Kunzwisisa "Kukodzera Kusingaparadzaniswi Kwebasa" Kunosiyaniswa Mumhaka Dzezera Dzakasiana

Bona Feide Foccupation Qualiation (BFOQ) inobatira nzvimbo nhete asi yakakomba mumutemo webasa, inobvumira vashandirwi kurangarira zera apo kuri madikanwa chaizvoizvo nokuda kwebasa. Musi weNhambo Idzorere muMvumo (ADEA) ya1967, inodzivirira vanhu vane makore 40 navakuru pakusarurana, BFOQ ndiyo nzvimbo huru inodzivirira kutiza. Zvisinei, matare akasimbisa nguva dzose kuti kusiiwa uku ndiko kuduku kwazvo kupfuvurisa kwebasa uye kunofanira kushandiswa nokunzvera kwakaoma. Vashandisi vanoedza kushandisa makore sechikwaratisiro pasina kuvadziko inomanikidzira kana kuti kushanda kwengozi huru. Nyaya iyi inonzvera nheyo dzapamutemo, kutsanangura kwapamutemo, kutsanangura kwenyika, uye mirangariro inoshanda muzviitiko zvezera raBFF.

BFOQ Yakasiyana Nedzipi?

. Kutsiva kunobvumira mushandirwi kuita zvisarudzo zvebasa zvinobvumira kuita (8) kubatanidza kubhadharwa, kusimudzirwa, kana kuti kubviswa pamudyandigere kwebasa kwakafanira (kubva pazera) pa jambwa chairo nokuda kwenzvimbo yacho. ADEA inopa zvakajeka iyi dziviriro muchikamu 4(f), icho chinoti hakuna kurambidzwa kuti mushandirwi aite chiito che "apo zera riri chikwaniriso chamafashoni chinodikanwa nomutoo une mufungo kubasa chairoiro rebhizimisi chairo." Mutauro uyu unoratidzira gadziriro yakafanana muTit VII yekodzero yeChiito cheChivi che 1964, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika, asi ADEFQ une muviri warongwe romutemo wakasiyana.

Chinosiiwa chakavakirwa muziviro yokuti mamwe mabasa anoda mano omuviri kana kuti okufunga anowirirana nezera nenzira isingagoni kuyerwa nokuedza kwomunhu oga. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzekotsekano dzavose dzakadai sevatyairi vendege kana kuti vakuru vakuru vemitemo dzingada kushanda kwapamusoro kwomuviri, uye zera rinogona kuva chiteshi chokudzora chokuderera kwoukuru. Zvisinei, mutoro wechiratidzo wechiratidzo unoshanda chose chose chose pamushandirwi kuti uratidzire kuti zvose zvinodikanwa zvezera ndezviviri zviri madikanwa nenzira ine mufungo[ uye unorondedzerwa nenzira yakananga[FL:3] kupfundo rebhizimisi. Dare gurusaresa reU.S. rakaita zvakajeka kuti chinodikanwa chokuvaratirwa chisariranwa chisariranwa chive chisariranwa chipfuure pachino chezera.

Mipimo Yapamutemo Nedudziro Nyore

Kukumbira nenzira inobudirira dziviriro yeBFOQ, mushandirwi anofanira kugutsa kunzvera kwamativi maviri kwakagadzwa neDare Rapamusorosoro mu Western Air Liness, Inc. v. Criswell (1985):

  1. Chikwaniriso chezera chinofanira kuva chiri madikanwa nenzira ine mufungo kupfundo rebhizimisi romushandirwi. "Cesence" yebhizimisi harisiriwo zvaro ringangori purofiti kana kuti gutsikano yomutengi; rinofanira kubatanidza fariro inomanikidzira yakadai sekotsekano yavose kana kuti mano okuita mabasa makuru. Somuenzaniso, mu Criswell[, Dare rakawana kuti kufamba - chengeteko mundege kwakanga kuri madikanwa yezera rinotsamira pamudyandigere nokuda kwavatyairi vatyairi vaigona kururamiswa, asi kana mushandirwi angagona bedzi kuratidza kuti akanga ari muteyi akavimbika nokuda kwokusakwanisa kuita zvakako.
  2. Mushandirwi anofanira kuratidzira kuti hakuna kutsiva kusarura kuduku. Ikoku kunoreva mushandirwi haagoni kutsamira pazera kana angagona kuwana nharidzano dzake dzekotsekano kana kuti kushanda kupfurikidza nokuedza kwakarongwa, kunzverwa kwezvokurapa, kana kuti mimwe mitoo yokunzvera iyo isingaremi vashandi vakura. Kuvapo kwemimwe mipimo kazhinji kazhinji kunokunda shoo yeBFOQ.

