Munhu mumwe nomumwe anopomerwa mhaka youtsotsi muUnited States anovimbiswa maruramiro ezano rapamutemo muSixth Amendment. Bva kumamirioni asingagoni kuwana gweta remunhu oga, iyi maruramiro acharamba achirevererwa pasina basa ravadziviriri voruzhinji namasangano eyamuro apamutemo. Masangano aya anoumba musimboti wechipikirwa chetsika yeruramisiro, achivimbisa kuti urombo hahusati huchiraira rudzi rwedziviriro yomunhu. Vadziviriri voruzhinji vanobata mhaka dzoutsotsi nokuda kwaavo vasingagoni kubhadhara, apo masangano epamutemo anotambanuro akafanana nenhau dzevagari vemo dzavanhu dzakadai sedzokubviswa kwekodzero yenhaka, masangano okuchengeterwa maruramiro ekodzero yokuchengeta nhaka, uye kudzokororo. Pamwe chete, vanodzivirira nheyo yokuti ruramisiro haisati iri chinhu chinochengeterwa vapfumi. Nyaya inonzvera mabasa avo, zvinetso zvikuru zvavanotarisana nazvo, uye vane pesvedzero huru papamutemo.

Kunzwisisa Vadziviriri Vevanhu

Vadziviriri vehurumende magweta anobhadharwa nehurumende avo vanogovera mirairo yapamutemo kuvanhu vanopomerwa mhaka avo vasingagoni kubhadhara zano ravanhu voga. Kodzero kumudziviriri wavose yakasimbiswa zvakasimba munhau yeDare Gurusa ra 1963 Gideon v. Wainwright[, iyo yaidavira kuti nyika dzinofanira kugovera zano kuvakwiridziridzi mumhaka dzavanhu. Kutevera mutongo wakakudziridza musengwa kumisengwa kuvanoparira kusawirirana navarwi uye nhau dzepwere. Nhasi, mahofisi avose anodzivirira pamutemo anoshanda pamubatanidzwa, muhurumende, uye mwero yomunzvimbomo, kubata inenge 80% yezvinoitika zvose zvoutsotsi mumasangano akawanda.

Mitoro Yavadziviriri Voruzhinji

Vadziviriri vehurumende vanoita mabasa mamwe chetewo negweta ripi neripi rinodzivirira utsotsi, asi mumigariro yakaoma zvikuru yezvikwereti. Mitoro yavo inobatanidza:

  • Kuitisa bvunzurudzo dzavatengi, kupa zano pakodzero, uye kutsanangura muitiro wapamutemo.
  • Kuongorora chokwadi chenyaya yacho, kubvunzurudza zvapupu, uye kuunganidza uchapupu.
  • Kufamba kwokunyepedzera kuti adzvinyirire ufakazi zvisiri pamutemo kana kuti kubvisa pomero.
  • Kukumbira kukumbira kunoitwa nevachuchisi kana zvichiita izvi zvichibatsira mutengi wacho.
  • Kumirira vatengi pakuoneka kwose kwedare, muedzo, uye zvirango.
  • Kutarisira kukwirira uye kuendesa zororo pashure pokunge watendeseka.

Nemhaka yokuti kukwirira kwemhosva dzavose kunowanzova kukuru, magweta akawanda anofanira kuderedza nguva yawo, achiisa ngwariro panhau dzokukurumidzira kana kuti dzakakomba zvikurusa.

Nhau Pfupi Yedziviriro Yavose muAmerica

Murangariro wezano rinotsigirwa pachena unovambira shure kumavambo ezana ramakore rechi20, asi gadziriro yazvino uno inodzivirira yavose yakabva mukuedza kwesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo kuti riite ruramisiro. Pamberi pa Gideon, vakwirirwi vanoparapatika munyika dzakawanda vakasiyiwa kuti vazvimiririre vamene kana kuti kuvimba namagweta anozvipira. Chisarungaidzei magweta ekodzero dzehurumende," kumanikidza masangano kugadza mahofisi avose anodzivirira. Zvisinei, mari haitongoenzaniswi nezvinodikanwa. Pakasvika 1970 na 1980, mhaka dzinokwidzwa sematare eMishonga akazadzwa nemhosva dzisiri dzoutsi. Nhasi, mahofisi akawanda anoshanda pamibhadharo yeshangu, kazhinji karo inorondedzerwa se".

