Kutarisirwa kwemhiko youpurezidhendi kunoitwa noMutongi Mukuru kunomira seimwe yenguva hurusa yemifananidzo nebumbiro remitemo muChitsiko choupenyu chehurumende. Ichi chiito chimwe, chakaitwa pakutanga kweshoko idzva, chinosimbisa kupfuudzwa kune rugare kwesimba, ukuru hwekutonga kwomutemo, uye kuenzana kwakakomba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende. Nepo mutambo wacho umene wakanyura mugamuchidzanwa, uremu hwawo hwepamutemo nohwekufananidzira hwakakura. Munyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru muUnited States, Ruramisiro huru yeDare rapamusoro inosarudzwa nemitemo kana kuti netsika refu yokupika mumusoro wehurumende. Nyaya inonzvera midzi yenhau, pamutemo, , mamiriro etsika, uye kuchinja kwapasi pose kweiyi basa rinokosha.

Mavambo Enhau Nemitemo

Kubatanidzwa kweChiratidzo chikuru mumhiko youpurezidhendi yehofisi hakusati kuri tsaona yemitemo asi gadziriro yamaune yokuita kuti tarisiro yokutonga ive mavambo chaiwo enhambo youpurezidhendi. Vagadziri vebumbiro reMitemo remitemo reU.S., mukuparadzana kwavo kwokungwarira kwamasimba, vaida kuva nechokwadi chokuti bazu guru harisati richizoshanda chose chose pasina nzvero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogoverwa nedare. Kupfurikidza nokuraira Ruramisiro Mukuru kuti aite mhiko, vakasika nguva apo mukuru mukuru mukuru wevatongi anopupurira pachena mhiko yapurezidhendi mutsva ku "shongedza, dzivirira uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo."

Vagadziri Vacho Vari Mungozi

Mukati meConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo ra1787, nhume dzakaitirana nharo zvikuru pamusoro penzira yokudzivisa nayo bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru. Chinodikanwa chemhiko, chinowanwa mu Article II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo yeMitemo, chakanga chiri mutoo wakananga wokusunga purezidhendi kuudzori hwebumbiro-mitemo. Vagadziri vakasarudza kusiya mutungamiriri wakananga wemhiko usina kududzwa nezita, asi tsika yokuti Mutongi Mukuru aizoita basa iri yakabuda nokukurumidza. George Washington akapika muChancellar Robert Livings of New York, asi akanga ari Johane Adams uyo akatanga kupika muMutongi Mukuru — Olivellsworwon — muna 1797. Ichi muenzaniso chakatongerwa chakateverwa pasina kutotevenei.

Mhindumupindu yeCeremita

Mutambo wacho wakabva panhau yavanhu vakawanda, kazhinji kazhinji yakava yavanhu vakavanzika kusvikira kuchiitiko chikuru chavose. Mumazuva apakuvamba eRepublic, kutsaurirwa kwakaitwa munzvimbo dzakawanda: New York, Philadelphia, uye gare gare Washington, D.C. Kutsaurirwa kwokutanga kwakaitwa paU.S. Capitol kwakanga kuri uko kwaThomas Jefferson muna 1801. Mumakore apfuura, basa reChiratidzo chikuru rakava rakarongwa zvikuru. , kukwidzwa kweBhaibheri, kukwidzwa kworuoko rworudyi, uye kudzokororwa kwemhiko kwakaitwa zvose kwakaitwa negamuchidzanwa, kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemossionali risati riraira chinhu chipi nechipi chezvinhu izvi. Zvikurukurusairwo zvakaramba zviri muBhaibheri. [FLDY:] Constantine .[FLT] Anoshandisa bhuku repamutemo, uye pamutemo, kunyange zvazvo aripo anoshandisa pamutemo pashure pe3]

Munda weHofisi: Mashoko Nedudziro

Mashoko chaiwoiwo emhiko yapurezidhendi anorayirwa neBumbiro reMitemo pacharo, kuchikuita kumwe kwokutaura kushoma kwepamutemo kwokuti purezidhendi anofanira kudzokorora shoko rechiito. Rugwaro chairwoirwo runobva muChikamu II ndorwuri:

" ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti simbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichaita zvakanakisisa zvamano angu, chengeta, dzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States."

