United States Nechibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu: Kushandira Pamwe Nokuda Kworugare

Good Friver Augnes, yakasainwa pana 10 April 1998, inomira seimwe yebvumirano dzorugare runokosha zvikurusa dzezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Yakaguma makore makumi matatu emasimba masimba esekete muNorthern Ireland(a nhambo yakanzi "Matambudziko") yakauraya upenyu hunopfuura 3 500 uye yakasiya nhaka yemapoka makuru omunzanga. Nepo chibvumirano chacho pakupedzisira chakanga chiri chibvumirano chebasa risingadzoreki nehurumende dzeBritain neIrish nemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika eNorthern Ireland, United States yakaita basa rinotsaura uye rakakurumbira kazhinji kazhinji mukugadzira migariro yokubudirira. Kukurukurirana kwezve zvoupfumi hweAmerica, tsigiro, uye kubatanidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakakwirira kwakagovera simba uye chivimbo chakafanira kushandura tsvindiro inopfutira mberi kupinda mumugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa ukuru hwokubatanidzwa kweUnited States kunoda kutarira kupfuura tafura yokupedzisira yokukurukura muBelfast. Washington yakapa mipiro yakawanda, yakadzora pesvedzero yeIrish-American diaspora, uye yakagoverwa midziyo yakabva kukurukurirano dzakanyarara dzeshure kusvikira kukuva mumiriri akananga. Nyaya inonzvera mashoko enhau, miitiro mikuru yeAmerica yokusawirirana, uye chibereko chinogara muU.S. mugadziriro yorugare yeNorthern Ireland.

Nhoroondo: Kukakavadzana Uye Kukakundikana Kwemakore Ane Chiuru

Kuti munhu anzwisise basa reAmerica, anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa kusatsarukana kwerwisano yacho. Zvinetso zvakaputika mukupera kwama 1960, kubudisa mauto eRepublican Ireland (zvikurukuru chiBoka reIrganizational Irish Republican Army, kana kuti IRA) mukurwisana nemauto echiuto akavimbika uye mauto eBritain. Nhau huru dzakanga dziri dzebumbiro remitemo: varwi venyika yose (vanowanzova vaKaturike) vakatsvaka Ireland yakabatana, nepo vabatanidzwa (vanowanzova vaPurotesitendi) vakaomerera pakuramba vari rutivi rweUnited Kingdom. Masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika akava chinhu chaichoiwo chezuva nezuva, nokubhomba, kuuraya, uye kurwisana mumigwagwa.

Kuedza kwakapfuura panzvimbo yaigarwa nezvamatongerwe enyika kwakanga kwakundikana. Sungindal Agreement ya1973 yakakundikana pashure pokurova kwakavimbika. Chibvumirano cheAnglo-Irish cha 1985 chakavandudzwa batira pamwe yemichinjikwa asi hachina kugumisa masimba masimba. Pakuzosvika pakuvamba kwama1990, rwisano yakanga yasvika pakusashanda kwehondo. Zvose mauto echiRepublicandial nevezvokuvimbika vakaziva kuti vaisagona kuita zvinangwa zvavo nesimba roga, uye hurumende dzeBritain neIrish dzakaziva kuti nzira yechengeteko yakananga yakavanzika yakanga isingabviri. Mikoto yakavanzika yakavamba kuzarura, asi chivimbo chakanga chisiripo chose chose. Masangano aidikanwa okunze echiuto avarwirizimu akakwanisa kugona kugovera nzvimbo yavo neUnited States nenzira yechienzi.

