Zvinodikanwa Zvinopfuurira Zvokunzvera Mukati Nezvisaririra Zvinoputsikira

Kuongorora kushambadza nokusachengetedzwa kunoda dzikamo chaiyo pakati pokushandiswa kwemitemo inobudirira nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Vamiriri vanobatira somutoo wapamutemo unobvumira vaongorori kunzvera ndokutora ufakazi apo vanochengeta vanhu vamwe navamwe ’ Wechina Amendment. Kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa zvevimbiko muna ikoku kunokosha nokuda kwanyanzvi dzemitemo, vakuru vakuru vakuru vapamutemo, uye masangano ezvemari anofambira mberi nzvimbo yakaoma yemitemo yechengeteko.

Nyaya ino inoongorora zvine simba mitemo, matanho emitemo, uye kuongorora kunoshanda kwakapoteredza kutsigira kuongorora kwokusachengetedzwa kwezvikonzero zvokunyengera.Tichaongorora pfungwa yehwaro hwezvingangovapo, zvinetso zvakasiyana zvinopiwa nouchapupu hwemakombiyuta, mabasa eSeciture and Exchange Commission (SEC) uye Dare reRuramisiro (DOJ), uye mutemo wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi unoratidza kuti zvinhu zviri kushanda nhasi.

Mavambo Echiremera Chinokunda Munzvero Dzenzvimbo Dzapasi

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina Nechinodikanwa Chinobhadhara

Gadziriro yechina kuUnited States Constitution inodzivirira vanhu pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nehosha. Mumashoko akapoteredza efekicha dzokusachengeteka, ikoku kunoreva kuti masangano anotarisira mutemo anofanira kuwana rubvumidzo runowanzova rutsvakwa pamberi pokunzvera nzvimbo, kubata magwaro, kana kuti kupinza marudzi akati emashoko emagetsi. Chinodikanwa chinoshanda kwete bedzi kumisha nehofisi asiwo kumashoko emifananidzo akachengetwa nemativi matatu, sezvinojekeswa neDare Rapamusorosoro mu Riley v. California (2014 na[FT]] Centerbate v.[FLT]] United States]]

Nheyo huru ndeyokuti kodzero inofanira kuva yakavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira, iva zvikurukuru murondedzero yayo yenzvimbo inofanira kutsvakwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa, uye kupiwa namejasitiriti asina kutora rutivi.

Mupimo Wakakodzera Unoparira

Chisakiso chinonzwisisika chiteshi chapamutemo chinofanira kusvitswa rugwaro rusati rwagona kubudiswa. Chiripo apo hwerengedzo yemigariro inozivikanwa nomunzveri ingatungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti ufakazi hwoutsotsi huripo panzvimbo inoda kusechwa. Mumienzaniso, chisakiso chinobvira chinotangwa nomutoo wakarongwa kupfurikidza nomubatanidzwa wa:

  • Mashoko anochinja [ – mitoo inokarakadza kushambadzira pamashoko, mashoko asiri evoruzhinji.
  • Kutaura kweZvapupu kana kuti zvitsama zvemifungo – nhauro dzinovimbika dzinobatanidza munhu nomufambiro usiri wapamutemo.
  • [[[FMT:0] Ufakazi hwekunyoresa [ – maemail, marekodhi efoni, kana kuti mashoko eapp anoratidzira tsinhirano kana kuti zivo.
  • Marekodhi ezvemari [#x2013]; kutaura kwebhangi, maakaundi, kana kuti kufambiswa kwewaya kunoratidza mhindu yechienzi kana kuti nguva.
  • Tsarudzo yemapinduro – chipupuriro chinobva kuvaongorori vezvemari kana kuti vaongorori vezvemari pamusoro pebviro yokushambadzira mukati.

Mupimo hausi uchokwadi, asi bviro yakanaka. Seizvo Dare Rapamusoro racherekedza mu Illinois v. Masuo [ [19983], sezvinobvira inhau yakapfava, inoshanda inotsamira parangariro dzechokwadi ne dzinoshanda dzoupenyu hwezuva riri rose apo varume vanonzwisisa uye vakachenjera vanoita chiito.

