Kunzwisisa Zvakaitika Pamutemo Mugadziriro Yepamutemo yeAmerica

Zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvisati zvaitwa nedare zvinogadza mutemo kana kuti nheyo yokuti matare maduku anofanira kutevera mumhaka dzakafanana. MuUnited States, dzidziso ye stare decisis[ inosunda matare kunamatira kumirano yakare, kuvimbisa kutsiga nokusadzikamiswa mumutemo. Iyi nheyo inovakirwa kumiteve yemitemo yavose uye inotapura zvakananga nzira iyo masangano emitemo anochengeta mitemo anova nayo mitemo, varairidzi, uye inoita mabasa avo. Zvikamu zvamaukuru zvinobva kumitevero yose yejeko, asi zvisarudzo zvinobva kuU. Dare guru rinotakura ukoshi zvikurusa, dare riri rose rehurumende nerevo pasi peSupremaclaus. Kunzwisisa kwapamutemo kunokosha nokuda kweiyi mitevero yemitemo yazvinotonga nokuda kweiyi mibato yazvinodzorwa mumipimo inowanzo.

Simba remuenzaniso harisi rakakwana; matare anogona kuputsa zvisarudzo pamberi pezvi apo mipimo yenzanga inochinja kana kuti apo kurangarira kwakapfuura kunowanwa kwakashata. Nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo, ikoku kunoreva kuramba uchigara nemipimo yapamutemo inopfuurira idenho. Zvirongwa zvinofanira nguva dzose kuvandudza zvinhu zvokurovedza namabhuku emitemo kuti zviratidzire tsananguro dzezvinoteverwa nemitemo. Kubatanidzwa pakati pomutemo wedare nemapurisa anoshanda kunoparira mhoteredzo ine simba umo vakuru vakuru vanofanira kudzikamisa tsamba yomutemo nezvokwadi dzemitevero yemitezo yepanyu yemugwagwa.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamusasa Wedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzakarondedzera Mutongi

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvakachinja zvikuru nzira iyo mapurisa anobatira nayo pamwe nayo nefungidziro, kuunganidza ufakazi, uye kushandisa simba. iyi mirau haisati ichingova zvayo rondedzero dzapamutemo dzisiri dzechokwadi; ine tapuro chaidzoidzo, dzezuva nezuva pamufambiro wavakuru vakuru nekotsekano yavose. Pasi apa pane mimwe yemienzaniso inokosha zvikurusa inopfuurira kuumba miitiro yokuchengetwa kwomutemo murudzi rwose.

Miranda muArizona (1966) – Kodzero Yokunyarara uye Yezano

[[NT.] Mira v. Arizona, Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti dziviriro yeFindremment painenge iripo painenge yanyanzaniswa inoda kuti mutemo ushande kuzivisa kodzero dzavo pamberi pebvunzurudzo dzekodzero. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira zvino kudzokorora chazova chinozivikanwa se [[FLT:] Mirda] [: maruramiro okuramba akanyarara, kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chinogona kushandiswa kwavari mudare, kodzero yegweta, uye kuti murwi achagoverwa kana asingagoni kubhadhara mumwe. Ichi chisarudzo chakabuda muzvinoitika zvina apo vaipinzwa pasina kuongororwa kodzero yavo. Dare rakava nomufananidzo 5, chitsaurwa.[5]

Terry v. Ohio (1968) – Stop and Frisk Authority

.Terry v.O. vakuru vakapiwa mvumo yemapurisa yokuita nhambo pfupi, kumira kwefekitari nenzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa apo vanova nenyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti munhu akashorwa ane zvombo uye ane ngozi. Iyi mitoo yakaderera kupfuura chikonzero chinobvira, inobvumira vakuru vakuru vorusununguko rukuru rwokupindira utsotsi husati hwawedzera. Mhaka yaibatanidza mufeyi weCleveland uyo akacherekedza varume vatatu vari kunyumwira kunze kwechitoro, vakanyumwira kuronga kuba, uye kuvanyumwira pasi, kuwana zvombo. Dare rapamusoro rinosimudzira kunzvera sechinhu chine mufungo pasi peRemendementation. Chisarudzo chinowedzera ku Try, chishandiso chakaregwa chazvino uno unoteverwa namano chetsika mutsika yedzinza razvino uno. Chisarudzodzodzo chamashoko chakana zvikuru pamusoro pezviito zvinopfuutsa kururamisa, chinoenderera mberi kururamisa chitsarira mberi, chitsarira mberi kururamisa chitsarira mberi kururamisa, chinoitwa kururamisa, chinoitwa kururamisa,

