Zvinonyatsoreva Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Mumutemo

Nheyo yedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo inowanzorondedzerwa sechinhu chikuru chenzanga ipi neipi yakarurama. Panzvimbo payo, inoda kuti hurumende ibate vanhu vose nenzira imwe cheteyo, ichishandisa mitemo nemipimo zvakafanana kumunhu ari wose pasinei zvapo namavara omunhu oga akadai sorudzi, rudzidziso, kana kuti mugariro wemari. Iyi haisati iri nhauwo zvayo yeruramisiro mubatano dzezuva riri rose; chipikirwa chemitemo chokuti tsika yemitemo imene haisati ichizova chishandiso chorusarura. Pasina dziviriro yakaenzana, mitemo inogona kudzorwa kudzvinyirira vanhu vashomanene, ropafadzo yesimba, uye kusekesa chivimbo chavose mugadziriro yose yapamutemo.

Kunzwisisa iyi nheyo kunoda kutarira kupfuura mashoko ari nyore. Kunobatanidza kunzvera uko matare anosarudza apo kurapa kwakasiana kunobvumirwa (nemhaka yokuti hakusi kusi kwose kusiri kwapamutemo) uye apo kunodarika mutsetse kuva rusaruro rusina kubvumiranwa. iyi nyaya inonzvera mavambo enhau, tsananguro huru dzapamutemo, denho dzinopfuurira, uye revo huru dzedziviriro yakaenzana nokuda kwehurumende dzazvino uno dzinosarudzwa navanhu.

Mavambo Enhau Okudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Murangariro wapamutemo wazvino uno wedziviriro yakaenzana wakasimbiswa zvikuru kwazvo mu Foletenth Amendment kuUnited States Constitution, yakasimbiswa muna 1868. Iyi bvumirano yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kunhambo yepashure pehondo, yakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa maruramiro akaenzana kuvanhu vaichimbova varanda. Chikamu 1 cheandement chinozivisa kuti hakuna nyika icha ̴dhine kumunhu upi noupi mudziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. ̵ uyu mutongo unoratidzika kuva wakapfava wakava hwave hwava hwaro hwemazana ekodzero dzavagari vemo mukati mamakore 150 apfuura.

Zvisinei, pfungwa yacho haina kubuda muchinhu chisingakoshi. Magamuchidzanwa apakuvamba emitemo, akadai seMagna Carta yeEngland uye pfungwa yomutemo womusikirwo, aiva nezvibereko zvokubatwa zvakaenzana. Asi vaAmerica, zvikurukuru kurwisa kukurira uranda norudzi rwegadziriro yamarudzi, vakapa dziviriro yakaenzana yechimiro chayo chine simba zvikurusa nechinomanikidzirwa. IPramendement ye145 yakashanda mukuva neHBP (inobudisa uranda) uye maruramiro echigumi namashanu (kutsiva) kudzosa Hurumende pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chavagari-mo.

Kurwisa Kwokutanga Kunoreva

Kwamakumi amakore pashure pokuitwa kwayo, Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira Applime Protection Claus serinopam. Mumhaka yakakurumbira ya 1896 Plesty v. Ferguson, Dare rakatsigira muganhu wedzinza mudzidziso ye ̴ wakaenzana asi wakaenzana, ” kutaura kuti senzvimbo dzevatema navachena dzakanga dzakafanana, haina kuputsa dziviriro yakaenzana. Ichi chisarumbidzo chakatsigira muitiro wedzinza wedzinza murutivi rwapasi rwekumaodzanyemba kwamakore 60. Chakanga chisiri chakaenzana kutozosvikira zana ramakore rapakati pe20 rokutonga kutsva uye nzvimbo yenzanga yakavamba kupa simba rayo rechokwadi.

Chinjo yakavamba nezvinoitika zvinodenha kuganhurirwa mudzidzo, dzimba, uye basa.Lawyers anobva kuNACP Legal Defense Fund, achitungamirirwa naThurfall Marshall, akavaka nenzira yakarongwa ufakazi hunoratidza kuti nzvimbo dzakaparadzana dzakanga dzisina kuenzana nenzira yomuzvarirwo, muzvose zviri zviviri zvinhu zvinooneka uye mumiuyo yendangariro neyenzanga.