Kubatanidzwa kwa "kana kuti simbisa" igadziriro yakakomba nokuda kwaavo vane zvirambidzo zvorudzidziso zvokupika. Mutongi Mukuru anowanzodzokorora mashoko acho uye mutongi anoadzokorora. Ruramisiro Mukuru anowanzowedzera mashoko okuti "ndibetserei Mwari" pamugumo, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusati kuchidikanwa neBumbiro remitemo. Kushandiswa kwokutanga kwa"ndibetsera Mwari" kwakanga kuri naPuercester A. Arthur muna 1881, uye kwazova wedzero yodokuwedzera yakakwana muzvinoitika zvazvino uno, kunyange zvazvo murairo wayo wemitemo wave uchiitirana nharo.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwakaita Mafuro

Mumazana amakore, Mutongi Mukuru nomutongi mukuru vakagumburwa panhambo nenhambo namashoko. Rimwe rezvikanganiso zvakakurumbira zvikurusa rakaitika apo Chiratidzo chikuru John Roberts akapa mhiko kuPrezidhendi Barack Obama muna 2009. Roberts akaisa panzvimbo shoko rokuti "kutendeka," achiparira Obama kumira ndokudzokorora. Zuva rakatevera racho, Roberts akabatirazve mhiko yacho mumhiko yechivande paImba yeVhite kuti adzivise kupanikira kupi nokupi nokupikana kupi nokupi. Ichi chinoitika chinosimbisa ukoshina kworumano mumhiko nerwe rwoMutongi Mukuru mukuidzika.

Mhiko hachisiwo hacho musengwa wapamutemo; musengwa wapamutemo. Kutsauka kupi nokupi murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo kungagona kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokushanda kwebasa rapurezidhendi. Naizvozvo, Mutongi Mukuru anoita napurezidhendi pamberi pomutambo wavose kudzivisa ngozi.

Mativi Okupfeka Kupfeka

Mutemo Wetsika Wezuva Rokuvamba

MuUnited States, mutambo wokupika zvipikiso idivi reZuva rokuIugnation, rakaitwa musi waJanuary 20 pashure pevvurudzo yaNovember (zvakarairwa ne 20 Amendment). Mutambo wacho unoitirwa mutsika West Front yeU.S. Capitol, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nzvimbo dzave dzichishandiswa. Chiratidzo chikuru chinogara pachikuva chekuvamba parutivi papurezidhendi anenge ava kuenda, purezidhendi akagadzwa, mitezo yeCongress, uye vamiririri. Purogiramu yacho inorongwa zvikuru:

  • Muitiro: Mutongi nomutevedzeri wapurezidhendi purofesa anosvika paCapitol uye anoperekedzwa kuchikuva.
  • Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi wePurezidhendi: Mutongi Mukuru anopika pakutanga, kazhinji kazhinji nomutezo weDare kana kuti ruramisiro yeDare Rapamusorosoro, kwete hazvo Ruramisiro Huru.
  • Mutongi Mukuru anokumbira purezidhendi Oath: ipapo Mutongi Mukuru anofambira mberi, uye purezidhendi anosarudza anoisa ruoko paBhaibheri (kana kuti rumwe rugwaro runodikanwa) akabatwa noMutongi Mukuru kana kuti mukwanyina wapurezidhendi. Mutongi anokumbira mutongi kuti adzokorore mhiko. Pashure pemhiko, Mutongi Mukuru anoti, Nhengo yeSanihenzi, Mr.
  • Adiresi yeInaugial: Purezidhendi mutsva ipapo anopa kero yokutanga, inoteverwa nokuenda kwaaichimbova purezidhendi.

Basa reBhaibheri uye Zvinhu Zvekare

Nepo kusati kuchidikanwa, kushandiswa kweBhaibheri kune chiratidzo chikuru. Mapurezidhendi mazhinji anosarudza maBhaibheri ane revo yomunhu oga kana kuti yenhau. Somuenzaniso, Joe Biden akashandisa Bhaibheri raimbova mumhuri yake kubvira muna 1893, nepo [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] Anofanira kushandisa zvose zviri zviviri Bhaibheri rake chairo neBhaibheri raLincoln. Mutongi mukuru [[FLT:] Johns [[FLT:]] Genes] Genes [FLT] akachengeta zvose zviri zviviri maBhaibheri nokuda kwechipikichaidzo yaTrump muna 2017]. Mutongi Mukuru anofanira kubata izvi zvinhu netarisiro, sezvaanowanzodiwa zvikuru. Mune dzimwe zvinyorwa, Bhaibheri Rikuru rakashandiswa naGenest [Fer: Froverset] [Fverset:]