Graham v. Connor (1989) – Kunzwisisa Mukushandisa Masimba

Pamberi pa Graham v. Connor, matare akashandisa mipimo yakasiana - siana kurangarira kutaura kwesimba kwakakomba, kazhinji kazhinji achitsamira pagadziriro yakafanira muIneth Amendment. Iyi nhau yakabatanidza kunzvera mupimo wedonzo reChina rePendement. Dare rakatonga kuti kutaura kwokuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanoshandisa simba rakakomba mukati mokusungwa, vaongorori vanofanira kumira, kana kuti kumwe kunyata kunofanira kuongororwa pasi pe “mupimo une mufungo”. Uyu mupimo unorangarira urevoka woutsotsi, kana unofungidzirwa uchiita tyisidziro yapakarepo kuchengeteka kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vemapurisa kana kuti vamwe, uye kana vanonyumwiro kana kuti vanonyumwirwa vanoramba kusungwa nokubhururuka. Zvine mufungo zvikuru, zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinorangarirwa nomurangariro une mufungo wedaviriranwa panzvimbo yapamutemo yebasa risingakwane mativi 2020.

United States v. Jones (202) – GPS Tracking and Fourter

Mu United States v. Jones, Dare rapamusoro rakati kunamatira GPS chishandiso kumotokari ndokuongorora mafambiro ayo kuumba kunzvera kupfurikidza neFreenter Sune Amend. Hurumende yakanga yataura kuti nemhaka yokuti motokari yakanga iri mumigwagwa yavose, kwakanga kusina kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika. Zvisinei, Dare rakatonga kuti kuvhozhokera zvinhu zvenyama pachinhu chinonyumwirwa kuti chiise dhiyo inoputswa mende. Ruramisiro yaSchaichaicho yakatsamira pamuedzo wekare wemitemo, asi Ruramisirwo rwaSotomander inosimudzira itiro pamusoro pezvokunzvera kwenguva refu kwemagetsi. Chisarudzo chakatanhamara nokuda kwegadziriro yazvinocherwa zvamasero, apo ruzivo rwamaseroko, dron, mabhineti anodzo anoshandiswa zvinotongedzwa nomutoo unotongedzwa naano unotoorwa pamutemo zvinotototevedzerwa pamutemo pamberi pekuitwa mamiriro ezvinhu. Kunyange zvazvo zvichiitwa.

Floyd v. City of New York (2013) – Policing and Urder Moficing

Nepo isati iri mhaka yeDare gurusa, chisarudzo chedare reruwa rehurumende mu Floyd v. Guta reNew York (2013) muenzaniso wapamutemo wakakomba pamusoro pemiitiro yokumisa nefrisk. dare rakawana kuti kushandiswa kweNew York Police Department yeProce-Frisk yakaputsawo Gwendement yeChina neMitemo ye 1450 kupfurikidza nokurongera kurutsidzo yedzinza pasina nyumwiro ine mufungo. Chisarudzo chinodikanwa chinjo huru yemitemo, kubatanidza kugadzwa kwemonitor yedare renyika yemubatanidzwa. Mhaka iyi inoratidzira kuti matare ehurumende akaderera anogona kugadzawo sei miitiro ine simba yokuti maronzerwo omunzvimbomo, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemiitiro yorudzi rwamarudzi ose.