Matare anoshandisa iyi bvunzurudzo nemigumisiro yakasiyana mumaindasitiri ose. EOC v. (1996], Nhengo yeshanu yakaramba Exxon's chibvumikiso chokuti zera rokurega basa ra60 nokuda kwavatyairi vose vebhizimisi rakanga riri BFOQ, rakaratidza kuti kambani yacho yakanga isina kubvumikiswa kuti rondedzero dzakati dzakakodzera. Njodzi, mu Munamatoo. American Airlines, Inc. (1982], dare rakagamuchira BFOQ nokuda kwevarangeridhi vakwegura 60 vakavakirwa pamiraukwa yeFA, iyo iyo yakadzokororwa gare gare gare gare kubvumira mamiriro ezvinhu akati kuti 60 pasi pezvikachairi.

Mhaka dzeDare Guru Dzinokanganisa BFOQ

Mitongo inoverengeka inokosha inoratidza kuti matare anodzikamisa sei zvinodiwa nevashandirwi nedziviriro dzevashandi:

  • Air Lines v. Criswell (85) Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti zera rokurega basa rapa 60 nokuda kwavatyairi vendege rakanga riri BFOQ nemhaka yokuti chengeteko yakanga iri pakati pemibato yendege uye FAA yakanga yasarudza kuti zera rakanga riri chisarudzo chine mufungo nokuda kwesimba rakaderedzwa. Zvisinei, Dare rakasimbisawo kuti kusiiwa kwacho kunofanira kushandiswa panhau nekero.
  • EOC v. Guta raJanesville (1993) dare rokukwirira rehurumende rakaramba kutaura kwokuti zera rakakwirira rokuroja ra 35 ravakuru vakuru vamapurisa rakanga riri BFOQ, richiwana kuti guta rakanga risina kubvumikisa kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakanga vasingakwanisi kuita mabasa anokosha.
  • EOC v. [[FT:2] (1996] Nhambo yeshanu yakatonga mukurwisana nezera rokurega basa reExxon's re60 nokuda kwevatyairi vendege dzebhizimisi, ichizivisa kuti kambani yakanga isina kuratidza kuti zera rakanga riri chiratidzo chakarurama chekuedza kwechinyakare kuenzaniswa nokuedza kwezvokurapa kwavanhu vamwe navamwe.
  • [FLT] International Union, UAW v. Johnson Device, Inc. (1991] Kunyange zvazvo iyi nhau yaibatanidza vatano pasi peTitle VII, kurangarira kwayo pamusoro pe "kudzorwa kwebhizimisi" kwakapesvedzera BFOQ muzvinoitika zvamazera. Dare rakarangarira kuti muitiro wedziviriro yapamberi pechine gumi napamberi pamabasa aibatanidza kufukidzwa kwaisava BFOQ nemhaka yokuti kuchengeteka kwomwana achangobva kuberekwa kwakanga kusati kuri rutivi rwenhau yebhizimisi.

Nyaya idzi dzinosimbisa kuti matare haafaniri kutevedzera pfungwa dzevashandirwi pamusoro pezera.Inoda uchapupu hunoda kupetenuka hwanzi “mahwendefa, uchapupu hwenyanzvi, kana kuti mitemo inotarisirwa kugadzirisa zvinhu, ” kureva kuti anotsigira kuti munhu anokwanisa kusvitsa zera.

Zvirongwa Zvavose uye Mienzaniso

Pasinei zvapo noukuru hwayo huduku, BFOQ inoshanda mumashoko mashoma akasanotsanangurwa. Mienzaniso inowanzobatanidza chengeteko yavose, kuita mabasa ounyanzvi, uye nzvimbo dzakati dzemitambo.

Kuchengeteka Kworuzhinji uye Zvekufambisa

Kushandiswa kwakajeka zvikurusa kweBFOQ kuri muindasitiri yezvokufambisa, umo ganhuriro dzezera nokuda kwavatyairi vendege, vadzori vemibato yendege, uye vakuru vakuru vengarava vakarovedzeka. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) yakaraira kare kuti vatyairi vendege vezvokutengeserana vanofanira kurega basa pazera ramakore 65, mutemo wakatsigirwa seBFOQ nemhaka yekotsekano yekotsekano yakakomba. Nenzira yakafanana, madhipatimendi edzi nemoto akawanda ane mazera akawandisa okupinza basa, kunyange zvazvo matare kazhinji kazhinji akasanonzvera aya mitemo. EOC v. City of Janesville, dare rakawana kuti zera rakakwirira ramakurukota nokuda kwemapurisa rakanga risitongori BFOQ nemhaka yokuti mabasa akura agona kupedza mabasa.