Gadziriro Yokushandisa Inokurudzira

Kudzokorora Nhano Nhanhatu

Kuwana gwaro rokuputswa kwekuchengeteka kwemhosva kunowanzotevera muitiro wakarongeka unosanganisira kushandira pamwe kwemasangano anoongorora uye kweDhipatimendi Rokutonga reUnited States.

  1. [[FOLT:0] Kutanga kupinza #x2013; SEC kana kuti rimwe dare rokudzosera rinozivisa mubato unonyumwira kupfurikidza nokunzvera musika, zvikarakadzo, kana kuti mahestary.
  2. Kuunganidza kwokungwarira – Vaendicator vanounganidza ufakazi hwokutanga kutsigira chisakiso chinobvira, vachishandisa zvisaririra, bvunzurudzo dzokupupurira, uye zvinyorwa zvavose.
  3. Gadziriro yemapikicha [#x2013]; Mushandisi wemitemo, kazhinji kazhinji neFBI kana kuti SEC& 12019; Division of Enictivement, madhirowandiro ane udzame kurondedzera zvose zviri zviviri utsotsi noufakazi zvinotsvakwa.
  4. hwirudzuro yeJudicial[ – Affidavit uye inokarakadzwa inopiwa kumutongi wehurumende kana kuti mutongi woruwa nokuda kwetendero.
  5. [[FLT: 0] inhau dzinopasa[ – Kana mutongi akawana chisakiso chinobvira, vanosaina rugwaro, vachibvumira kunzvera nokubvuta zvinhu zvakadudzwa.
  6. Kushanda kwe – Kushanda kwemitemo kunoita kunzvera, zvikurukuru nomuitiro wokugogodza neanning kutoti pasina mvumo yeknock inoruramiswa.

Zvinodikanwa Zvinokosha Mubasa

Affidavit ndiwo musimboti wekushandisa mashoko. Inofanira kuva nemashoko echokwadi akakwana kubvumira mejasitiriti kuita chinhu chinobvira chinoparira chisarudzo chakazvimirira. Vaongorori mukunzvera kwokusachengeteka vanowanzobatanidza:

  • Rondedzero yokuputswa kunofungidzirwa (muchib., mukati kutengesa pasi pe 15 U.S.C. § § 78j(b) uye Murairo 10b-5.
  • Musiyano wezvinoitika zvinotungamirira kukupomerwa kunonzi mhaka.
  • Uchapupu hunoratidza kuti munhu wacho aipomerwa mhosva yacho, zvakadai semarekodhi efoni aizviisa pedyo nemisangano inokosha.
  • Mashoko pamusoro penzvimbo yokusechwa, kubatanidza zvibvumikiso zvipi nezvipi zvinodikanwa zvokuwana makombiyuta.
  • Ndaza yezvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa, iyo inofanira kunyanyorongwa kudzivisa magwaro makuru.

Mapepa anotsamira pamashoko anobva kuvazivisi vakavanzika anofanirawo kutanga anozivisa kuvimbika nehwaro hwezivo yavo, inowirirana ne . . . hwerengedzo yehwerengedzo yemiedzo.

Kunyanya Kukoshesa Uchapupu Hwokugadzira Mari

Zvinobatsira Kukurukurirana Nemakombiyuta

Kuputsa zvinhu kunobatanidza nenzira inowedzera ufakazi hwemipimo: maemail, mashoko ekurumidziro, nzvimbo dzemasangano enhau dzenzanga, kusimbisa, uye zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi. Dare rezvisaririra mu Riley v. California[FLT]]] yaidavira kuti kunzvera serura chiitiko kuti chibate kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kacho kunoda pamutemo, kuziva zvakavanzika zvikuru mumashoko ezvo. Nenzira yakafanana, mu [[FLT:] Carplanterver v. United States, Dare rairangarira kuti hurumende inoda chiremera chokuwana nzvimbo yenhau, inogona kuva inonanwa zvikuru mumabasa ezvokutengeserana panzvimbo inoitirwa zvinhu.

