzivirira hurumende muhurumende pasi peIndian Commerce Clause (chikamu cheChommerce Claus). Dare reIndia Gaming Regugatation raida kuti zvigadziro zvokukamuranisa namarudzi eIndia mukutenda kwakanaka uye kubvumira ndudzi kukwirirana mudare renyika nokuda kwokuputsa. Dare raidavira kuti Congress yakanga isina simba rokudzivirira chigaro chapamutemo chichishandisa Clauslee. Simba rokuchengeta reKingleth Reguration raigona kururamisa kuronga mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Ichi chisarudzo chakaganhurirwa zvikuru kutsika masangano okutonga avanhu vogaro, kunyange apo mutemo (kudzonge kudzonge kurwisana) wakanga wakarurama.

SAMINOLE RUMWE inomirira mutemo wokuti kusunungurwa kwomubatanidzwa hakungoerekani kwaita maruramiro akavanzika echiito mukurwisana nehurumende. Muuyo wakaderera wokudzikunurwa kwomutemo wehurumende unofanira kudzorwa kupfurikidza nemitoo inotsiva kupfurikidza ne Ex parate Young [ zviito zvinorwisana navakuru vakuru venyika kana kuti kupfurikidza nesuturo dzeUnited States imene.

Fed. Mar. Commond'n v. South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002)

Mhaka iyi yakawedzerwa kudzivirira maruramiro kuzvinoitika pamberi pamasangano ehurumende. Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) yakatsvaka kunzwa nyunyuto yapachivande mukurwisana neSouth Carolina State Ports Authority, ichipomera hurumende kuti yakanga yaputsa Mutemo weTende. Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti maruramiro okusatapurwa nehurumende akadzivisa kudzvinyirira hurumende kuzvidzivirira mubvumirano yehurumende, kunyange kana FMC isati iri dare. Kurangarira: chiremera chikuru chehurumende chainoshanda pasinei zvapo neForoma, uye kubvumira kuitwa kwakadaro kwaizosekesai nheyo dze "dzero dzapamutemo dzekudzivirira kuva muteshiviriro". Mhaka yakasimbiswa kuti nhoo yehurumende haisati ichiganhurirwi kuDare reIIS.

Zvimwe Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha

  • Ex parate Young (1908): yakasimbisa chisimboti chekona nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa mukurwisana navakuru vakuru venyika.
  • Alden v. Maine (1999): Yakabatanidza kuti kudzivirirwa kwomugariro wakakwana kunodzivirirawo nyika pasutu dzakavanzika mumatare ehurumende yadzo dzimene, kutoti kutoti kubvumira kwehurumende kana kuti Congress kwakatenderwa nenzira inoshanda pasi peMitemple yechi14.
  • Kanses v. Garcia (20): Ayaiwanwa mumugariro wokupinda nokusimbisa kuti Expace Young [ sutu dzinoramba dziripo kudenha mitemo yehurumende yadzikwa.

Kudzikamisa Dzidziso: Kutsigira Kunoita Matare Kukakavadzana Kwacho

Apo mutemo womubatanidzwa unoputsa murairo wenyika, asi dziviriro inotonga inodzivisa mupunzi akavanzika asingazivikanwi kuti akwidze hurumende zvakananga, matare anoshandisa maturusi anoverengeka kuyananisa kunyanduka kwacho:

  • Zviito zvekuwedzera Young zviito: kusvikira kuinozivikanwa navose zvikurusa. Mapoka vatariri vehurumende muutariro hwavo hwehurumende nokuda kwenyaradzo yeingi. Sutu hairwisani nehurumende imene, naizvozvo kudzivisa dziviriro haishandi. Ikoku kunobvumira kudzikamiswa kweyamuro yehurumende kutaura kwenguva refu apo kuyamura kunenge kuchikarirwa.
  • Kuisa zvinhu neUnited States: Hurumende yehurumende inogona kuisa mhaka kumanikidzira mutemo womubatanidzwa. Changamire desection haadziviriri magariro pasutu dzinoitwa neUnited States. Ikoku kunogovera gadziriro yokuita kuti zvinhu zvirambe zviripo, kunyange zvazvo zvichitsamira pazvivakiso zvomubatanidzwa uye zvinokosha.
  • dare reruwa: Mubato womunhu oga ungagona kumutsa dziviriro mudare rehurumende apo hurumende inounza chiito chokusungisa mukurwisana navo. Changamire desection haidzivisi Hurumende kuva mupfuri, uye mukwirirwi anogona kutaura kuti mutemo wenyika haushandi pasi peSupremacy Clause.
  • Kubvisa kwapachivande kupfurikidza nechikamu 5: Munharaunda dzakarondedzerwa zvishoma (imo, maruramiro avagari vemo, mitemo yeurema, rusaruro rwezera), Congress inogona kuva revo rehurumende yehurumende yokusatapurwa nechakavanzika. Kana zvakadaro, maposttiff anogona kuisa mutongo wadzo wadzo umene nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri.