Mitambo Yemakemikari Mumamiriro Okunze Akaipa Mumba

Apo mugariro wokunze kana kuti chengeteko zvinoda, mutambo unoenda mumba. Kutsaurirwa kwapaimba kwakakurumbira zvikurusa kwapanguva pfupi yapfuura kwakanga kuri muna 1985 apo Ronald Reagan akapikirwa mushoko rake rechipiri mukati meCapitol Rotunda nemhaka yedzihwa zvikuru. Chiratidzo chikuru Warren Burger[[FLT]] akaita mhiko yacho mumugariro iwoyo wapedyo. Pashure pokuputika kwe 2021 kweCapitol, 201 akachengetwa zvikuru asi akaitirwa kunze, neChiratiro chaMatorori mukuru chichiitazve basa rake repamutemo.

Mirangariro Yapasi Pose: Vatongi Vakuru NamaPurezidhendi Kupota Nyika

Ubati ushe hwamadhimoni hwakawanda namarepabhuriki zvinobatanidza muitiro wakafanana kusimbisa kuzvimirira kwokutonga uye kuvimbika kwebumbiro remitemo.

Latin America

Munyika dzakadai se Brazil, Arzentina, uye Charel[, Mutungamiriri weDare Repamusorosoro (kana kuti ruramisiro inowirirana) anowanzopa mhiko kuna purezidhendi achangobva kusarudzwa. Mutambo wacho unowanzobatanidza kushandiswa kweBhaibheri uye ungada kuti purezidhendi aise ruoko pabumbiro remitemo rimene. [[FLT:]Brazil[FLT:], mhiko inodzorwa naPuerresidenti yeDare reFederal, uyo ipapo anozivisa purezidhendi pamutemo.

Europe

Mu chiGerman, Purezidhendi weFederal anopika pamberi peKokorodzano yeFederal, asi mhiko haiitwi neruramisiro huru; panzvimbo pezvo, Purezidhendi weBundestag anotungamirira. Zvisinei, mu France, Purezidhendi weDare reMitemo anopa mhiko kuna Purezidhendi achangobva kusarudzwa weRepublic, basa guru kururamisiro huru. Mutambo weFrance unochengetwa paElysée Palace uye unobatanidza tendero refu yapamutemo yemikororo.

Asia neAfrica

Mu Indiya, Purezidhendi weIndia anopa mhiko kuMutungamiriri weHurumende navamwe vafundisi. Uyezve, Ruramisiro huru yeIndia inotungamirira mhiko kuna Purezidhendi weIndia. Iyi gadziriro inotsiva inoratidzira U.S. mufananidzo asi nemabasa akabatanidzwa. Mumarudzi mazhinji eAfrica, Mutongi Mukuru anopika muna purezidhendi, asi kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika pane dzimwe nguva kwakatungamirira kugakava pamusoro porumano echipikirwa. Somuenzaniso, mukati merusarudzo rwaMaruramisi Mikuru yeKenya, akaita basa rinokosha mukuita mhiko pakati penjodzi yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mienzaniso iyi yenyika yose inosimbisa kuti kubatanidzwa kwemukuru wevatongi mumhiko yapurezidhendi kunoonekwa zvikuru semutevedzeri webumbiro remitemo.

Zvinorehwa Nechiratidzo Chebasa Reruramisiro Yakakomba

Kufananidzira Kutonga kwoMutemo

Kuvapo kweChiratidzo chikuru pakutsaurirwa iratidziro ine simba yokuti purezidhendi haasiri pamusoro pomutemo. Chipikirwa chinoitwa pakati papurezidhendi neBumbiro reMitemo, noMutongi Mukuru achishanda sechapupu anomirira bazu rine basa guru rokududzira Bumbiro remitemo. Ichi chiito chinosimbisa nheyo yokuti bazu guru rinofanira kuongororwa. Inguva apo hofisi yezvamatongerwe enyika yapurezidhendi inozviisa pasi pomupimo wapamutemo nemitemo.

Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Nokusabatana Nevatongi

Ruramisiro huru, kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi mumutambo, inoratidzirawo kuparadzana kwedare redare namatongerwe enyika. Ruramisiro Mukuru inowanzoonwa paterevhizheni yorudzi kubatana maoko napurezidhendi nebato ripi neripi, pasina chiratidzo ichocho chinoratidzira kutsigira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kusatora rutivi kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta chivimbo chavose mumatare. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, Zviratidzo Zvikuru kubva [[FLT: 0] kuBurger [zvakatangwa naNixon] [[FLT]] John Roberts (yakagadzwa naGeorge W. Bush) zvakaita mhiko kuvose vari vaviri, uye izvi zvinoitika mukati zviitiko zvinodzirwo.