Mapfundo Akatanhamara Akaumba Dzidziso Yokudzivirira Yakaenzana

Supreme Court ’ kududzira kwedziviriro yakaenzana kwakavapo kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvinokosha. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chakanatsa mupimo wapamutemo nokuda kwenguva apo hurumende ingabata vanhu nenzira yakasiana. iyi mhaka hadzisati dzichingova dzapamutemo bedzi; dzinorondedzera ukuru hwekodzero dzamamirioni eAmerica.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Nemhaka iyi sezvinobvira ndicho chisarudzo chinokosha zvikurusa cheDare Rapamusorosoro chezana ramakore rechi 20. Dare rakadzosa Plessy v. Ferguson, richizivisa kuti “ yakapesana asi yakaenzana ne” haina nzvimbo mudzidzo yavose. Chirevo chikuru cheMutongi Earl Warren chakanyora kuti chinorega vana & #820; chinopa kurangarira kwokuzvideredza pamusoro penzvimbo yavo munzanga uko kungatapura mwoyo yavo nepfungwa munzira isingambofungiki kutongotongorina kubviswa. ̵ ichi chisarudzo hachina kungobvisa bedzi zvikoro zvinoshatiswa asi chakagoverawo gadziriro yapamutemo yezvimiro zvose zvinodenha mugariro wehurumende.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

MuLoving Court v. Virginia, Dare Rapamusoro rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yemadzinza. Dare rakaramba kuti ganhuriro dzinotsamira padzinza dzakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira Claus neGuertive Procesme Claus. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti rusununguko rwokuroora, pasinei zvapo nedzinza, ikodzero huru. Iyi gare gare yakava muenzaniso unokosha nokuda kwokutonga kwemitezo yeroorano.

Kuenzana kwevane Ngozi (1903) uye Kuenzana kwevane Mubatanidzwa

Nepo Wade achizivikanwa zvikurusa nokuda kwokugadza maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukubvisa mimba, yakavawo netapuro dzinokosha nokuda kwedziviriro yakaenzana. Chisarudzo chakaziva kuti mitemo inoganhurira kubvisa pamuviri zvinoremedza vakadzi nomutoo usingaenzaniswi uye inodzongonyedza mano avo okudzora upenyu hwavo nokutora rutivi zvakaenzana munzanga. Kunyange zvazvo Dare rakadzika maruramiro okuvandika zvikurukuru, nhau dzakatevera dzakanzvera nenzira inowedzera zviito zvehurumende zvakavakirwa pavatano mudziviriro yakaenzana.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Ichi chisarudzo chenhau chapamutemo roorano imwe cheteyo youtere munyika yose. Dare rakaramba kuti roorano kuvakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano inopesana neIvilt Protection Claus itruption seinoshandiswa kupfurikidza neGuer Proces Claus. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy ’ murangariro wakasimbisa kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha uye kuti kubvisa varoorani voutere vamwe chetevo ̴ kunoparira ndokushatisa ” ivo, vachibata ukama hwavo savasina kufanira kupfuura vamwe. Obergefell akaratidzira kuti dziviriro yakaenzana sei munguva yakapfuura kubatanidza mapoka akabviswa.

Zvinoitika Munguva Ichangobva Kupfuura: Chiito Chokusimbisa uye Chinopfuura

Muchinoitika cha 2023 Vadzidzira Fair Adgings v. Harvard neUNC, Dare Rapamusoro rakaganhurira zvikuru kushandiswa kwedzinza mukuvapindiri vekoreji. Dare rakataura kuti zviito zvinotsigira kutsigira dzinza zvakaputsa Test Protection Clausle, richitaura kuti vakanga vasina zvinangwa zvakakwana uye zvinoda kugadziridzwa. Chisarudzo ichi chakachinja makumi amakore emienzaniso, kubatanidza Griteumer v. Bollinger (2003), uye chakamutsa gakavariro huru pamusoro penguva yemberi yemhindu.