Muuyo Unoshanda Pakurovedza Namapurisa Nokushandisa

Apo muenzaniso mutsva wapamutemo unooneka, tapuro yokutanga inowanzova shingairo mumasangano anotarisira mutemo kuvandudza kurovedza kwokupedzisira. Zvikoro zvemapurisa uye mapurogiramu okurovedza anofanira kuratidzira mipimo yemitemo yazvino uno. Somuenzaniso, pashure pa Manda[, madhipatimendi akatangwa mapepa akarongwa ane mashoko chaiwo enyevero uye akabatanidzwa mukurovedza basa kuti vagone kuvapa mipimo yetsika yetsika yazvinomanikidzirwa. Pashure po [FLT:]Graham v. Connor, anoshandisa rovedzo yezvo-rote-rosero yakapfava kubva ku “mitengo yemagariro yezviito” kuidzo dzakarotemwa, kubatanidza rovedzo yemupimo wakaenzana pamitengo.

Mabhuku emitemo anodzokororwawo kuti abatanidze nhungamiro chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, masangano akawanda zvino anoda vakuru vakuru kuti vanyore maidi chaiwo anotsigira kunyumwira kune mufungo nokuda kwe Terry kumira. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunogona kutungamirira kukudzvinyirira ufakazi nemhosva. Jones [[[FLT:] chisarudzo chinosunda masangano] kuronga zvinodikanwa zveGPS zvokuronga kuronga nzira uye kutanga mitemo yokuwana pamutemo yokushandisa imwe mitoo inonzvera. Kuwedzera, [[FLT] FLT] FLOD]FF]FYD [[FLT]] inotonga kuti itsikitwe mumatepi nokushuma, namasangano anodikanwa kurudzi, uye kumisa vanhu vorudzi.

Ukama Hwenzanga Nokuvimba Navose

Mitemo yemitemo haisati ichingotapura bedzi mufambiro wavakuru vakuru; inoumbawo nzwisiso yavose yokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Apo matare anomanikidzira kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo, anozivisa nzanga kuti kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe dzinokosheswa. Ikoku kunogona kukudza chivimbo nebatira pamwe, izvo zvinokosha nokuda kwegadziriro inobudirira. Somuenzaniso, chinodikanwa chokurava Manda kodzero dzinozivikanwa zvikuru zvino nevoruzhinji kupfurikidza neterevhizheni uye zvinobudisa nhau, zvichiparira kariro yokuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vachaita nenzira yapamutemo.

Nenzira inopesana, apo mienzaniso inoratidzika kuva inopa mapurisa miraudzo yakawandisa, seizvo vamwe vanotaura Terry v. Ohio yakaita, kuvimba navanhu kunogona kupera, zvikurukuru munzanga dzinotapurwa nenzira yakapesana nemiitiro yokumira-na-furisi. Floyd[ chisarudzo chakananga kuikurukura uku kuoma, kubvuma kuti kusabatana kumisa nzanga kunodzivisa wirirano dzenzanga ndokusekesa pamutemo. Chiviko chinovaka hachidi kuteerera bedzi mutemo asi kubatanidzwa nemitezo yenzanga kutsanangura mitemo nokutsvaka mutezo. Masangano akawanda akagadzira mapuranga echiuto ehurumende nesangano mumhinduro yedare ravose.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwezvinhu uye Kugadzirisa Zvinetso

Pasinei zvapo nomugariro unosungirwa wedare gurusa, kushanda kwadzo kunosiyana mumiganhu. Madhipatimendi emapurisa omunharaunda ane zvishandiso zvakasiyana, rovedzo, uye mamiriro okunze ezvamatongerwe enyika. Sangano remumusha rakasanorongwa ringakwanisa kurovedza nokutarisira kwapamutemo kwakawanda, nepo hofisi yedare rokumaruwa ingatsamira pazvinozorodza zvegore negore uye kuganhurirwa kumijekedzo yapamutemo. Uku kuganhurirwa kunogona kutungamirira kukushandiswa kwemitemo kwakasiana. Somuenzaniso, mupimo une mufungo mutambo mu Terry v. Ohio]

Uyezve, matare ehurumende pane dzimwe nguva anodudzira zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvakakura zvikuru kana kuti zvishoma, achiumba zvimwe zvikamu zvezvinooma kunzwisisa. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo inopfuura dziviriro dzehurumende, zvakadai sokuda chibvumikiso nokuda kwokufamba kwose kwemagetsi kana kuti kushandisa mipimo inodzorwa zvikuru. Varwi vanoshanda mumitsetse yehurumende kana kuti mumasimba ehurumende vanofanira kudzora basa iri rezvinodikanwa. Dzidzo inopfuurira nekurukurirano inopesana zvinopesana zvinokosha kuderedza zvikanganiso nekuvadziko.

