Hwaro Hwedare Repamusorosoro

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinogara pamucheto wetsika yokutonga, rinoronzeswa shoko rokupedzisira panhau dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo nehurumende. Hurukuro hwaro hunorondedzerwa nokungwarira nomutemo negamuchidzanwa, huchisarudza kuti igakavai ruramisiro inganzwa ndokusarudza. Uku chiremera hachina kuganhurirwa; Dare rinoshandisa simba rinosarudza pachiteshi charo, richigamuchira chikamu bedzi chezviuru zvemikumbiro chinoiswa gore rimwe nerimwe. Kunzwisisa kuti simba rinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti dare rakakwirira zvikurusa rinoumba sei mutemo nenzanga zveAmerica.

Hurumende yeDare Gurusa yakakamurwa mumapoka maviri makuru: udzori hwemavambo uye ] appellate vwukuru hwehurumende. Nemhaka zhinji dzinosvika kuDare kusvikira kune rapashure, asi Dare rinopa chiremera kunzwa nhau dzakati zvakananga. Kuwedzera, Dare rinoshandisa [[FLT:] kuhwirudzura [[FLT: 5] kupfurikidza newrit ye [[FLT:]], muitiro unobvumira Dare kusarudza kuti rirangarire padziro pazvaro.

Bumbiro reMitemo (Article III, Chikamu 2) uye mitemo yehurumende, zvikurukuru 28 U.S.C. נ 1251 et seq. Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadudzira izvi gadziriro, richigadzira muenzaniso unorodzazve miganhu yechiremera charo. Chimiro ichi chinovimbisa kuti Dare rinobata zvikurukuru nenhau dzoukoshi hukuru hwenyika, richisiya muitiro kumatare akaderera.

Kupomerwa Kwepakuvamba: Mapfundo Anotangira Pamusoro

Hudzori hwepakuvamba hunoreva Dare rapamusorosoro rinobatira sedare rokutanga uye bedzi kunzwa rudzi rwakati rwenhau. Kusafanana nehurumende, umo Dare rinohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvamadare akaderera, mhaka dzehurumende dzapakuvamba dzinopiwa zvakananga pamberi peDare rapamusorosoro. Simba rapakuvamba reDare rinoganhurirwa neBumbiro reMitemo kumapoka akati: nhau dzinotapura vamiririri, vamwe vashumiri vavanhu navakuru, uye idzo umo hurumende iri boka.

Zvisinei, Dare rakajekesa kuti simba raro rapakuvamba harina kutsaurwa muzvinoitika zvose. Nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa dzehurumende yapakuvamba, Congress yakagovera matare ehurumende nehurumende anewo simba rimwe. Chinosiiwa bedzi. (panogumira Dare Gurusa rine muganhu waro wapakuvamba bedzi) iri pakati pe nyika mbiri kana kuti kupfuura. Iyi mhaka inowanzobatanidza rwisano dzemuganhu, kodzero dzemvura, kana kuti dzimwe rwisano idzo pasina dare rimwe renyika ringagona kuwirirana zvakanaka.

Mienzaniso yenhau dzapakuvamba dzinooneka inobatanidza New Jersey v. New York (1998) pamusoro pounini hweEllis Island, uye Kansas v. Nebraska (2015] pamusoro pemvura yakagoverwa kubva kuRepublican River. Munhau dzakadaro, Dare Rapamusoro rinogadza tenzi chaiye kuunganidza ndokurumbidza zviwanwa, kuponesa Ruramisiro mumitoro yemiedzo yakazara. Dare ipapo rinohwirudzura mushumo chaiwo watenzi nenhau. Nhau dzechienzi hadziwanzovaki.[1][5] Zvikurukuru zvikuru pachikamu chimwe chete.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopawo chiremera chapakuvamba cheDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa mumhaka “Vamiriri, vamwe Vamiriri vavose naVamiririri.” Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti vamiriri vokumwe vagamuchire kusatora rutivi mudare rapamusorosoro panzvimbo pokuiswa mumatare ehurumende ane utsinye kunzvimbo dzavo dzokumusha. Chaizvoizvo, mhaka idzi hadziwanzozivikanwa zvikuru, uye apo dzinomuka, dzinowanzobatanidza kudzivirira kwoukama kana kuti kududzirwa kwebvumirano.

Kupomera Mhosva: Chivako Chebasa Redare

Basa guru reDare Gurusa nderokutonga, kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare ehurumende akaderera nematare makurusa. Chitendero charo chinofukidza “Makata ose” aripo muBumbiro remitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano, pamwe chete nokudzorwa kwedare uye nhau dzegungwa. Uku kwakafara kunobvumira Dare kuvimbisa kuva rakabatana mumutemo wehurumende uye kupedza dudziro dzinorwisana pakati pematare edunhu ezvikumbiro nematare makuru enyika.