Nei Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nhau: Mabasa Edzidziso

Kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana hakusi chinhuwo zvacho chinongonzi mutemo; kunobatira mabasa chaiwo enzanga neezvamatongerwe enyika ayo anotsigira kuterama kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Tsigirai Ruramisiro Nokururamisira

Apo gadziriro yapamutemo inobata vanhu vose zvakanaka, inowanisa chivimbo chavose. Vagari vemo sezvingabvira zvikuru vanoteerera mitemo yavanodavira kuti inoshandiswa nenzira isina rupo. Nenzira yakapesana, apo vanhu vanonzwisisa kuti mutemo unodzivirira vane simba apo vanoranga vasina simba, kusagadzikana kwenzanga kunova sezvingabvira zvikuru. Nzvero mukuteererwa kwapamutemo dzinoratidza kuti ruramisiro yemitemo inoita zvisarudzo kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoruramisira ̬ murevereri akasimba zvikuru nokuda kwokudzivisa mutemo kupfuura kutya chirango.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga

Kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuti hakuna boka rinobviswa nenzira yakarongwa mudziviriro dzapamutemo, dziviriro yakaenzana inoderedza pfundepfunde nehasha zvinonyandura rwisano yenzanga. Masangano ane gadziriro dzakafanana dzokudzivirira anowanzova nemwero yakaderera yamasimba masimba uye kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nheyo yacho inokurudzira pfungwa yokuva mugari wemo pamwe chete, uko mitezo yose inorangarira kuti ndeyevo uye inokosheswa.

Rinokurudzira Kuita Pamwe Chete

Apo vanhu vanodavira kuti kodzero dzavo dzakakotsekana, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanovhota, vanoshandira nzvimbo, vanobatira padare ramatare, uye vanopinda mukuronga nzanga. Dziviriro yakaenzana inobvisa mhinganidzo idzo dzingadzivisa mapoka anoganhurirwa mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, Voting Rights Act ya 1965, iyo yakasimbiswa muConcilt Protection Claus, yakawedzerwa zvikuru kunyoresa pakati peBlack America muSouth.

Kutsigira Kwakasiyana - siyana Nokuchinja

Kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kunobvumira vanhu vanobva mumigariro yose kugovera zvizere kunzanga. Apo rusaruro runorambidzwa, mano nemifungo zvinogona kubuda mumativi ose avagari vemo. Uku kusiyana kunosimbisa upfumi, kunopfumisa tsika, uye kunovandudza chinetso chinovakwa muzvose zviri zviviri mativi avose uye avanhu. Nzvero nguva dzose dzinoratidza kuti mapoka akasiyana - siyana anokunda vagadziri mukuita zvisarudzo.

Zvinetso Zvokuziva Zvakakwana Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Pasinei zvapo nokusimbiswa kwaro kwapamutemo, dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo inoramba iri basa risina kupedzwa.

Kusaenzana Kwegadziriro Negadziriro

Kunyange apo rusaruro rwetsika runorambidzwa, kusaenzana kukuru kunopfuurira. Kuparadzana kwenhau mupfuma, dzimba, dzidzo, uye tarisiro youtano kunoparira mativi asina kuenzana zvokuti mitemo isingatori rutivi nechepamusoro inogona kubudisa migumisiro yakasiana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yemirimo isingatori rutivi pameso yakatungamirira kukuvakwa kwavazhinji uko kwakatapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vaBlack neHispanic. Dzidziso inodzivirira yakaenzana inowanzotambura kukurukura idzi tapuro dzinoparadzana [[, sezvo matare anowanzoda chibvumikiso cherusaruraganda nenzira yamaune panzvimbo pezvisingangori miuyowo zvayo yemiitiro.

Kududzira Kutonga uye Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Revo yechinjo dzakaenzana kutsamira pakuumbwa kwedare remitemo. Ruramisiro yemitemo yakasiana neyakasununguka ine uzivi hwakasiana zvikuru pamusoro apo kurongwa kwehurumende kwavanhu kunobvumirwa. Somuenzaniso, Dare pasi poMutongi Mukuru Roberts rave richipanikira mishonga yakavakirwa padzinza, nepo Dare rapakuvamba rakatsigira chiito chokubvuma senzira yapamutemo yokupedza nayo rusaruro rwakare. Iyi shatiso inoparira kusavimbwa uye inogona kusiya mapoka asina dziviriro apo vanoida zvikurusa.