Vadziviriri Voruzhinji Nekodzero Yokubatsira Zvinobudirira

Kupfuura kungopa gweta bedzi. Dare reSixth Amendment rinovimbisa yamuro inoshanda yezano. Kunyange zvakadaro mhosva dzakakwirira uye zvinhu zviduku zvinoreva kuti vakwirirwi vakawanda vanogamuchira bedzi "meenda nokukumbira" panzvimbo pokupa mimiririri. Matare akaisa bhawa rakaderera nokuda kwezvibvumirano zvisingashandi, zvichiita kuti zviome kuchengeta masangano ane mhosva. Mapoka akadai se ACLU[FLT] [FLT] akangonyora nyaya dzakanyorwa kuti magweta aiva nevanongotaura nevatengi maminiti mashoma chete pamberi pokutongwa, zvichikuisa mukahaha pakati pemasangano emitemo nechinhu chaicho.

Kukosha Kwemasangano Ezvekurapa Apamutemo

Vadziviriri vehurumende pavanenge vachinangidzira ngwariro pakuzvidzivirira utsotsi, masangano epamutemo anopa rubatsiro rwezvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Vanhu vanotambirwa mari shoma vanotarisana nezvinetso zvisingaverengeki zvepamutemo mudzimba, mutemo wemhuri, chikwereti chavatengi, kutamira munyika, uye betsero. Pasina kumirira, kazhinji kazhinji vanorasikirwa nemisha yavo, chengeteko yavana vavo, kana kuti kuwana betsero yapamutemo. Yamuro yepamutemo inovapo kuti ienzane nenzvimbo yokutamba.

Chii Chiri Yamuro Yapamutemo Yavagari Vemo?

Yamuro yapamutemo yavagari vemo inonongedzera kumabasa apamutemo apachena kana kuti akaderera nokuda kwavanhu vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta munhau dzisiri dzoutsotsi. Sangano reSangano reSangano rePuviko rePuregil rePrimente reProfesi ya1974 rakaumbwa kutsigira mapurogiramu eyamuro yapamutemo yomunzvimbomo munyika yose. Nhasi, LSC yakagadzirwa inobata zviitiko zvinopfuura miriyoni gore negore. Mimwe mibato mizhinji isingapinduri miuyo, makiriniki ezvikoro zvemitemo, uye mapurogiramu eprobono anopawo inopawo.

Nharaunda dzinozivikanwa nehurumende dzinobatsira vanhu dzinosanganisira:

  • Kuisa panzvimbo yapamusha - Kudzivisa kudzingwa, kuchengetedza migariro inobvira, uye kudenha zviito zvisiri pamutemo zvemuridzi.
  • Mutemo Wemhuri – Kuwana dziviriro mumasimba masimba omumba, kutanga kodzero yokuchengeta kana kuti tsigiro yavana, uye kubata chatanuro.
  • [[[FOM:0] Kodzero dzekodzero [[FT: 1] - Kurwisa kukweretesa, kuunganidza zvikwereti, uye zvitsotsi.
  • Kupinda [ – Kubetsera nezvikumbiro zvenzvimbo youtiziro, mavhiza nokuda kwavanyajambwa voutsotsi, uye kudzivirirwa kunoendeswa.
  • [ Betsero dzePublic – Kubetsera vatengi kupinda Medicaid, SNAP, urema hweSocial Security, uye betsero dzavarwi.
  • dzidzo [ - Kuisa vana vane urema vanogamuchira mabasa akakodzera pasi peIDEA.

Boka raGidheoni

Kusafanana nenhau dzoutsotsi, hakuna maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okupa zano mumiitiro yavagari vemo. Mukaha uyu unozivikanwa se "kodzero yechinokorwa kuti ipe zano". Nyika nemaguta anoverengeka zvakaedza gadziriro dzendege dzinopa zano mumhosva dzegarikano yavana. Nzvero dzokutanga dzinobva mukuita se [FLT:] Agcon to Coalition inoratidza kuti vagari vane magweta vane bvudzi vane bvi vane bviro huru zvikuru yokudzivisa kusava nemiuyo yakanaka. Mubato unopfuurira kuwana turakitition, kunyange zvazvo kushambarira kwakazara kusati kwambowanikwa.