Miganhu ye [[CK: 0] Ex +[[CV: 1]

Nepo ngano dzavakuru vakuru vehurumende dzine simba, ine ganhuriro. Dare rinoda kuti mukuru mukuru ave netapuro yakati kubvumira mutemo wehurumende unonzi hauna kutenderwa. Kana pasina mukuru mukuru akananga anoziviswa semumanikidzi, sutu ingakundikana. Uyezve, Exte Young Haabvumiri kukuvadza mibayiro; muteveri haagoni kudzorera kurasikirwa kwakapfuura. Kureva kuti mamwe marudzi emishonga haawaniki zvinobudirira, kuparira kubviswa kwedariro yehurumende apo mapoka avanhu ehurumende anotambura kuvadziko yemari.

Gakava Rebumbiro reMitemo & amp; Kunetsa Kunoita Mitemo

Federalism & Chiremera Chehurumende

Vatsigiri vekudzivisa rwisano yakasimba yehurumende vanotaura kuti unani hunoda ruremekedzo nokuda kwechiremera chehurumende. Kubvumira kukwirira mhaka kwapachivande mukurwisana nenyika kungavaratidzira kuva nemhaka nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvemitemo, kuedza kwehurumende kunotyisa. Vanoomererawo kuti Expace Young [ kusiiwa kunotogovera kunzvera kwakakwana mukurwisana nechiito chehurumende isina ugaro. Kupfuurirazve, Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti APPPPPPPF Confendement inobatanidza "nheyo yapamutemo yemitemo yapamutemo" iyo inotaura kuti isangano rapamutemo.

Vatsoropodzi vanopesana kuti kudzivirira dziviriro yapamutemo hakuna hwaro hwemitemo muBumbiro reMitemo kupfuura Dare rePendement yechi11, iro rakanga rakaitirwa donzo rokuputsa Chaholm. Vanopikisa kuti kukura kwazvino uno kwokudzivisa kukuvadzwa kwemitemo yehurumende kunokanganisa kuchengetwa kwemitemo yehurumende, zvikurukuru apo Congress yakabvisa mutemo wenyika kuti idzivirire kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe kana kuti rusununguko rwemari. Kana hurumende ichizvidza mutemo wenyika, mushonga chaiwo bedzi ungava maruramiro neU.S. Bazi reRumbidzo reSabata nepfuudzo, iro risingabviri muzvinoitika zvose asi zvinokosha zvikuru. Ikoku nenzira inobudirira rinobvumira kuputsa miraudzo yapamberi isingashandiswi.

Basa Resangano

Matare anowanzotarira kana Congress yaivavarira kurwisa dziviriro yesimba rapamutemo apo yakaita mutemo unobvisa. Mu Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents [2000], Dare rakaramba kuti Age Discict in Brook Act haina kubatira dziviriro yehurumende yesimba rehurumende nemhaka yokuti Congress yakanga isina kuzivisa zera rakapararira kupfurikidza namasangano okururamisa chiito chawo pasi peChikamu 5. Chinodikanwa che "concurence and react" kuiedza pakati pekuvaradziko nechirapiso chinokuita kuti kuvedzeke zvikuru kudzivirira pamutemo kwezvokutengeserana kana kuti miraudzo.

