Mienzaniso Youpenyu Chaihwoihwo Yakasiyana Sei Nemitemo Yehurumende

United States inoshanda mugadziriro yehurumende, umo simba rinokamurwa pakati pehurumende yorudzi (yamagariro) nehurumende. Iyi divi, yakabatanidzwa muBumbiro remitemo, inoparira nzvimbo yapamutemo yakaoma. Slacy Clause[ (Mutezo wehurumende i "mutemo wenyika," asi nyika inochengeta chiremera chinokosha kupfurikidza na"masimba avo emitemo" kudzora utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vemo. Somuuyo, mutemo unogona uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji unoita zvakasiyana nemitemo yomubatanidzwa yemitemo iyoyo youpenyu hwezuva riri rose. Kunzwisisa ikoku hakusati kuri kudzoka kwedzidzo yedzidzo yezvokushandisa pamutemo, matare, maruramiro ezve, magariro ezve.

Pasi apa, tinonzvera nharaunda huru dzinoverengeka umo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inoputsika, ichigovera mienzaniso chaiyoiyo youpenyu nenheyo dzapamutemo dzinoparira iyi misiano.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo kweMarjuana: State v. Federal Conflict

Zvichida muenzaniso unooneka zvikurusa wehurumende foodergerce igadziriro yembanje. Pasi pomubatanidzwa Controled Substances Act [CSA], mbanje inoramba iri shopu yeSamende I inoiswa seyakakwirira inobvira yokubatwa zvisina kufanira uye isingashandisiwi mishonga. Ikoku kunoita kuti ive, kurimwa, uye kutengeswa utsotsi hwehurumende. Bva, kutanga nomutemo wemurasa womushonga wekurapa weCalifornia muna 1996, nhamba inokura yemiitiro yehurumende inoshambadzwa nomutemo wewirirano. Sezvo 2025, [FLT:] inobvumira fomu yeUP [FLT] uye chivarati yeFility[FLT]

Kurwisana uku kunoparira kusawirirana chaikoiko kwenyika:

  • [[FLT: 0] . mutemo weFederal unorambidza mabhangi kubata mari yembanje, uchisiya mabhizimisi echikwata chapamutemo achingova anobha. SAFIng Bank Act [ Act yapfuura Imba kakawanda asi yakachengetwa muDare. Somuenzaniso, mabhizimisi anoiswa reginisi mu [FLT: 4.] Colado [[FLT:]]
  • [[FLT: 0] Basa reSazi neHome: Kunyange munyika umo mbanje iri yapamutemo, vashandi vehurumende vanogona kudzingwa nokuda kwokuedza zvakanaka. Vagari vedzimba dzavose mu New York[ (pano enhandaro iri pamutemo) vangatarisana nokudzingwa kana vakabatwa vachishandisa murimo, semitemo yehurumende yedzimba ichiri kuiputsa.
  • Thamba dzeInterstate: Kutakura mbanje mumitsetse yenyika inoramba iri mhaka yehurumende, kunyange pakati pemaruwa maviri ayo akainyoresa. Mutyairi anotama kubva Kalifornia[ ku [FLT] Oregon nebhuti yakazara nekamari inotengwa yaigona kupiwa mhosva nokutengesa mirimo pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Hurumende yehurumende yakagamuchira zvikuru kusvika kwokusatora maoko kupfurikidza ne Bheti yeChikamu (yakaiswa pasi peZvirongwa asi yamutsidzirwa nenzira inobudirira mukushanda) uye Rohrabacher-Folber , inorambidza DOJ kushandisa mari kudzongonyedza purogiramu dzehurumende dzemurasa. Chinopo, rwisano iripo inoramba isina kugadziriswa, uye mabhizimisi anoshanda munzvimbo inoyera.

2. Mitemo Yokudzora Pfuti: Kushongedzwa Kwenyika Kunosvika

Gemende Yechipiri inovimbisa "maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo," uye zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro mu Dicoatrian of Columbia v. Heller (2008) na M_Donald v. Chicago (2010) yakabatanidzwa neiyi maruramiro mukurwisana nenyika. Zvisinei, inotaura kuti inochengeta rusununguko rwakafara kudzora zvombo pasi pamasimba avo amapurisa, kuchitungamirira kumisiyano yakajeka.

Madiro.