Vadziviriri Vevanhu: Kupesana Kunodikanwa

Kunyange zvazvo vose vari vaviri vachibatira varombo, vadziviriri vavanhu vari mugadziriro youtsotsi, umo magweta emitemo anoshanda mudare ravagari vemo, umo kurasikirwa nedzimba kana kuti mwana kunogona kuva kunoparadza zvakaenzana. Miitiro miviri inobatanidza: munhu akasungwa nokuda kwemhosva angada murwiri wavose, nepo munhu mumwe chete akatarisana nokudzingwa pashure pokusunungurwa anoda yamuro yapamutemo yapamutemo. Kupiwa kwegadziriro ipi neipi yemitemo kunotanga gadziriro yorutongeso inoparira kuparadzwa kwemhosva inoparira urombo.

Matambudziko Akasangana Navadziviriri Vevanhu Vose Nemasangano Ezvekurapa Apamutemo

Chipikirwa chetsika yeruramisiro chokumirira kwakaenzana chinoderedzwa nokuiswa pasi, kukwidza mhosva kwakawandisa, uye kusaruramisira kwegadziriro. Idzi denho dzinotapura zvose zviri zviviri dziviriro yavose neyamuro yapamutemo yavagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo munzira dzakatisiyanei.

Chirango Chinoderedza Kunaka uye Kuoma Kwemanyuko

Mahofisi avose mazhinjisa anotsigirwa nemari paruwa kana kuti mwero wehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemari dzinokundikana kufamba pamwero nokukwira kwemitengo kana kuti kukura kwemitengo. Muuyo ndewokuperevedza kwavanzveri, vashandi vomunzanga, maparagali, uye zvapupu zvine unyanzvi. Maererano neIF:0] purogiramu dzepamutemo, dzinotsamira zvikuru paLSC uye apper, shoorations internations. Vakawanda vane marusaitiro emari inomirira mabhazinesi akafanana. Vatengi vanomanikidzira vatengi vasina dziviriro kunzvera masangano emitemo akaoma kunzwisisa munyika yose. Maererano ne

Matambudziko Asingadzorwi Nokuneta

Chiratidzo chinooneka zvikurusa chekuderera kwemhosva inotyisa inotakurwa nevanodzivirira vehurumende. American Bar Association inorumbidza kuti mudziviriri akazara atarisire zviitiko zvemhosho zvinopfuura 150, zviratidzo 400, kana kuti zvinoitika zvevaduku kana kuti zvemotokari 1 500 pagore. Asi mumahofisi akawanda omumaguta, magweta anotakura mhosva dzinokwana mazana mashanu kana kuti kupfuura dzinoenzana gore negore. Izvi zvinosiya nguva shoma yokuongorora, kuongorora, kuongorora, kana kuti kuedza. Kushambira nokutendeudzira mugwagwa kwakapararira, kuchiita suo rinodzokorodza risingapfuuriri kuratidzwa.

Kusaenzana Kwegadziriro Nemisiano Yedzinza

Varombo navanhu vane mavara vanomirirwa nenzira isingaenzaniswi muzvose zviri zviviri masangano eruramisiro yavagari vemo. Vadziviriri vavose neyamuro yapamutemo vanonangana nerusaruro rwetsika zuva nezuva. Somuenzaniso, vakwirirwi veBlack neLatino vane bviro zvikuru yokuchengetwa muusungwa hwapamberi pedare, uko kunoipa zvikuru miuyo. Pasina kusarura kukuru. Zvirongwa zveyamuro yapamutemo zvinosanganawo navatengi vanotarisana nerusaruro mudzimba, basa, uye mapurisa. Basa ravarwi varwi vavose neyamuro yapamutemo harisati richingova romutemo chete.