Kuchinja Mumutemo weAmerica

Nokuda kweMiedzo mizhinji, hurumende yeU.S. yakanga yachengeta chimiro chemaoko chisingadzorwi zvikuru, ichinongedzera kunhungamiro yehurumende yeBritain. Gadhi reIrish-American, zvisinei, rakanga richidanidzira zvikuru, uye vanhu vakuru muCongress (kubatanidza Senator Edward Kennedy, Sweer Title O’Neill, uye Gavhuna Hugh Carey/putendi yebasa guru reAmerica. Irongedzei muchisarudzo cha 1993 naPrezidhendi Bill Clinton kubvumira vhisa Gerrys, mutungamiriri weSin Féin, bapiro rezvamatongerwe enyika reIRA. Hurumende yeBritain yaishora zvakasimba. Hurumende yeBritain yakanyevera kuti yaizodzivisa masimba masimba masimba masimba achakabatanidzwa mumasimba masimba. Asi Clinlin namaakarangana vanoona mukana wokushandisa mubato wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yesero.

Chisarudzo chevhiza chakaratidzira kuti Washington akanga achidisa kuita ngozi nokuda kworugare. Yakaratidzirawo nzwisiso yakajeka yokuti kukurukurirana, kwete kuzviparadzanisa, kwakanga kuri nzira yokugumisa nayo masimba masimba. Uku kubudirira kwakazarura suo rekurukurirano dzapachivande pakati peU.S., vatungamiriri vehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzeBritain neIreland, kuchigadzirira nzvimbo nokuda kwokurega kupisa kwakatevera.

Zvishandiso Zvinokosha Zvekutarisana NeUnited States

VaAmerica vaibatanidzwa murugare vakanga vari vagari vemo vakawanda. Yakanga isingori nhau yoga yoga yeshoko rimwe chete kana kuti kutaura kumwe chete.

Kutungamirira Kwevane Masimba Omuviri: Musangano weMitchell

Mupiro wakananga zvikurusa weAmerica wakauya muchimiro cheSenator George Mitchell, aichimbova Dare guru reMajority Mutungamiriri anobva kuMaine. Muna 1995, Purezidhendi Clinton akagadza Mitchell seMutengi chaiye weU.S. basa raMitchell rakanga rinotyisa: akakumbirwa kugara pachigaro mumiriri wenyika yose pakubviswa kwezvombo zvehondo, mubatanidzwa wehurumende yeBritain nokuda kweSin Féin muhurukuro dzose.

Mitchell akabvumikisa kuva anokosha. Akanga achishivirira, airangarira zvakanaka, uye asingaregi mukuronda kwake kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Akanzwisisa kuti kubvisa basa kwaisagona kupedzwa mukuparadzaniswa; kwaifanira kuva rutivi rwenzvimbo huru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Basa rake rakabudisa chinyorwa Mitchell Principles, uko mapoka ose aifanira kutora: vaibatanidza kuzvipira kwakakwana uye kwakakwana kumitoo yerugare chaidzosero, kushandiswa kwemitoo yedemocracy, uye kubvumirana kumisa. Idzi nheyo dzakava chiteshi chetsikano cherugare. Ivo vakabvumira Sin Féin kupinda mukurukurirano dzokutanga pasina kutera zvombo zvavo, nepokakaka chisungo chokuti maRiphablikin akanga ari akakomba pamusoro porugare.

Mitchell gare gare akadzokera kuchigaro kurukurirano chaidzoidzo dzezvikamu zvizhinji idzo dzakaparira Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu. Chigaro chake chasachigaro chounyanzvi(chinoronga zvinodikanwa zvamapoka masere akasiyana ezvematongerwe enyika, pamwe chete nehurumende dzeBritain neIreland (*) dzakamuita kuti avimbwe namativi ose. vaHistoria vairumbidza shiviriro yaMitchell neperero sezvinokosha kumubato wokupedzisira .

Kuderera Kwezvemari: Mari yeNyika Dzose yeIreland

Nepo kukurukurirana kwaitsoropodza, United States yakatsigirawo mashoko ayo nemari. Muna 1986, U.S. yakabetsera kutanga International Fund yeIreland [, motokari yokufambisa America, Canada, uye migove yeEurope yokuyambuka zvirongwa zvemari yemubatanidzwa wezvemari muNorthern Ireland uye nhamba dzemiganhu yeRepublic. Chipo chakagoverwa nokuda kwezvipo zvebasa, mibato, uye zvirongwa zvokuyananisa. Yakapa ufakazi hunooneka kuti rugare rwaizounza mibayiro yemari (yamumarutso) inodzo inodzorwa munzanga dzinoparadzwa nokushairwa nokushaikwa kwemabasa uye kushaidzwa kwemari.