  • California ine mimwe yemitemo yenyika inodzorwa zvikurusa: inoda kunzverwa kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo nokuda kwokutengeswa kwose (kubatanidza kwapachivande), zvombo zvokuvhozhokera namagazini makuru, anoisa nhambo yokumirira yezuva 10, uye miganhu inotakura kune vane "chisakiso chakanaka". Mutemo 2023 (zvino unodenhwa mudare) kunyange kutakura zvombo munzvimbo zhinjisa dzavose.
  • Texts inoita mutoo wekubvumira: inobvumira kutakura pfuti dzakazaruka (nerezenisi) uye muna 2021 yakaisirwa kutakura zvibvumikiso zvisingabvumirwi, kuchibvumira vakuru vazhinjisa kutakura pfuti yakavanzwa pasina rezenisi kana rovedzo. Nzvero dzepashure dzinodikanwa bedzi kuvatengesi verezesi, kwete kutengesa kwomunhu oga.
  • New York yakapfuudza [[FLT:]SHE] GOD muna 2013, inoratidzira kunzvera kwenzvimbo dzose, kurambidza zvombo, uye gadziriro yorumano yokuisa pfuti mumaoko. Pashure pedare repamusorosoro [[FLT:]NYSRPA v. Bruten (2022)[FL:5] kutonga kwakaparira "chisakiso chakanaka", New York yakaitsiva ne "nzvimbo dzinotaputisisa" idzo zvino dzinodenhwa.

Iyi mitemo yakasiana inogona kuparira nyongano nokuda kwavaridzi vepfuti vanofamba vachigura mitsetse yehurumende. Foremarms Protection Act (FOPA) inogovera dziviriro nokuda kwokutakura kwapakati penyika pfuti dzakakwidzwa nedzakakiyiwa, asi haisati ichidzosa ganhuriro dzehurumende. Muridzi wepfuti anobva Texas achityaira nomuCalifornia ane pfuti pachigaro aigona kutarisana nemhosva.

3. Mitemo Yeroorano: Kuvambira Pazera Rokubvumira Kuzivikanwa

Nepo Dare rehurumende rapamberi pe [[FLT] Act yeRomugada (DOMA) rakapidigura zvikuru neDare Rapamusorosa mu United States v. Windsor (2013), uye roorano ye-hex - yakava mutemo wenyika kupfurikidza ne Obergefell v. Hodge ([FLD:5]], ichiri kudzora roorano munzira dzakawanda.

Zera Romuchato Nebvumirano Yomubereki

  • Alabama anogadza zera duku reroorano pazera ramakore 18, asi nebvumirano yavabereki, vanhu vaduku semakore 16 vanogona kuroora. Kuwedzera, hapana ganhuriro yezera yakaderera nokuda kwevaduku vanosunungurwa kana kuti nemirairo yedare (kunyange izvi zvisati zvichiwanzoitika). Mune zvimwe zvinoitika, vana vaduku vane makore 14 vakaroorwa netendero yedare.
  • Massachusetts inoda kuti vose vari vaviri vave vanenge 18, pasina kusiiwa nokuda kwebvumiro yavabereki. Hurumende haibvumiri munhu upi noupi ari pasi pe 18 kuroora, kunyange nemvumo yavabereki.
  • Text kare yakabvumira roorano pazera ripi neripi nebvumirano yavabereki neyokutonga, asi mutemo 2017 wakakwidza zvishoma kusvikira ku 18, nekapfupi kapfupi nokuda kwevaduku vakasunungurwa nedare.

Roorano Yavose Yamagwenga

Zvikamu zvishomanene bedzi zvinoziva roorano yavose, uko varoorani vanogona kurangarirwa kuva vakaroora pasina mutambo kana kuti rezinesi kana vachigara pamwe chete ndokuzvipa vamene sevakaroora. TEXAS uye Colado mienzaniso; [[FLT:] New York [ haizivi roorano yomutemo wavose inoumbwa mukati mehurumende, asi ingaziva kuti imwe inopinda nenzira inoshanda mune imwe nyika.

4. Kupa Mitemo: Basa Rakaoma Rokuwana uye Rokurambidza

Kutarisirwa kweSangano kunopiwa zvikurukuru kunyika, kuchitungamirira kukusiyana kukuru mumanyorere anoita vagari vemo, marobhoti, uye mavhoti avo. Mitemo yeFederal se Votting Rights Act ya 1965 inogadza dziviriro dzehwaro, asi chibviro cheDare reSupreme [FLT] Shelby County v. Raker (2013) chisarudzo chakarova zvinodikanwa zvenguva yapamberi, kutaura kuti zvakaparira funguro yemitemo mitsva yokuvhotera.