Pfungwa Dzisina Kururama Pamusoro Penheyo

Vanhu vazhinji havanzwisisi dziviriro dzakaenzana sokuda hurumende kubata munhu ari wose zvakafanana mumugariro uri wose. Ikoku hakuna kudaro. Mutemo unobvumira misiyano ine mufungo uye inobatira nharidzano dzapamutemo ̬ somuenzaniso, kubhadharira mitero yakakwirira yemotokari dzebhizimisi kupfuura motokari dzavanhu, kana kuti kugadza mazera akasiana okuvhota nokutyaira. Chinokosha ndechokuti musiano unofanira kuvakirwa pahwaro hwechi uye kusafanira kumira pamipimo inofungidzirwa sedzinza kana kuti youtana. Zvisinei, kurukurirano dzapachena kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinovanza marusarudzo ne „ kubatwa kwapanyuro, ne &520; muuyo wezviito, #222; kutungamirira kumiranorwisana nechiito chakafanana nedariro.

Kudzivisa Kwomutemo uye Kwechiremera

Kodzero dzedziviriro dzakaenzana dzinoziviswa namatare dzakangosimba bedzi sokudisa kwamamwe mapazu kudziita. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo iyo chose chose kana kuti nenzira yakajeka inosekesa dziviriro dzakaenzana dzehurumende. Somuenzaniso, pashure poObergefell, dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo yorusununguko rworudzidziso iyo yakabvumira mabhizimisi okuzvimirira kuramba betsero kuvaroorani voutere vamwe chetevo, vachiparira rwisano inopfuurira pakati perusununguko rworudzidziso nedziviriro yakaenzana. Kudzikamiswa kwemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo kunodzikamiswa kunosianawo zvikuru kubva mukutarisirwa nokudzorwa.

Nyika Dzinobatana: Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nekuchinja

Zvinetso zvazvino uno zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemaatomu kuti munhu ape mutongo weutsotsi, kurovha, uye kukweretesa. Kana michina yokugadzira uchenjeri yakarovedzwa pamashoko enhau anobatanidza rusaruro, inogona kupfuudzira kana kuti kunyange kuwedzera rusaruro. Dzidziso yokudzivirira yakaenzana yazvino inoshongedzerwa zvisina kukwana kubata zviitiko apo mugumisiro unosarurama unoguma nealgorith inopanwa mumaziso panzvimbo pekusarudzwa kwehurumende kwakajeka. Matare anotanga bedzi kurwisana nokuzvinyikidzwa kwakaenzana kana kuti kunoshanda kuchisarudzo chemotokari.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Nepo United States ’ gamuchidzanwa rakaenzana rinosanokudziridzwa zvikuru, dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzine vimbiso dzakafanana dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti dzemitemo. Somuenzaniso, Charter yeCanadiadian yekodzero neFreedoms [ inobatanidza gadziriro ine simba yokuenzana muChikamu 15, inorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, rudzidziso, zera, kana kuti hurema hwendangariro. Canada ̱ Dare Gurusare rakadudzira ichi chibvumirano kubvumikiso chokubvumira chiito uye kukumbira kuva nemisiyano yorudzidziso netsika.

Mu India Chikamu 14 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinovimbisa kuenzana pamberi pomutemo nedziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Dare Gurusa reIndia rakatanga dzidziso yakasiyana yokuisa zvinhu panzvimbo imwe, yakafanana neyakaenzana nedziviriro. India̱ matare akatambanudzirawo dziviriro yakaenzana kukutaura norusaruro rwemapoka echiHindu, urwo runowirirana nenhau dzerusaruraganda mune dzimwe nyika.

Mu South Africa, Constitution yapashure ine chitsama chakasimba chokuenzana icho chinobvumidza zvakajeka chiito chinobvuma uye chinorambidza zvose zviri zviviri rusaruro rwakananga nerwusina kunanga. South Africa ̱ Dare reBumbiro remitemo rave richidenha zvikuru mukusimbisa maruramiro okuenzana, kunyange kuda Hurumende kuita nhano dzakananga kupedza njodzi yenhau.

Zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzavanhu zvemarudzi ose, zvakadai se International Paraven on Civil and Political Rights [Ingano], inovimbisawo dziviriro yakaenzana uye inodzivisa rusaruro. Izvi zvishandiso zvinogadzira misengwa inosungisa nokuda kwamarudzi anoisa chiratidzo uye zvinogovera gadziriro yokuvandika kwenyika yose. Zvisinei, miitiro yokuita kuti mutemo urambe wakaneta, uye nyika dzakawanda dzinokundikana zvikuru refariro.