Miitiro Yokuwedzera Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Miitiro inoverengeka iri kubuda ingaumba chizvarwa chinotevera chomutemo wemapurisa:

  • Kushandiswa kweMasimba neDe-isacritiation: Kutevera zvinoitika zvakakwirira nekusagadzikana kwavagari vemo, matare ari kunzvera nomutoo unowedzera kushandiswa kwamapurisa. Mamwe mativi akagamuchira “maune kupindira kupfurikidza nemitemo" uye anoda vakuru vakuru kuti vashandise unyanzvi hwokudzivisa. Dare rapamusoro ringajekesa nokukurumidza kana vakuru vakuru vachigona kurangarirwa kuva vanosungirwa kukundikana kupindira musimba rakanyanyisa reshamwari.
  • Kuzvidavirira uye Kukwanisa Kudzivirira zvirwere: zvinodzivirira vakuru vakuru vanokwanisa pakukwikwidza mhaka dzevagari vemo kutoti vakaputsa mutemo wakajeka. Mhaka dzeDare Gurusa dzinoverengeka dzakapfupikisa dzidziso iyi, uye kumwe kujekeswa kunokarirwa. Dzimwe nyika dzakabvisa kudzivirirwa kwakakodzera pasi pomutemo wehurumende, dzichitanga muenzaniso mutsva nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kwavakuru vakuru vakuru.
  • .Body-Worn Cameras na Digital Ufakazi: Kugamuchirwa kwakapararira kwemakamera omuviri kwakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva yeNyena Amendment pamusoro pokurekodha mumisha yavanhu uye maruramiro avanhu okupinda. Matare anopesana nenzira yokudzikamisa nayo kuoneka, kuva woga, uye mitemo yemifungo.
  • Utano hwematai nePolicia: Sezvo kuziva njodzi dzoutano hwendangariro kunowedzera, matare ari kuyera kana kushandiswa kwamapurisa musimba mukurwisana navanhu vamwe navamwe munhamo yendangariro kuchiputsa Pendement yeChina kana kuti vaAmerica neChiito Chourema. Mamwe matunhu akarangarira kuti vakuru vakuru vanofanira kushandisa unyanzvi chaihwo pakusangana navanhu vanorwara nendangariro.
  • Chisarudzo chakagadzwa cheEqualial Equcy neBias: urudzi hwegadziriro yokushanda kwegadziriro yokushanda kwemapurisa chinopfuurira kudenhwa mudare. Floyd[ chisarudzo chakagadza muenzaniso wokushandisa ufakazi hwemitengo kubvumikisa mapurisa ezvokudzora. Zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi zvingataura kudzorodzo dzakashata mumiedzo yemotokari mukumira, kusungwa, uye kupoka zvisarudzo.

Masangano anotarisira mutemo anofanira kuramba achishanda, achitarisira zvinoitika zvapamutemo uye kugadziridza miitiro mauto okuchinja asati achinja. Masangano mazhinji enyanzvi, akadai se Internationalwitch Association of Master of Police ne American for Emploct Law Infoundationment, anogovera pfuma nemiitiro yemiedzero kubetsera madhipatimendindi kuti arambe aripo.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pemipimo yapamutemo nemiitiro yokuchengeta mutemo hunoshanda zvikuru uye hunopa muuyo mukuru. Kubva ku Miranda nyevero dzinovamba kusungwa [[[FLT:]] Graham[[ mupimo unodzora kushandiswa kuri kwose kwesimba, zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinogovera DNA yapamutemo yegadziriro yazvino uno. Iyi mitoo inovimbisa kuti dziviriro dzemitemo dzemitemo hadzisati dziri dzechinhu bedzi asi dzine pesvedzero chaiyoiyo yenyika patsika dzomufambiro wavakuru vakuru vakuru nekodzero dzevagari vemo. Sezvo chamagariro anopfuurira panzvimbo yehurumende nekodzero dzechisarudzo. Sezvo matare anoramba aripo nokuda kwemitengoro yezvisaruso. [FF]