Zvinodikanwa Zvechinoiswa

  • Georgia[[FL:1] inoda FOTIOM kuvhota. Zvirungamutauro zvinogamuchirika zvinosanganisira raisensi yokutyaira, pasipoti yeU.S., kana kuti kadhi reID rehurumende.
  • California haidi ID yepikicha nokuda kwavavhoti vazhinjisa. Panzvimbo pezvo, vavhoti vokutanga vakanyoresa nepositi vanofanira kupa zvimwe idi yepikito kana kuti rusarudzo rwezvishandiso zvinoratidza zita ravo nekero.
  • ine mumwe wemitemo yorumano zvikurusa: zvimiro zvinomwe zvemifananidzo ID (kubatanidza layisensi yepfuti yakavanzwa). Zvisinei, vavhoti vasina mumwe vanogona kushandisa zvimwe zvinotsiva sepepa rokunyoresa revhoti pamwe chete nechimiro chinotsigirwa (mr., rugwaro rwokuberekwa) kana migariro yakati ichishanda.

Kubudisa Matsamba Nokufambisa Maturakiti Kuchikurumidza

  • Utah zvinongoerekana zvatumira matsamba kuvose vavhota. Mavhota anogona kuadzosa nokutumira kana kuti kudonhedza bhokisi, uye nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzinowanika nokuda kwevanoda.
  • New York haibvumiri kuvhota kwapakarepo (kupfuura muna 2020), asi haisati iri posi yavose. Vadzori vanogona kukumbira bharosi rokushaikwa nokuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi, asi kuvhota kwokuvamba kunoganhurirwa kuwirira hwindo rezuva 10.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iyi misiyano inogona kutungamirira kunyongano kuvavhoti vanotama pakati pehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mudzidzi anotamira kuGeorgia kukoreji angazviwana amene asingakwanisi kunyoresa pasina raisensi yokutyaira yeGeorgia, nepo mupunzi anotama kubva Texas kuenda Utah achangogamuchira fomu rokunyorera mutsamba.

5. Mitemo Yemhoteredzo: Nyika Semasangano

Mitemo yemhoteredzo yakaenzana ne Act yemoyer yakachena uye Act yemvura yakachena [ inogadza mipimo yenyika, asi masangano anogona kutevera mirau yakakomba zvikuru uye kazhinji kazhinji inoshandisa purogiramu dzehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakava vatungamiriri mumuitiro wemhoteredzo, nepo dzimwe dzichidzivisa murairo wehurumende.

Basa Chairo reCalifornia

Musi weCeac Air Act, California ine mhindu yakasiyana yokugadza mipimo yayo imene inobudisa motokari, iyo dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kutevera. Mipimo yeCalifornia kazhinji kazhinji inodzongonyedza kupfuura mitemo yehurumende, ichida kuti vagadziri vemotokari vaite motokari dzine mhepo inobudisa greenhouse shoma uye kusundira kumotokari dzinofambisa. Kusvikira pa2025, 17 inotaura kuti[ (kubatanidza New York, Massachusetts, neWashington) inotevera mipimo yeCalifornia, ichiita dzvinyiriro yedeo recoro revo resition pa vagadziri vezvinhu.

Texas: Kudzorwa Kwesimba uye Kushorwa

Texas yakabonderana kazhinji kazhinji nehurumende yehurumende pamusoro pemirairo yemhoteredzo. Environty Security Commission (TCEQ) yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokudzikamiswa kwemipimo yechetura, zvikurukuru mukoridhi yepetrokemical muGulf Coast. Muna 2016, EPA yakadzora kuchengetwa kweGwayana reManzi reManzi neTexas pashure pokunge vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakundikana kutaura nezvokupunzi. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Texas akakus akadzivisa nhamburiko dzehurumende kudzora magasi evhu, achipikisa chiito chakadaro.

Zvinangwa Zvokusagadzikana Zvemamiriro Okunze eNew York

New York's Confection Leadership and Community Protection Act [[FLCPA] inoraira kuderedzwa kwe40% mufodya yegreenhouse gas panozosvika 2030 na 85% pa2050 pa2050, ine musimboti unopfuura zvipfuro zvehurumende. Mutemo unodawo kuti nyika ipedze mari munzanga dzine urombo. Ikoku kunoparira mitoro yokubatira nokuda kwamabhizimisi ingasiyana neiyo iri munyika dzakavakidzana dzakadai sePennsylvania, idzo dzisina zvisakiso zvakadaro zvinobatanidza.