Kufambiswa Kune Rugare Kwesimba

Mumarudzi umo kuchinjwa kwesimba kwakakwikwidzwa munhau kana kuti kwamasimba masimba, basa reMutongi Mukuru rinogona kuva simba rinodzikamisa. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa mhiko, Ruramisiro Huru inosimbisa kuti purezidhendi mutsva akatora basa nenzira yapamutemo. Ichi chibvumikiso rutivi rwechinyorwa chapamutemo uye chinogona kushandiswa kupedza gakava. Kusarudza 2020 U.S. nedenho yapashure paCapitol hakuna kudzivisa Mutongi Mukuru Roberts kuisa mhiko kuna Purezidhendi Biden paJanuary 20, 2021. Kupfuurira ikoko, pasinei zvapo nenyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kwakanga kuri wirirano yokugadziridza miganhu yebumbiro yemitemo.

Zviitiko Zvinooneka Nezvakaitika Munhau Dzacho

Mugodhi Wokutanga waGeorge Washington

Pana April 30, 1789, George Washington akaita mhiko yehofisi pavharanda reFederal Hall muNew York City. Mhiko yacho yakaitwa naRobert Livingston, Mutongi mukuru weNew York, kwete mutongi mukuru, nemhaka yokuti Dare Rapamusorosoro rakanga risati raumbwa. Washington rakawedzera rubudiriro rwake amene: "Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari," chitsama chamashoko chakapfuurira. Nguva ino yakagadza chikuva chemitambo yose yomunguva yemberi.

Kuurawa kwaMcKinley naRoosevelt’s Oath

Apo Mutungamiriri wehurumende Pariam McKinley akapondwa muna 1901, Mutungamiriri weDare Mukuru waivapo, chipikirwa chakaitwa nomutongi womunzvimbomo, John R. Hazel. Ichi chakanga chiri chimwe chenhambo dzisingazivikanwi apo Chiratidzo chaPuroti yaisaita mhiko kupurezidhendi mutsva. Gare gare gare, Rovelt akatsiva mhiko yebasa rehurumende. Nemhaka yokuti hakuna Dare Gurusa reSangano raivapo, chipikirwa chakaitwa nomutongi womunzvimbomo, John R. Hazel.

John Kennedy neMuzinda weKaturike

Muna 1961, John F. Kennedy[FL: 1] akava purezidhendi weKaturike wokutanga. Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren [ akapa mhiko. Kennedy akashandisa Bhaibheri remhuri reFitzgerald, rakanga rapfuudzwa. Chinoitika chacho chakanga chakatanhamara nokuda kwemamiriro okunze anotonhora nokuvapo kwababa vaKennedy, Joseph. Basa roMutongi Mukuru rakaitwa pasina gakava, kusimbisa kusasarura kwehofisi mumitsetse yorudzidziso.

Barack Obama Neoath Inotaurwa Zvisina Kururama

Sezvadudzwa pakuvamba, kutsaurirwa kwakaratidzira kucherekedzwa kukuru. Mutongi mukuru John Roberts akavamba mhiko: "Ini, Barack Hussein Obama, ndinopika zvakakomba kuti ndichaparadza Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States nokutendeka..." — kuisa "Tsai nokutendeka" pashure po"kutungamirira. Obama akamira pashure po "Mugadheri weUnited States," akatarisanazve nekurukurirano yakapararira pamusoro pechibvumirano, uye ipapo Roberts akadzokorora mashoko acho zvakarurama. Oba adzokororwa pashure paRoberts, asi shoko rakanga richiri mukutaura kwapa. Zuva rakatevera, murusando rwakapfigwa paImba yeVhiko, Roberts akaitazve mhiko, zvakarurama. Chinoitika ichi chakatungamirira kukurukurirano pamusoro pekudzo yetsika yetsika yetsika kana kuti kushatakwa kwaigona kushatakwa. Chibvumirano chikuru chakasimbiswazve nemhiko chapamutemo chakasimbiswa nemhiko. Chitendero chikuru chakava chakasimbiswazve. Chiito chidzo chaidzo chakaitwazve. Chikuru chakaitwazve chinoitwa chinoitwa.