Muzvinoitika zvokutengesa zvapakati, magwaro anowanzobvumira kubvutwa kwa:

  • Makombiyuta nevashandi vanoshandiswa kutengesa kana kuti kukurukura nezvemashoko asiri evoruzhinji.
  • Mafoni nematablet.
  • Maakaundi okuchengeta makore nevashandisi vetsamba.
  • Kushandisa kutumira mashoko kwakanyorwa kwakanyorwa (muchib., Signal, WhatsApp) kana vamiririri vachigona kuratidzira kuti muridzi wemuchina ndiye anoongororwa uye pane chisakiso chingabvira chokuti ufakazi huripo.

Kubata Tsamba Dzakachekwa

Kunyora pabonde kunopa denho huru. Apo chibvumikiso chinobvumira kunzvera chishandiso chakavakwa nomuromo, vaongorori vangada kumanikidza vanonyumwira kupa shoko rekunama kana kuti ruzivo rwemiitiro. Gadziriro yepamutemo yeizvi inoramba isingadzorwi. Mu United States v. Apple Mac[FLT][20] [2020], Dare reChikamu Chechipiri rakaomerera kuti Writs Act harigoni kumanikidza Appel kuti ive purogiramu yokudzivisa kunyora mashoko epabotseri, asi vamwe vanhu vanogona kurairwa kubudisa madhiragiro pasi peFind Confendersion zviito zvedzidziso, zvakagoverwa nehurumende zvinogona kuratidza kuti kuisa chirevo kana kuti kupfuudza hakuna kunyurwa mundangariro kunofungidzirwa (1920; iknonge), isati ichiri kunzi inosungirwa kunzi inopesana. Chiteshinetso chaichi. Chikaro chako, hachiri mutongo chako. Chiri muFirstmiannerner.

Kubatanidza Kurukurirano Dzakachengetwa NeECPA

Mitemo yaFederal yakadai seVerved Communications Act (SCA) neECPA inodzorawo kusvika kwehurumende kukurukurirano dzemagetsi. Iyi mitemo inosiyanisa pakati pezviri mukati nemashoko asina kuzara. Somuenzaniso, kuwana zvirimo zvemaemail akachengetwa (asati ari mazuva 180 ane makore) inowanzoda pamutemo, nepo mameta okubatanidza asina kubatanidzwa kufanana nemisoro yeemail angawanwa kupfurikidza nesubpoena. Vateshi vadzori vanofanira kuwirirana nezvose zviri zviviri Chitsigishoro chechina uye aya maSayero akarongwa kuti vasimbise ufakazi hunogona kuwanikwa.

Marudzi Avatami Akashandiswa Munyaya Dzakaipa

Mutsvaki Wemagamuchidzanwa

Runonyanya kuzivikanwa itsamba yokutsvaka, inobvumira kunzvera nzvimbo chaiyo kana kuti yemakombiyuta. Inoshandiswa kutora magwaro, makombiyuta, zvinyorwa zvemari, uye humwe ufakazi hunooneka.

Kurega Kurwa

Somuenzaniso, vaongorori vangawana mvumo yokutora zvikamu, zvinhu, kana kuti maakaundi okushambadzira anofungidzirwa kuva mari yokutengesa zvisiri pamutemo. Pasi pe18 U.S.C., § 981 ne 28 U.S.C. § 2461 (c), hurumende inogona kutsvaka maruramiro okuisa zvinhu zvinoramba zviri mumugariro wapakati.

Basa Rokusungwa

Kusungwa kwomunhu wacho pamhosva yokutengesa mudare kunowanzoita kuti vanhu vafunge kuti hapana chakaipa uye kunogona kuita kuti munhu arege kupiwa uchapupu kana rugwaro rwacho rwakanga rwakanganisa.

Chikonzero Chinowirirana Nokutarisirwa Kwokutonga

Basa Renyanzvi

Kutarisira dare redare hachisi chitambi cherabha. Magistrate anohwirudzura nokungwarira kukumbira kunyoresa kugonana nemupimo unobvira uye kunoiswa. Vangakumbira mashoko okuwedzera, kukumbira kugadziridza nokuda kwoudzame hwenhau hunotapurika, kana kuti kuramba mafomu ose. Kurovedza, SEC neDOJ kazhinji kazhinji vanopa zvikumbiro zvekunyoresa kumonisa pamberi pokuvhozhokera kwakarongwa, zvakadai sokushambadza kwakarongwa nevezvo mubato webhizimisi kwakaitirwa neFBI mukumutsa njodzi yemari ya2008.