Kupfurikidza nokuisa mari munzvimbo dzakagoveranwa nomukana wemari, mari yacho yakabetsera kuputsa mhinganidzo dzezvemari idzo dzakasimbisa kupesana kwemapoka. Yakatumirawo chiratidzo chakajeka kumauto: nzanga yamarudzi ose yakanga yagadzirira kuisa mari munguva yemberi ine rugare.

Kubatanidzwa KwaPurezidhendi Nokutungamirira Vanhu

Musengwa womunhu oga waPurezidhendi Clinton kurugare muNorthern Ireland wakanga usingazununguki mumashoko ake ose maviri. Iye akashanyira Belfast muna 1995, akamira mumvura kuti asumbe maoko neboka raibatanidza vose vari vaviri vamati enyika navabatanidzwa. Kutaura kwake pamberi pehoro yeguta kwakasimbisa kuti United States yakanga isina purogiramu yezvamatongerwe enyika muNorthern Ireland (*) bedzi chishuvo chokuona mugumo werwisano. Kushanya ikoko kwakasimbisa muitiro worugare ndokupa chivimbo chine mwero kumativi ose chokupfuurira.

Mumazuva okupedzisira pamberi pokusvika Chibvumirano chaGood Chishanu Chibvumirano chaMakurusa chinoshumwa kuti chakaitwa, Clinton akaita nhare dzakawanda kuvatungamiriri vebato guru, achivakurudzira kusabva patafura inobvunzurudzwa. Akapa vimbiso dzomunhu oga kuti U.S. yaizoramba yakavimbisa pashure pechibvumirano. Iyi ngwariro yakakwirira yakaitwa pachena kuti kundikano yaizocherekedzwa, uye budiriro yaizochengetwa, pachikuva chenyika yose. Dare reHurumende rakasimbisa kuti kuvimbisa kuva purezidhendi kwaizova manyuko anokosha edzvinyiriro nekurudziro .

Chibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu: Chachakaita

Chibvumirano chacho chaichiumba basa guru reuinjiniya hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Yakatanga hurumende inoderedza simba muNorthern Ireland, Gungano reNorthern Ireland, iro raida kutsigira kwapamhene pekusarudza zvinokosha. Yakagadzira masangano matsva kuti abatirane pakati peNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland (Northern-Southern Minister Council) uye pakati pezvitsuwa zvose zveBritain neIreland (British-Irish Council). Republic yeIreland yakagadziridza mutemo wayo kuti ideredze nyika yayo pamusoro peNorthern Ireland, uye hurumende yeBritain yakasimbisa kuti Northern Ireland icharamba iri rutivi rweUnited Kingdom kunze kwokunge kuri kuvhotera mutemo.

Chibvumirano chacho chaitaurawo nezvekodzero dzevanhu, kuchinja mapurisa, uye kusunungurwa kwevasungwa vemauto kwakatanga kudiwa kuti vabvumirane pane zvisina kufanira.

Kubatanidzwa Kunopfuurira kweU.S. Pashure pa1998

Masangano aakaita kuti pave nerugare akaoma, uye magakava akawanda aisanganisira kubviswa kwezvombo, kubviswa kwemagungano kakawanda, uye kusawirirana kwemasekete kwakaramba kuchiitika.

Kuvhiringwa Kwokupera

Purezidhendi George W. Bush akapfuurira kutsigira muitiro wacho, kunyange zvazvo nesimbiso shoma yomunhu oga kupfuura Clinton. Utungamiriri hwake hwakagadza Mumiririri Richard Haass senhume chaiyo, uyo akabatsira kubudisa basa pamusoro pechinjo yamapurisa muna 1999 uye gare gare akashanda kupedza gakava rasara pamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Muna 2010, Purezidhendi Barack Obama naVice Purezidhendi Joe Biden vakashanyira Northern Ireland, uye U.S. akapfuurira kugovera betsero yemari kupfurikidza neInter Fund yeIreland. Chitsamisi yokuisa mari mugadziriro dzebvumirano, zvakadai sebasa renhaka re [FLT:][FLD]], zvakabetsera kuchengeta rugare.