Kune nzira mbiri huru dzehwirudzuro: apps sedzorudyi (zvino yabviswa zvikuru) uye discrectrition kupfurikidza newrit ye cerebrari . Nhau dzakati kuti, dzakafanana nedziya umo mutemo wehurumende wakarohwa pasi. [Cheveresa] yatsiva zvikuru gadziriro iyoyo nomuitiro wecheretiari, asi mapoka mashomanene anoda kuti Dare rinzwe chikumbiro kana zvichichengetwa zvakanaka. Zviidzo zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza nedare reruwa repurotenzi pamusoro pedare reRediation nekodzero dzakati.

Kukumbira kwakawanda kunosvika kupfurikidza nechikumbiro checertiorari. mubato unotsvaka kuhwirudzurwa (muchemi) unofanira kuratidzira kuti chisarudzo chedare rapasi chinomutsa nhau youkoshi hwakakwana kubvumira ngwariro yeDare. Mitemo yomukati yeDare (Murau weDare 10) inoronga zvinhu painosarudza kana ungapa ceretiorari:

  • Kukamuraniswa pakati pematare omubatanidzwa ezvikumbiro panhau yomutemo womubatanidzwa.
  • Chisarudzo chikuru chedare chinorwisana nomutemo wehurumende kana kuti muenzaniso wakabva kuDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States.
  • Chisarudzo chedare rehurumende chinosarudza mubvunzo unokosha wehurumende munzira inorwisana nezvimwe zvisarudzo zvehurumende kana kuti zvehurumende.
  • Dare rehurumende rechisarudzo chekukwirira chinorwisana nedare rehurumende rokupedzisira rinotendeukira panhau inokosha yehurumende.
  • Nhau inokosha zvikuru, kunyange pasina kukamukana.

Dare rinopa hwirudzuro muinenge 1 -2% bedzi yezvikumbiro zvinochengetwa gore negore. Kusarudzwa ikoko kunovimbisa kuti Vatongi vanonangidzira ngwariro panhau netapuro yapamutemo hurusa neyavanhu, yakadai seiyo inobatanidza maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo, kududzira kwemitemo kwehurumende, uye kuparadzana kwamasimba.

Kugadzirwa Kwemasero

Apo Dare rinoshandisa “mutemo wavana”: kana kana Vatongi vana vakasarudzwa kuti vadzokorore, mupinduri ane nguva yakatarwa yokunyora pfupi mukushora. Mukumbiri anganyora mhinduro. Kana zvinyorwa zvose zvinopiwa kuVatongi namakabharani avo. Chikumbiro chinoshandisa“ murairo wavana. Kana kana kana kana kuti vatongi vana vakasarudzwa kuti vadzokorore, mhaka yacho yakarongwa nokuda kwenharo dzinotaurwa uye kupfupikisa zvakakwana pazvakanaka. Kana vhoti isati yakwana ina, chikumbiro chinorambwa, uye chisarudzo chedare rakaderera chinomira.

Vatongi vanosangana mumusangano wavanhu voga kuti vakurukure zvikumbiro zvakamirira. Ruramisiro huru inoparadzira “nhamba yenhau” dzinorangarirwa kuva dzakafanirwa nekurukurirano; mhaka ipi neipi pandandanda iyoyo haingorambwi nenzira inongoerekana yadziviswa kutoti ruramisiro ichikumbira kuwedzera. Iyi nzira yokuongorora inobvumira Dare kudzora chiteshi charo zvakanaka. Dare rinopawo mvumo, vacate, uye remands (GVR) mhaka isina kuhwirudzura kana dare rakaderera rikarangarirazve.

Mumashoko achangobva kukurukurwa, Dare rakadzokorora nyaya dzinenge 60 kusvika ku80, kubva pa150 kana kupfuura yayakanzwa pakutanga kwema2000.

Mupimo Wochisarudzo Chedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare Rapamusorosa haringo “nzwiwo ” zvaro nyaya ipi neipi inovapo. Mipimo yaro yokusarudza yakavakirwa pafariro yavose, kudikanwa kwomutemo mumwe chete, uye basa rakafanira redare redare. Nepo muitiro womukati weDare usingatauriki, zvinhu zvinoverengeka izvo zvikumbiro zvinobudirira nguva dzose.