Nhamburiko Dzakaoma: Kuedza Kudzvinyirirwa

Vadziviriri vanowanzodenha maruramiro pazvikonzero kuti apesvedzeri pasina chisakiso chinobvira, kubatanidza kutaura kwenhema (pakati Franks v. Delaware), kana kuti vakanyanyova vanopfuura murondedzero yavo yezvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Kudzorwa kwokubudirira kunogona kukuvadza zvakakomba kutyora, sezvo ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweGaramende reChina kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hahuna kutsatiri. Somuenzaniso, mu United States v. Castro[FLT:] (20), dare rakadzvinyirira ufakazi hunowana pamutemo hunowanwa muchapupu hwemashoko anotsamira pamashoko akashata pamusoro pemibato yokushambadza mukati.

Kuenzanisa Nevatungamiriri Vaduku

Mishonga Yapasi Pevhu Nemiganhu Yayo

SeC inoshandisa nguva dzose zviputu zvehurumende sechishandiso chihombe chinonzvera. Kusafanana nezviratidzo, vanamuduku havadi tendero yapamberi pedare uye vanogona kusunda kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa kana kuti ufakazi. Zvisinei, vanamuduku vane miganhu inokosha:

  • Havagoni kubvumira kunzvera kana kuti kubvuta nzvimbo kana kuti zvinhu; vanongoda zvavo mashoko.
  • Zvinongobvumirwa kutevedzerwa nemutemo wedare chete; kana munhu akaramba kuteerera, SEC inofanira kuenda kudare rehurumende kunomanikidza kuzviisa pasi.
  • Hazvikuchidziri mwero mumwe chetewo weFramendment yeChina sekodzero yokutsvaka.

Vanzveri vanova vari madikanwa apo vanodikanirwa kuunganidza ufakazi pasina nhau inonzi ’ zivo kana kuti batira pamwe, kana kuti apo kune ngozi yoruparadziko kana kuti kuvanda. Mumiitiro yokushambadzira yakakwirira, kuvhozhokera kunobatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji ndiwo mugumo wokunzvera kurefu kuchishandisa zviputu nokunzvera.

Mitemo Yenhau Yazvino Uno Nemiitiro

Kutsigira Kudzidza Kwechitatu

Supreme Court’ chisarudzo mu Carplember v. United States (208) yakagadziridza kariro pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvezvinodikanwa zvemipimo nokuda kwemibatanidzwa yechitatu. Dare raidavira kuti kupinza zvinyorwa zvenzvimbo yenhau yesero-statu kunoda pamutemo, kuramba hurumende kurukurirano yokuti dzidziso yechitatu yezvikamu zvinoshanda. Iyi chisarudzo chine revo yebvunzo dzinotsamira pamitengo inotsamira pamitengidzo yenzvimbo inoisa pedyo namadhesikirwo enzvimbo dzokushamba kana kuti mahofisi ebhizimisi panguva huru. matare eFrefurevhil akatambanuro kumamwe marudzi emifungo, sezvinyorwa zvemari zvakachengetwa namabhangi.

Kuda Kuverenga Maakaundi

Mu United States v. Microsoft Corp. (2016) (#x201C; Ireland email nhau ”), Nhengo Yechipiri yaidavira kuti murairo wakabudiswa pasi peVerd Communings Act hauzati ushandisi mutemo wemanyuko akachengetwa kunzvimbo dziri mhiri kwamazasi. Zvirongwa zvakajeka zvakajeka ne CLOUD Act , uko kunobvumira U.S. kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwana pamutemo nokuda kwezvinenge zvakachengetwa kusiri kwapamhiko.S. zvinogoverwa, zvinoteverwa. Ikoku zvinoteverwa mumitevedzero mukati menziro kupfurikidza nedzimwe nzira.