Kuoma KweBreexit

Chibvumirano chacho chainyanya kuvimba nemuganhu weNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland, vose vari vaviri, nhengo dzeEU.Brexit yakatyisidzira kudzorera muganhu wakaoma, zvichiita kuti kushandira pamwe kwemasangano okuyananisa panzvimbo yerugare kuve nedambudziko idzva.

Zvekare, United States yakaita basa. , zvikurukuru Friends of Ireland caucus, yakakurudzira yakurudzirazve vatungamiriri veBritain neEU kudzivirira gadziriro yorugare. Purezidhendi Biden, uyo akataura kazhinji kazhinji pamusoro penhaka yake yeIreland uye chitendero chake muGovern Act yeGood Friver, akajekesa kuti bhizimisi ripi neripi pakati peU.S. neU.K raitsamira pakuchengetwa kwebvumirano. Council on Foreigntions akacherekedza kuti dzvinyiriro yeU.S. yakanga iri chisakiso mukugadziridza gadziriro dzepapo dzepashure dzeIreland dzeNorthern Ireland[FLT]

Zvidzidzo Zvezvirwere Zvemarudzi Akawanda

Basa reUnited States muGood Frinth Agreement rinopa zvidzidzo zvisingaperi nokuda kwokupedza rwisano. Chokutanga, kunoratidza kuti vatambi vokunze vanogona kubudirira apo vanorangarirwa savatambi vakatendeseka vasina zvinangwa zvakavanzika. United States yakanga isina vavariro dzenyika muNorthern Ireland uye yakanga isina chishuvo chokuisa muuyo wakati webumbiro remitemo. Uku kusatora rutivi kwakaibvumira kuvaka chivimbo nenzanga dzose.

Chechipiri, muitiro worugare unoratidza ukoshi hwokubatanidza kubatanidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika nenzvimbo yakakwirira nemurwere, panzvimbo yapasi. Zvisarudzo zvokushinga zvaClinton zvevhiza nerunhare zvakatsigirwa nebasa rokungwarira raSenator Mitchell uye kuiswa mari kweInternational Fund. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chakasimbisa zvimwe.

Chechitatu, muenzaniso wacho unoratidza kuti rugare runofanira kugara ruripo.Mubvumirano waGood Wewedhi - shanu hauna kupedza zvinetso zvose zveNorthern Ireland; wakaparira gadziriro yokuzvitarisira.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Isingaperi

Nhasi, Good Friver Augness inoramba iri fandesheni yebumbiro remitemo reNorthern Ireland. Nepo nharaunda yacho ichine kuderera kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchinja kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye denho inopfuurira yeBretit, rugare rwuchiripo. United States inogona kudada nebasa rayakaita mukugonesa rugare irworwo. Kubva pachisarudzo cheushingi chokupa vhisa kuna Gerry Adams, kusvikira kuruoko rwakatsiga rwaGeorge Mitchell, kumamirioni amadhora akapirwa muyananiso, vatungamiriri veAmerica vakaita musiyano mukuru.

Nhau yeGood Friver Augness haisi nyayawo zvayo yeAmerican facer(iyo yakava muuyo woushingi hunoshamisa nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira navanhu veNorthern Ireland vamene. Asi United States yakagovera tsvimbo yakabvumira ushingi ihwohwo kubudirira. Sezvo rwisano dzinopfuurira kumuka munyika yose, chinoitika cheNorthern Ireland chinoramba chiri chiyeuchidzo chine simba chokuti kukurukurirana nekurukurirano, kuchitsigirwa neshiviriro nepfuma, kunogona kubudirira kunyange mumigariro isingadzoreki zvikurusa. U.S.