Zvinetso Nenzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Vafudzi Dzakapoteredza Munda

Kubirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Nemakakatanwa

Mune dzimwe nyika, basa reChiratidzo chikuru mukushandisa mhiko rakadzvinyirirwa namauto ezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, mukati megakava ramapurezidhendi weU.S., chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Bhush v. Gore [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[3] yakasarudza nenzira inobudirira kusanangurwa. Chisarudzo chikuru [[FLT:]] Jaciamnquist[ ipapo] yakapfuurira kupa mhiko kuna George. WB mavhiki mashomanene gare gare gare gare gare. Vatso vakapikisa kuti uku kuoneka uku kwakaparira kusasarudzwa, sokusarudza kumwe cheteko kwakanga kuri zvino. Zvisinei, Relthkiast Recquent jast, zvisinei Dare remitemo rinotonga, uye rinofanira kusimbisa chiitiko chikuru pakati pero.

Kuramba Kutora Murayiro Kuvakuru - vakuru Vanoverengeka

Kwave kune zvinoitika apo purezidhendi akasarudza asina kuita mhiko kubva kuMutongi Mukuru nemhaka yechirwere, kuuraya, kana kuti nyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, mumwe mutongi kana kuti mukuru mukuru angapinda. 25th Amendment[ ne [[FLT]P] PrefectiveInteritive Impumelelo Act [[[FLT:]], [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] inogovera nhungamiro, asi tsika yoRuramisiro yakasimba. [FLT] , purezidhendi bedzi anofanira kupika mumukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende akanga ari [[FLT].[FLD] [FLD:5] mu 1963, akapika kubva [FFF:].HS][FF]

Zvitendero Zvenyika

Kushandiswa kwe "sondibetsera Mwari" uye Bhaibheri rakatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo nekurukurirano yavose. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kubatanidza masangano orudzidziso mumhiko anoputsa [[FLT: 0] rondedzero yaClaus yeFirst Amendment. Kutonga kunoverengeka kwakachengetwa mumakore ose, asi matare akatonga kuti mitambo yacho itsika uye haisi kuumbwa kwehurumende yorudzidziso. Chiratidzo chikuru, zvisinei, chinobatanidza "sondibetserai" senhau yegamuchidzanwa, uye kunokarirwa kuti vachabvunza purezidhendi kana vachida kuwedzera kutaura ikoko. Sangano, se [FLT:] Rovelt [FOct]

Nguva Yemberi Yebasa Rokutonga Kukuru

Sezvo United States nemimwe hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvinochinja, basa reMutongi Mukuru mukushandisa mhiko sezvingabvira richaramba riri pfundo rokutamisirwa kworugare kwesimba. Zvisinei, kusiiwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuri kuwedzera, kukwirira kwenzvero yenzanga, uye denho dzapanhambo nenhambo dzemigumisiro yechisarudzo dzingaisa dzvinyiriro yokuwedzera paChirevo Chikuru. Voruzhinji vanotarisira Ruramisiro Chikuru kuita nokusasarura kwakakwana uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mhiko yacho inoitwa zvakarurama, kunyange mudzvinyiriro huru yemagariro.

Munguva yemberi, tingaona simbiso huru yavose pakururama kwapamutemo kwemhiko yacho, kubatanidza kunzvera kwapamutemo kwamashoko enhau nokuongorora chokwadi. Mutongi Mukuru angadawo kurangarira zvitedzo zvechengeteko zveBhaibheri kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukati memutambo. Uyezve, sezvo kuvakwa kwavagari verudzi kunochinja, Chiratidzo Chikuru chingapa mhiko kuvakuru vakuru vanobva mumigariro yakasiana zvikuru, kubatanidza avo vanosarudza kusimbisa panzvimbo pokupika, kana kuti avo vanoshandisa magwaro asiri eBhabheribhiri. Kuchinjika kwetsikano, kunotsamira murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, kunobvumira ikoku kugadziridza apo inochengeta mavambo egamuchidzanwa.

Pakupedzisira, basa reChiratidzo chikuru mukushandisa mhiko youpurezidhendi harisati richingovawo zvaro retsika; inguva huru yebumbiro remitemo iyo inogadziridza ukama huri pakati pamapazu ehurumende uye musengwa womukuru mukuru kukutonga kwomutemo. chero bedzi Bumbiro remitemo richipfuurira, iri gamuchidzanwa richapfuurira kuratidzira rugare, nhevedzano, uye kupiwa simba kwapamutemo uko kuri chiratidzo chehurumende inoshanda.