6. Mitemo Yevashandi: Mubhadharo Muduku, Kupedza Nguva, uye Kodzero Dzevashandi

Mubhadharo wakaderera wehurumende wasara pa $7.25 paawa chifo cha 2009, asi nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mwero yakakwirira. Mitemo yehurumende inogonawo kunyudza panzvimbo dzenguva yapashure, zororo rinobhadharwa, uye kurongwa kwomushandi.

Kusawirirana Kuduku

  • Shashington inotungamirira $15.74 paawa (muna 2024), inoratidzira kukwira kwemitengo. Mubhadharo muduku weSeattle unotokwira zvikuru nokuda kwavashandirwi vakuru ($19.97 nokuda kwavashandi).
  • Florida yakapfuudza gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo muna 2020 ichikwidza uduku kusvika ku $10 paawa, newedzero yapashoma napashoma kusvika ku $15 pa2026.
  • .[FLT]] inotevera mwero wemari yemubatanidzwa $7.25. Hurumende dzomuTexas i yakanyorwa nomutemo wehurumende kubva pakugadza mibayiro yavo inotanhanhanhanwa, kureva Austin naHouston vasina simba rokusimudzira mibairo munharaunda.

Nguva Yakanyanyisa uye Kusunungurwa

Fair Labor Standard Act yehurumende inoda mari yokuwedzera yapanguva yapashure (1.5 mwero wenguva dzose) kwamaawa anoshanda anopfuura 40 pavhiki, kutoti mushandi akahesvurwa (muchib., vakuru vakuru vanoripirwa basa, nyanzvi dzokutarisira, kana kuti dzokunze). Dzimwe nyika dzine mitemo yorumano zvikuru:

  • California inoraira nguva yapamuraudzo yamaawa anopfuura 8 muzuva rimwe (kana kuti 40 muvhiki), uye nguva yakapetwa kaviri yamaawa 12. Mubhadharo wekusapinda mumitero wakakwirira kupfuura wehurumende $64,480 vs. $35,568 mu2024).
  • Colado maruvaruki atsvuku "afukunurwa zvikuru" uye anobvumira vashandi kukwidza mhaka nokuda kwohuvaregeredzo husingabhadharwi pasi pomutemo wehurumende kunyange kana FLSA isingashandi.
  • Alabama haina mutemo womuraudzo wehurumende; inotsamira chose chose paFLSA yomubatanidzwa.

Mitemo yeKurudyi Kuenda Kubasa

Makumi maviri ne7 Hurumende dzine mitemo yakarurama yebasa, inorambidza zvibvumirano zvechengeteko zvemubatanidzwa zvinoda vashandi kubhadhara mubatanidzwa semitengo yebasa. Somuenzaniso, mushandi wefekitari mu Michigan (mugariro wakarurama kuenda kubasa kubva muna 2012, kunyange zvazvo zvakadzoserwa mu2023 asi zvichiri kushanda) zvinogona kubetserwa nemibhadharo yemasangano pasina kubhadhara. Nomusiano, mu [[FLT:] New York [[FLT:] [3] (hayi iri basa rarudyi-basa), mushandi mumabasa ebasa anofanira kubhadhara mari inotambirwa zvakanaka kunyange kana vakasarudza kusabatana.

7. Mitemo Yokubvisa Nhumbu: Nzvimbo Yakaisvonaka Yavatambi Vamadhiragi Vapashure

Dare rapamusoro-soro Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022]) rakatendeuka Roe v. Wade[, richigumisa dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo yehurumende nokuda kwokubvisa mimba nokudzokera kumitemo. Ikoku kwakaparira kupesana kunoshamisa, nedzimwe nyika dzinorambidza kubvisa mimba chose chose uye dzimwe dzinokudzivirira kutozosvikira pakuikwanisa.