Iri simba rinoparira sundo yomutemo: kana Congress ichida kuti mirairo yayo inosunungura imanikidzwe pachivande mukurwisana nehurumende, inofanira kubatanidza mutauro wokuzvitutumadza wakajeka uye kuvakira mutemo pachiremera chakafanira chebumbiro remitemo (_Zhinjisa zvikurusa Hurumende ye 145 Amendment. Zvisizvo, hurumende dzinogona nenzira inobudirira kufuratira kusunungurwa kwehurumende chero bedzi dzichidzivisa kukwidzwa nehurumende yehurumende kana kuti kutarisana mu Exte Young

Nhau Dzazvino Uno & amp; Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kutarisira Utano & amp; Kudzorwazve Kweinishuwarenzi

Act yeAffordble Care (ACA) inobatanidza kubviswa kwakananga kwemitemo yehurumende inorwisana nezvinodikanwa zvayo. Apo hurumende dzakaedza kusarudza kukura kwaMedicaid kana kuti kugadza mitemo inoganhurira kubvisa mimba, mapoto anowanzoshandiswa Kure norutivi rwepwere sututi mukurwisana navakuru venyika. Kunyanduka kunomuka muzvinoitika apo nyika dzinotaura kuti dziri kuita mukati mechiremera chadzo choumambo apo mutemo wehurumende unoabatanidza zvakajeka. Matare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji akabvumira idzi suturo kupfuurira kupfuurira, asi kuoma kwomutemo woutano kupfuurira kuparira kuparira kuparira kushatsa.

Mutemo Wemhoteredzo & gamp; Chinjo Yomugariro Wemhoteredzo

Munhandare yemhoteredzo, mirau yehurumende yakadai seCeac Air Act inobvisa mitemo yakati yehurumende, asi hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera chokushandisa mipimo yadzo dzimene apo inotenderwa neEPA. Nhau dzehurumende dzinotonga dzinomuka apo mapoka avanhu voga aikwirira hurumende nokuda kwokukundikana kuwirirana nemirairo yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mu Village of Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp. (2011]), Nhengo yeNCED yakadavira kuti mutemo wavose waireva kurashwa kwegasi rinopisa repesesa rakabviswa neCheak, asi murwiriti (Alaska) akakwidzwa mukugara. Mhaka yacho yakabviswa padzimwe nzvimbo, asi nhau inodzorwa mumatare mazhinji akaderera.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Mitengo yakadai seArizona, Texas, neCalifornia yakagadza mitemo iyo inobetsera kana kuti zvimwe kudzivisa kuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika. Apo hurumende yehurumende inoisa mhaka kumitemo yehurumende inodzima, dziviriro yehurumende haishandi. Asi vapfumi vakavanzika vanotsvaka kudenha mitemo yehurumende sezvo yakafukurwa kazhinji kazhinji vanotsamira pa Exte Young. Dare mu Arizora v. United States rakaita zvakajeka kuti ukurumbiso yehurumende yehurumende ichinhu chine simba zvikuru chokuisa mutemo, asi chirambidzo chapamhiro chavanhu chavanhu chavanhu chinotapurwa neganhurirwa nemitemo.

Mugumisiro: Kukurukura Kunopfuuridzirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Ukama pakati pechisakiso chomubatanidzwa chehurumende nesununguro yehurumende hahuna kusipo. Hunochinja neshoko rimwe nerimwe reDare Rapamusorosoro neChibvumirano chitsva chimwe nechimwe. Kunyanduka kukuru kuri pakati pemipimo miviri yebumbiro remitemo: ukuru hwomutemo wenyika nechiremera chehurumende savatongi vakaenzana. Matare akakudziridza kushanda kunotenderera. Zvikurukurukuru Ex Young [idzi] dzinorega kuva dzisina kukwana.

Nokuda kwavarapi vemitemo, chinokosha kusanonzvera kana suturo inokarakadzwa mukurwisana nehurumende iri muimwe yedzinosarudzwa. Ko ko komuro inokarirwa bedzi here? Kune mukuru mukuru anogona kupiwa mhaka here? Ko Congress inoshanda nenzira inoshanda here? Vagadziri vemitemo, kunyanduka kunosimbisa ukoshi hwokunyora nokunzwisisa ganhuriro dzemitemo. Pakupedzisira, dzidziso dzose dziri mbiri dzinobatira madonzo anokosha: dziviriro yapamutemo inodzivirira upfumi neISVF; jambwa inovimbisa muitiro wehurumende unowirirana. Chinetsoro chiri kukudza vose vari vaviri pasina kuisa musengwa womutemo.

[[[FRANT:0] kuravazve:[