  • Ganhunhuro: Chikonzero chimwe chinozivikanwa zvikurusa chokupa certiorari irwisano pakati pematare maviri ehurumende ezvikumbiro panhau inokosha yomutemo. Basa reDare Gurusa nderokupedza izvi zviparadzano, kuvimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unoshandiswa nguva dzose munyika yose.
  • Mibvunzo yeChoustitution: Nhau dzinobatanidza Bhili rekodzero kana kuti dzimwe dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodokuva nguva dzose dzinorangarirwa nokungwarira. Tsananguro yeDare yeTsoro yeYokutanga, Yechipiri, Yechina, Yeshanu, Yechitanhatu, uye yegumi namana, inoumba maruramiro makuru.
  • Tsananguro yemitemo: apo matare akaderera haabvumirani parevo yomutemo womubatanidzwa, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinopinda kuti rigovere kududzira kunosunga. Mienzaniso inobatanidza mhaka pasi peChease Air Act, Afford Care Act, uye Lanham Act.
  • Dzimwe nhau dzinokwezva ngwariro huru yavanhu nemhaka yokuti dzinokurukura nhau dzakadai semasimba apurezidhendi, kodzero dzokuvhota, kana kuti chengeteko yenyika. Dare ringasarudza kunzwa nhau dzakadaro kunyange pasina dunhu rakaparadzana kuti rigovere nhungamiro ine chiremera.
  • Madanho anobatanidza kakavadzano dzehurumende: Magariro okutonga pakati pehurumende anonzwika oga kana akachengetwa zvakanaka.
  • Nhau dzeruwa dzinomutsa mibvunzo yehurumende: Dare ringahwirudzura chisarudzo chehurumende chikurusa chedare kana chikatendeukira panhau yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti yomutemo. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti matare ehurumende haasati achidudzira kana kuti kusekesa mutemo womubatanidzwa.

Dare harifariri nyaya dzinoita kuti pave nepomero dzechokwadi, zvikanganiso zvetsika zvinongoitwa nenyaya imwe chete, kana kuti nzvimbo dzine mutemo wakatojeka. Chikumbiro chisingatauri mubvunzo wepamutemo unomanikidza kana kuti chinenge chichipa chikanganiso chemutemo chenguva dzose chokwadi kuti chicharambwa.

Zvinhu Zvinoderedza Kunyanya Kuoma Kwemasero

  • Mhosho dzakananga: Dare rinowanzoramba kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvinotsamira pamaidi enhau yakati panzvimbo penheyo yakafara yapamutemo. Haribati sedare rokururamisa zvikanganiso zvizhinjisa.
  • Utsanana nokuibva: Dare rinosarudza kuhwirudzura bedzi kutonga kwokupedzisira kunobva kumatare akaderera. Kukwirira kwokutsiva hakuwanzogamuchirwa kutoti kuchipa mibvunzo inokosha zvikuru kana kuti inokosha.
  • Kumira uye kuisa mabhawa: Kana mupemhi asina kumira kana kuti mhaka yacho iri yoga, Dare sezvingabvira richaramba kuhwirudzurwa pasinei zvapo nomubvunzo wapamutemo.
  • Zvinyorwa zvisingakudzirirwi kana kuti zvisingakudziri: A nhau ine chinyorwa cheidi chakareruka kana kuti kurangarira kwedare kwakaderera kusina kujeka kukwezva kuVatongi, vanoda hwaro hwakajeka kuti vasarudze nhau huru.
  • Mibvunzo yenhau: Dare ringarega kutonga nhau dzarinorangarira kuti “zvamatongerwe enyika” muchisiko uye zviri nani kusiiwa kumapazu avakuru vakuru kana kuti emitemo, kukwidziridza dzidziso yemibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuenzanisa Kunenge Kuri Kure.

Feature Original Jurisdiction Appellate Jurisdiction
Starting point Case begins at the Supreme Court Case originates in lower courts
Types of cases State vs. state, ambassadors, consuls All cases arising under federal law
Frequency Very rare (a few per term) Overwhelming majority
Process Special master, then Court decision Petition for certiorari, briefs, oral argument
Discretion Mandatory for state disputes; otherwise concurrent Almost entirely discretionary (certiorari)

Musiyano wacho wakaoma kune dzimwe nyika. Mapoka mazhinji haasati achizotongokumbira zvakananga Dare Rapamusorosoro pasimba rapakuvamba; panzvimbo pezvo, anofanira kutanga kubvisa zvikumbiro mumatare echiduku bedzi.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Mugadziriro Yokutonga

Kutonga kweDare Rapamusorosoro kunoratidzira nzvimbo yaro yechienzi somuchengeti weBumbiro remitemo nomuturikiri mukurusa womutemo wehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokusarudza mhaka dzokunzwa, Dare rinoumba dzidziso yapamutemo, kupedza rwisano, uye kugovera nhungamiro kumatare akaderera, matare anogadza mitemo, uye vanhu. zvisarudzo zvaro pamusoro pekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, simba rehurumende, uye rusununguko rwomunhu runonzwika kupfurikidza norutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica.

Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Dare reDzidzo (1954), rakashandisa chiremera charo chokuparadza dzinza kuti rizivise muganhu wedzinza muzvikoro zvavose, kuputsa makumi amakore emuenzaniso. [[FLT:] United States v. [[FLT][FLT]] [12] [197] [710]), rakapedza kuparadzanisa kwemasimba enhau mukati menjodzi yeWatergate, rinosimbisa nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu, kunyange purezidhendi, anenge ari pamusoro pomutemo. [FLT] [FFOL:4]]. Homesbergev [FFFF] [5] [5]

Kupfuura nhau huru, Dare rinowanzodudzira mitemo yehurumende nenzira dzinotapura bhizimisi, mirau, uye maruramiro avagari vemo. zvisarudzo zvaro pamusoro pomutemo wapamutemo, kurwisana nokuvimbika, kutama, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi zvinoumba kushanda kwezuva nezuva kwematare namasangano. nokudaro chiremera cheDare chine miuyo inoshanda zvikuru, kupfuura chiverengero chiduku chenhau dzarinogamuchira gore rimwe nerimwe.

Miganhu Yedare Gurusa Inopomerwa

Kuganhurirwa kunoverengeka kunoganhurira nhau idzo Dare rinogona kunzwa:

  • Zvisakiso zvakaringana uye zvakazvimirira zvehurumende: Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa harisati richizohwirudzura chisarudzo chedare rehurumende kana richitsamira pahwaro hunozvimirira hwehurumende, kunyange kana nhau yacho ichibatanidzawo mubvunzo womubatanidzwa.
  • Kudzokororwa: Dare rinodzinga mhaka idzo dzisingachapariri gakava ripenyu, kutoti dzichiwira mukati mechienzi (mutoo., dzichikwanisa kudzokorora dzichiva dzinodzivisa kuhwirudzura).
  • Kumira: Mupambi anofanira kuratidza kongiri, yakagadzirwa, uye kuvadziko chaiyoiyo inorondwa kumukwiridziri uye inorevererwa neDare. Pasina kumira, Dare harina simba.
  • Zvikamu zvinotsiva: Congress inogona kuganhurira chiremera cheDare Rapamusorosa, sezvarakaita nokuda kwamarudzi akati enhau (musamusa, betsero dzenguva refu dzinotaura muChirevoicial Reconficial Review Act). Constitution inopa chiremera kuMasangano kuita “mabumbiro nemirauro” kumutemo weDare.
  • Mibvunzo yenhau: Dare harisati richizosarudza nhau dzinopinzwa murugwaro kune rimwe bazi kana kuti idzo dzisina mipimo inodzorwa nemitemo inodzorwa yakadai sedenho kumiitiro yokudzidza yeDare.

Iyi ganhuriro inovimbisa kuti Dare rirambe riri mukati mebasa raro rakafanira, richidzivisa kupinganidzwa mugakava rezvamatongerwe enyika chose chose uye kuremekedza mativi akaparadzana echiremera chehurumende nechehurumende.

Nzwisiso Inoshanda Nokuda Kwezvinonyengedzwa

Nokuda kwamagweta nemitezo vari kurangarira hwirudzuro yeDare Rapamusoro, kunzwisisa miganhu yehurumende iri nhano yokutanga. Chikumbiro checertiorari chinofanira kutsanangura chikonzero nei mhaka yacho ichisvitsa mipimo yeDare, ziva rwisano mumatare akaderera, uye kujekesa ukoshi hukuru hwomubvunzo wapamutemo. Mikana yebudiriro iduku, asi tuso dzacho ihuru.

Zvikamu zvinofanirawo kurangarira nguva: chikumbiro checertiorari chinofanira kuchengetwa mukati mamazuva 90 orutongeso rwokupedzisira rwedare rakaderera (kana kuti mukati mamazuva 60 apo United States iri mubato mumhaka yavagari vemo). Kuwedzera kunowanika asi kunoodzwa mwoyo. Chikumbiro chacho chinofanira kuva chakapfava chisati chakwana, chichidudza chiremera chakafanira uye chinosimbisa chikonzero nei mhaka yacho ichifanirwa nengwariro yeRuramisiro.

Kufamba kwokurega kukwirira kunotanga nyaya yacho, uye Dare rinogona kugadza mutungamiriri chaiye.

Kubatana Kwakabva Kune Vamwe Kuti Tizoverengazve

mhedziso

Kudzora kweDare Gurusa ndiro simba raro, rakadzikama nokungwarira pakati pehwirudzuro yokutanga neyapakarepo. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro wecertiorari, Dare rinoshandisa simba rinosarudza kupedza rwisano dzapamutemo dzinomanikidzira zvikurusa, kuvimbisa kuva nohumwe mumutemo wehurumende uye kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa kuti imhosva ipi inotongwa neDare guru rinobata sei — uye kuti vanowana sei ikoko. Dare rinoramba riri mugadziri wokupedzisira weruramisiro, richidudzira Bumbiro remitemo uye kuumba mamiriro ezvinhu enyika panguva imwe chete.