Kushatiswa Kwetsika Nekunyengera

Nheyo yedziviriro yakaenzana inobva mumagamuchidzanwa anoverengeka ouzivi. Vafungi vakajekeswa saJohn Locke vakataura kuti vanhu vose vanoberekwa vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo akaenzana, uye hurumende dzinofanira kuremekedza maruramiro iwayo pasina rusaruro. American Declaration of Independence inodzokorora ikoku nokuzivisa kuti “ vanhu vose vanosikwa vakaenzana. & ̵ nepo vatangi vasina kurarama zvizere mukuwirirana nefariro iyoyo (i vakabvumidza uranda navakadzi) nheyo yacho yakava chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwamasangano apashure kuti vadere kubatanidzwa.

Vazivi vezvoutongi, vakadai saJeremy Benham naJohn Stuart Mill, vakataura kuti mitemo inofanira kuvavarira nokuda kwezvakanaka zvikurusa nokuda kwenhamba hurusa, inoda kubatwa kusasarura. Bva udzvinyiriri pane dzimwe nguva hunogona kururamisa kubatwa kusina kuenzana kana kuchiwedzera garikano yose. Dzidziso yedziviriro yakaenzana naizvozvo inokweverawo patsika dzokusasarura, zvikurukuru basa raImmanuel Kant, uyo akaomerera kuti vanhu vanofanira nguva dzose kubatwa semagumo mavari vamene, kwete semitowo zvayo.

Nyanzvi dzazvino uno saJohn Rawls dzakanatsa iyi pfungwa. Rawls akataura kuti nzanga yakarurama ndiyo ingasarudzwa navanhu vane mufungo kuseri kwepane imwe “ kuvadziko yokusaziva, ” umo pasina anoziva dzinza ravo vamene, vatano, kana kuti nzvimbo yenzanga. Mumufungo iwoyo kuedza, vanhu vaizoomerera parusununguko rukuru rwakaenzana uye vaizongobvumira bedzi kusaenzana uko kunobetsera zvishoma.

Nguva Yemberi Yedziviriro Yakaenzana

Dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo haisati iri mubayiro wakaenzana kuti uhwinwirwe kamwe; irwisano inopfuurira. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kududzirazve nheyo yacho muchiedza chemigariro mitsva. Gakava dzazvino rinobatanidza ukuru hwakafanira hweLGBTQ+ kodzero, kutevedzana kwemitemo inoziva dzinza, kubatwa kwavatami vasina kunyorwa, uye kushandiswa kwedziviriro yakaenzana kukusaenzana kwemari (mubvunzo matare akasiya zvikurukuru usina kupindurwa).

Sezvo kuchenjera kwokugadzira zvinhu uye mashoko makuru zvichiwedzera kubudisa ukama pakati pevagari vemo nehurumende, mibvunzo mitsva inomuka: Ko mitemo yokushanda kwemapurisa inodeya kuzivikanwa kuti nharaunda shoma dzinoputsa dziviriro yakaenzana here kana pasina vavariro yokusasarura? Hurumende inofanira kudikanwa kuongorora maaremikari ayo okusasarura?

Mumwe muganhu uri kukura imhaka yedziviriro yakaenzana norusununguko rworudzidziso. Muzvinoitika zvakafanana ne Macagences hop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2017), Dare Rapamusoro rakatarisana nerwisano pakati pomwene webhizimisi & & #817; kuramba rudzidziso kuroorano imwe cheteyo yorudzidziso nomutemo wehurumende ̱ Dare rakadzivisa chisarudzo chakafara asi chine chiratidzo chokuti fariro dzose dziri mbiri dzorudzidziso nedzekuenzana dzakafanira. Nhau dzenguva yemberi dzichapfuurira kuedza miganhu yenheyo imwe neimwe.

Pakupedzisira, revo yedziviriro yakaenzana iri mumano ayo okuita kuti chaunga chizvidavirire kumipimo yacho yakakwirira zvikurusa. Igadziriro yokuzviruramisa, chipikirwa chebumbiro remitemo chokuti hakuna munhu kana kuti boka risingagoni kusvikwa neruramisiro. Chero bedzi kune zvimiro zvitsva zvokutsaura nokusarura, kurwira dziviriro yakaenzana kuchapfuurira.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvero Cornell Law School ’ kupinza kwaLealog Information Institute padziviriro yakaenzana, ACLU̱ inopa mitengo yeruramisiro yedzinza, uye [[FLT]] Oyez ̱ pfupi yaVadzidzi nokuda kwaMagamuchirwe eMisi.[[FLT:]]