Kuita uye Kuenzanisira

Zera iBFOQ rapamutemo apo mutambi mufirimu, mutambo, kana kuti kushambadzira anofanira kuratidzira nenzira inopwisa munhu wezera rakati. Somuenzaniso, kuisa mutambi wezera ramakore 70 kuti atambe sekuru anobvumirwa nemhaka yokuti uchokwadi hwebasa racho hunokosha kuzvinhu zvounyanzvi. Zvisinei, kusiiwa uku hakurevi mabasa apo zera rinongova zvaro rinodiwa kana kuti rinorevesa. Mushandirwi haagoni kuramba kubhadharira mutambi mukuru nokuda kwebasa ringagona kuitwa nomunhu wezera ripi neripi neripi.

Mitambo Nenyanzvi Dzemitambo

Mumitambo, ganhuriro dzezera dzingaruramiswa nezvinodikanwa zvomuviri zvemakwikwi. National Football League (NFL) uye mamwe mapoka ane mitemo yezera inoita kuti zvive zvinoda kupera simba nokuda kwemarokosi (mutook, inofanira kuva makore matatu kubva kuchikoro chapamusoro) ayo akadenhwa asi akatsigirwa kazhinji kazhinji seBFOQs nemhaka yokuti kugadzirira kwomuviri kunodikanwa nokuda kwokutamba kwounyanzvi kunowirirana nenzira isingapanikirikirwi nezera. Nenzira inopesana, mazera okurega basa anodiwa nokuda kwevatambi haawanzowanikiniki, sezvo kunzvera kwounyanzvi kwakasiyana - siyana kunowanzoitwa.

Miganhu Nokushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira

Kusiyanisa BFOQ hakushandi mumigariro yakawanda uko vashandirwi vangada kushandisa zera. Matare akaramba nguva dzose mifungo inotevera nokuda kwemisiyano yakavakirwa pazera:

  • Zvinoda: Mushandirwi haagoni kuramba kupinza vashandi vakura basa nemhaka yokuti vatengi vanoda vashandi vaduku. Mu Diaz v. Pan Am World Aiways (1971], dare rakarangarira kuti vatengi vaidiwa vavarwi vezvifambi vakanga vasiri BFOQ; mufungo mumwe chetewo unoshanda kuzera.
  • [[[NHAU]] Mari yakachengetwa: Vashandirwi havagoni kutaura kuti vashandi vakura vanodhura zvikuru nemhaka yemiripo yakakwirira, ndyiko dzeinishuwarenzi youtano, kana kuti misengwa yepenjeni. Chinangwa cheADEA ndechokudzivisa ruramiso dzemari dzakadaro pakuvhara rusaruro.
  • Mazita pamusoro pemano: Tsaona dzinodavirwa kuti vashandi vakura havabereki zvakanaka, vanochinjika, kana kuti vanorovedzwa havaumbi BFOQ. Vashandirwi vanofanira kuvimba noufakazi hwechokwadi, kwete fungidziro.
  • Tsvakano dzisina chibvumikiso: Nepo kotsekano ingaruramisa BFOQ, vashandirwi vanofanira kuratidzira kuti chinodikanwa chezera chakasungirwa zvakananga nemiuyo yakakotsekana. Kunetseka kwakawanda pamusoro pokukwegura hakuna kukwana.

BFOQ v. Zvimwe Zviratidzo

Vashandirwi pane dzimwe nguva vanovhiringidza BFOQ nedzimwe dziviriro, dzakadai se "bhizimisi rinodikanwa" kana kuti "chinhu chine mufungo chisiri zera" (RFOA). Mupasi peADEA, kudikanwa kwebhizimisi hakusati kuri dziviriro kurusarurano rwemaune; inoshanda bedzi muzvinoitika zvinopesana. RFOA, nokupesana, inobvumira mushandirwi kushandisa mupimo usiri webasa unoitika mukuwirirana nezera, kugovera kuti chinhu chacho chive chinhu chine chokuita nebasa uye chinowirirana nebhizimisi. BFOQo inosiyanisa nemhaka yokuti inobvuma zvakananga zera sechikwaniso, uye inotakura mutoro unorema unorema.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Nokuda Kwavashandirwi

Vashandirwi vanorangarira muitiro wakavakirwa pazera vanofanira kupfuurira nokungwarira. matanho anotevera anogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana neADEA neBFOQ yakatetepa:

  1. [ Kuratidzira donzo rebhizimisi rinokosha. sarudza kana basa racho richibatanidza chengeteko yavose, kuita mabasa echokwadi, kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvomuviri zvechienzi zvisingagoni kuderedzwa kupfurikidza nepokugara.
  2. Ufakazi hwedonzo. Nyora fundo dzesayenzi, mipimo yeindasitiri, uye ufakazi hwenyanzvi hunoratidza kuti zera igwaro rakavimbika nokuda kwevanofanira kuva. Dzivisa kuvimba nezvitendero zvesayenzi kana kuti zvestereodial.
  3. Zvitsinhano zvokusapamhidza. Rangarira kana kunzvera kwomunhu kwakadai senzvero dzomuviri, bvunzo dzezvokurapa, kana kuti miraudzo yendangariro (*) ichigona kuwana nharidzano imwe cheteyo pasina zera. Kana dzimwe nzira dzakadaro dziripo, BFOQ haisati ichizopukunyuka nzvero.
  4. Tsanzi inonzvera. chengeta zvinyorwa zvinoratidza mufungo nokuda kwechinodikanwa chezera, ufakazi hunorangarirwa, uye kurambwa kwezvimwe zvinotsiva. Manyoro aya akakomba kana muitiro uchidenhwa.
  5. Kurangarira panhambo nenhambo. Zivo yesayenzi sezvainochinja, inoruramiswa kare BFOQ ingava isingachashandi. Somuenzaniso, nguva yokurega basa yapamutemo yavatyairi vendege yakakwidzwa kubva pa 60 kusvikira pa 65 pashure pokunzvera kwakaratidza kuti ganhuriro yakare yakanga yakanyanyoganhurirwa.

Vashandirwi avo vanoshandisa zvisina kufanira BFOQ vanotarisana nemhosva dzinobvira, muripo unodzorwa, kuvadziko dzakaparadzwa, uye nyaradzo inopfuudza. Aumelt Accomplication Opportution Commission (EOC) vanonzvera nokushingaira nzvero dzekusarurwa kwezera, uye vatauriri vanobudirira vangawanazve mibhadharo yamagweta. Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda, bvunza EEC C [NHLEF] Directal Directionasence[

Tapuro Pavashandi Nekodzero Dzavo

Vashandi vakura vanodavira kuti vakasarurwa nemhaka yezvavanonzi BFOQ vane nzira dzakawanda dzokuzvibatsira nadzo.

  • taura mutemo kana kuti chiito chakanga chakavakirwa pazera, kubatanidza kurukurirano dzipi nedzipi dzakanyorwa kana kuti kutaura kupfurikidza nedzoudzori.
  • Fire inopomera EEOC mukati mamazuva 180 (kana kuti mazuva 300 munyika nesangano ramabasa rakarurama rehurumende). EEOC ichanzvera uye ingabudisa bhii rakarurama kusvikira kuuriri.
  • Commont gweta rakawana jambwa rebasa. Kana mushandirwi asingagoni kusangana nomutoro weBFOQ, mushandi angawana chirango nokuda kwemibairo yakarasika, nhamo yendangariro, uye, muzvimwe zviitiko, chirango chokuranga.

Gadziriro inogadziridzwa mutoro muADEA inoda mushandi kutanga kutanga kuvamba prima facie nhau yorusaruro. Kana zvangoitwa, mushandirwi anofanira kubudisa ufakazi hwechikonzero chapamutemo, chisiri chenhau. Kukunda paBFOQ, mushandirwi anofanira kupfuura tsanangurowo zvayo ndokubvumikisa kuti zera rinokosha kubasa. Nokuda kwohupfupiso hune udzame hwemuitiro wepamutemo, ona [[FLT:] American Bal Commentsloright News News [FLT:].]

mhedziso

Kupesana kwechiBona Kuzvinyima chinhu chinokosha asi chinobvumirwa mumutemo webasa. Inoziva kuti mumigariro isingawanzoitiki, zera rimene rinogona kuva chinodikanwa chebasa chapamutemo (kazhinji kazhinji apo chengeteko yavose, kutendeseka kwounyanzvi, kana kuti dzvinyiriro dzenyama dzakanyanyisa dzinoiswa panjodzi. Bva matare akanyevera anyeverazve kuti kusasarura kunofanira kuva nzvimbo inotsiva. Vashandi vanokumbira BCOQ vanofanira kubudisa ufakazi hunogombedzera hwokuti hapana imwe nzira ishoma yokutsiva iripo, nepo vashandi vanochengeta kodzero yokudenha nayo mikana isina kururama yakavakirwa pazera. Sezvinopfuurira kuva zera uye kunzwisisa kwedu mano ezera, BFQQ icharamba nzvimbo inoshanda nesimba remitemo, inoda kusano kuva pakati pekodzero dzemunhu nokushanda. [FF]][3]