  • Texts yakagadza mutemo unotangira kurambidza kubvisa mimba pakunamba, kunze kwokuponesa upenyu hwaamai. Kuchengetwa kwavagari vemo kunoitwa navagari vomunyika imwe chete kusvikira kuSB 8 kwakanga kwatorambidza nenzira inobudirira kubvisa mimba kwakawanda zvikurusa pashure pamavhiki matanhatu pamberi pemaDobb.
  • California yakapfuudza gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo inodzivirira zvakajeka maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri uye kusvika kwakawedzerwa kupfurikidza nokuwanwa kwemari kufamba kunze kwavarwere veguta. Hurumende inobvumira kubvisa mimba kusvikira kukuvadziko (munenge mavhiki 24) uye gare gare kana upenyu kana kuti utano hwaamai zvichityisidzirwa.
  • Ohio muna 2023 vavhoti vakapfuudza gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo inochinja kubvisa pamuviri kusvikira kukodzero dzinoshanda, kupfuudzira chirambidzo chamavhiki matanhatu chakambopfuudzwa nedare romutemo.

Iri basa rinogadzirirwa zvidimbu rakatungamirira ku "kushanya kwokuparadza," uko vakadzi vanobva kunyika dzinorambidzwa vanoenda kunyika dzinodzivirira, uye rwisano dzapamutemo pamusoro pokubvisa mimba kwemishonga (kushandisa zvinodhaka kwakatenderwa kweFDA kunonzi mififristone) sezvo dzimwe nyika dzinoganhurira kushandiswa kwako kunyange mukuva napamuviri kwapakuvamba.

8. Kutama - tama: Maguta Okusachena uye Kushandira Pamwe Kwehurumende

Kudzikamisa kuendesa kunzvimbo ibasa rehurumende pasi pe Kutora nokudzikamisa [[FT:1], asi nyika nenharaunda zvinogona kusarudza kana kubatira pamwe nezviremera zvomubatanidzwa. Ikoku kunoparira rwisano pakati pe "chitsaru" ne"batira pamwe".

  • California yakapfuura California Values Act [ [SLT 54] muna 2017, kurambidza kudzorwa kwehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo kubva pakudzoresa mari kungodzosa vanhu mukudzorwa kwevatami, kunze kwezvinoitika zvakaganhurirwa (mh., ganhuriro dzakakomba).
  • Text yakaisirwa SB 4 (inotsigirwa murutivi nematare) ichida kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo kubatira pamwe navakuru vakuru vehurumende vanopinda munyika uye kuparadzisa "kudzosa pamutemo". Kunobvumirawo mapurisa kupokana mugariro wokupinda munyika womunhu upi noupi waanobatira nenzira yapamutemo.
  • Arizona yakapfuura SB 1070 muna 2010, iyo yaida mapurisa kusarudza nzvimbo yokupinda munyika apo kumira kwapamutemo kana nyumwiro ine mufungo ipo. Gadziriro huru dzakaparadzwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, asi hurumende inopfuurira kubatira pamwe zvikuru nokuchengetwa kwehurumende.

Kusiyana uku kunogona kuita kuti vatami vasina gwaro vasada kushuma mhosva kana kuti vafambidzane nemapurisa, uye kunoita kuti pave nokupesana kwepamutemo pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kwokudzidza Zviri Mumutemo

Mienzaniso iri pamusoro apa inoenzanisira rudzi rune simba rwehurumende yehurumende muUnited States. Mitemo yehurumende inowanzobatira se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," kuedza mitoo mitsva kuzvinetso zvenzanga nezvemari hurumende isati yaita chiito. Asi iyi mhatsa inoparirawo kuoma nokuda kwavagari vemo namabhizimisi anofanira kushandisa zviremera zvapamutemo zvakawanda. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo yehurumende inosiana sei nemitemo yehurumende haisati iriwo chidzidzo muvagari vemo chehurumende.(icho chinodikanwa chinoshanda nokuda kwekuwirirana nemiraumbidzo, kushandisa maruramiro, uye kutora rutivi zvizere munzanga.

Sezvo nzvimbo dzapamutemo dzinopfuurira kushanduka, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai sembanje, kubvisa mimba, uye muitiro wemhoteredzo, kuramba uchiziviswa pamusoro pezvose zviri zviviri chinjo dzehurumende nedzehurumende kunokosha. Zviwanikwa zvakafanana ne National Conference of State Legislatures zvinogovera kuenzanisa kwenyika nemitemo, nepo yehurumende [[FLT]] inoratidzira zvinodikanwa zvorudzi. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, kubatanidza iyi mienzaniso chaiyoiyo youpenyu muzvidzidzo paBumbiro remitemo yapamutemo uye hurumende inobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa tapuro yetsika dzapamutemo paupenyu hwavo.