Vane Simba Nenzwisiso

Sezvo kunyengera kwokusangwarira kunova chinhu chikuru pakunyengera kuchengetedzwa, mabhii ari kugadziriswa kuti ataure nezvezvinhu zvinodzivirira zvinonzi blanchain alytics. Vaongorori vanowanzowana magwaro okutora makiyi emunhu oga, vanomanikidza kuchinjana kuti vabudise zvinyorwa zvemari, kana kuti zvikwama zvemichina. Sistemmendement ’ mwero unoshanda pakutsvaka zvinhu zvemagetsi, uye matare achiri kutanga mitemo padikanwi yemakero ezvokushandisa mabhanki.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nokuda Kwenyanzvi Dzepamutemo Nedzesangano

Nokuda Kwavadhindi Nemasangano Ezvemari

Makambani anogona kuderedza ngozi yokuva vanyajambwa vokunzverwa kwakavakirwa papamutemo kupfurikidza nokushandisa gadziriro dzakasimba dzokuteerera. Miitiro yakanakisisa inobatanidza:

  • Kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvakarurama uye zvinosvikika zvomubato wokutengesa nekurukurirano.
  • Kurovedza vashandi pamitemo yemo yokushambadza uye kukosha kwokusagoverana mashoko asiri ehurumende.
  • Kuongorora zvinhu zvepanhambo nenhambo kuti uone matengesi asingawanzoitiki.
  • Kubatira pamwe nokunzvera kwehurumende apo gwaro rinopiwa, nepo kuchichengeta maruramiro okudenha zvikumbiro zvomunyika dzakawanda.

Nokuda Kwezano Rokuzvidzivirira

Pavanomiririra mutengi anenge achitarisana nokuongorora zvinhu zvisina kuchengeteka, magweta anofanira kutevera:

  • Kurumidza kudzokorora tsamba yacho uye shopu yokukumbira kukanganisa kupi nokupi.
  • Rangarira kuronga kufamba kuti kudzvinyirire kana chibvumikiso chakanga chisina chisakiso chinobvira kana kuti chakanga chiri chakakwirira zvikurusa.
  • Vatengi vanogadzira kodzero dzavo kuti vanyore mashoko uye kuti vabudise uchapupu hwemagetsi.
  • Gadzirisana navachuchisi nokuda kwokudzoka kwokupamba nzvimbo uko kwakafanira.

Basa ReSEC Nerokuita Muitiro Wokusazvidzora

SEC, sesangano ravagari vemo, hariiti magwaro okutsvaka zvakananga. Apo pomero dzeutsotsi dzinorangarirwa, SEC inonongedzera mhaka kuDOJ, iyo ipapo inoshanda neFBI uye mamwe masangano anotarisira mutemo kuti awane ndokuita zvibvumikiso. SEC basa rinobatanidza kugovera unyanzvi, ufakazi, uye pane dzimwe nguva batira pamwe yebasa. SEC&x2019; Division of Enforcement kazhinji kazhinji kacho inobetsera mukuronga nokugovera dzidzo yemari uye mukati bhizimisi.

mhedziso

Zvishandiso zvinokosha mukunzvera kuputswa kwemitengo yenzeve nokuchengetedzwa, asi zvinouya nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvakasimba zvinodzivirira kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye zvinovimbisa ufakazi hazvibviri. Kubva pakuratidzira chisakiso chinobvira chokufambisa zvinhu zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvoufakazi hwemichina, muitiro wacho unoda kugadzirira kwokungwarira nokunamatira kumipimo yebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinodikanwa zvinokosha nokuda kwavaongorori, varovereri vemhosva, magweta, uye nyanzvi dzinoteerera zvakafanana.

Zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro reNyika Dzose nemirau yehurumende zvakatowedzera chinodikanwa chinodiwa munzvimbo itsva dzakadai semazita enzvimbo uye nzvimbo yokuchengetera zvinhu. Kuramba uchiziva nezvezviitiko izvi kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukuchengetedzwa kwomutemo kana kuti kuteererwa.

Nokudzikamisa kuchengetwa kwemitemo kuine simba nokutarisira matare kwakasimba, kurongwa kwepamutemo kwezvibvumidzo kunobatsira kuva nechokwadi chokuti kurwisana nepakati pokutengesa kunoramba kuripo kune utsinye uye kuchiita kuti mutemo ushande zvakanaka.