Dzvinyiriro Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Nemurangariro Wavose

Vadziviriri vavanhu pane dzimwe nguva vanoshorwa sa "magweta ehurumende" kana kuti "vatengesi vemipinduriro". Chaizvoizvo, ivo vatsigiri vakazvitsaurira vanoshanda muganhuriro huru. Masangano eyamuro yapamutemo avagari vemo akatarisana nedenho dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza nhamburiko dzokubvisa LSC. Nyika zhinji dzinoganhurira mano apamutemo okubetsera kwepamutemo kupinda mumabasa ekirasi, kukurudzira, kana kuti kumirira vatami vasina kunyorwa. Idzi ganhuriro dzinodzivisazve simba rokutaura nezvinoparira kusaruramisira.

Tapuro Yevadziviriri Voruzhinji Neyamuro Yapamutemo Pagadziriro Yeruramisiro

Pasinei zvapo nezvinetso, basa raava vatsigiri rinoparira miuyo yakanaka isingatsungiririki, nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe nenzanga.

Kuderedza Zvitendero Zvakaipa uye Kuedza Miedzo Yakanaka

Vadziviriri vehurumende ndiwo mutsetse wokupedzisira wedziviriro pazvitendero zvisina kururama. Nzvero dzavo dzinowanzofumura ufakazi hwokupa mhosva, kushora kureurura kwenhema, uye kufumura kusazvibata. Dare reInnocence rakasimbisa mazana ezvisakiso, zvizhinji zvazvo zvakatsamira pabasa ravadziviriri voruzhinji kana kuti masangano eyamuro yapamutemo asingapinduri pamutemo. Kunyange kuratidzira kwomuitiro (h) kunzwisiswa kwomutengi, kupa, kana kuti muitiro wokutonga () zvinosimbisa bviro yomuuyo usina kururama.

Kudzivisa Kusava Nepamba uye Kuparadzana Kwemhuri

Muuyo weyamuro yapamutemo pakudzikama kwedzimba wakajeka zvikuru. Fundo yakabva kuUniversity of Michigan yakawana kuti vagari vane ratidziro yapamutemo munhau dzokudzingwa vaiva nebviro inodokupetwa kaviri yokurambira mumisha yavo. Muchatanuro nekakavadzano dzapamutemo, yamuro yapamutemo inobetsera vabereki kuchengetedza gadziriro dzakarurama uye inodzivirira vana pakusagadzikana kwenguva refu. Yamuro yapamutemo yapamutemo yakaratidzwa kuwedzera mwero webudiriro wekukumbira dziviriro namapfundo ane mazana anoverengeka ezvikamu.

Kuvandudza Kubudirira Nokuderedza Dare

Vadziviriri vavose namasangano eyamuro apamutemo anosanosanochengetedza mari yomutero. Apo vakwirirwi vane zano rakakodzera, nhau dzinofamba nokukurumidza zvikuru mugadziriro, kuderedza kuchengetwa kusiri madikanwa kwapamberi pedare namakore anodhura. Kupindira kwapamutemo kwapakarepo mumhaka dzokudzinga njodzi kunogona kudzivisa kusava nedzimba, uko kunova muganhu wezvinodikanwa padzimba, makamuri ekurumidziro, uye mabasa enzanga. Uku kuchengeterwa mari kunokuita kuti mari ive yamuro yapamutemo uye kudzivirira vanhu vose kuve kwokuchenjera.

Kuvaka Chivimbo Chevanhu Vose uye Kururamisira

Vagari vanowana kubatwa kwakarurama kubva kutsika yeruramisiro (hwungava kupfurikidza nokumirira kwakakwana kana kuti zuva rine revo mudare) sezvingabvira zvikuru vangavimba namasangano ndokuwirirana nomutemo. Gadziriro dzeyamuro yapamutemo dzinogovera dzidzo yenzanga dzinopawo vanhu simba rokushandisa maruramiro avo. Nenzira inopesana, apo tsika inokundikana kugovera kunyange mufananidzo mukuru, kutsoropodza nokuzviparadzanisa zvinokura, zvikurukuru munzanga dzakachekererwa.

Nzira Dzokuchinja Nokusimbisa Tsika Yacho

Kuti ugadzirise matambudziko anosangana nevadziviriri vehurumende uye rubatsiro rwepamutemo, unofanira kushandisa nzira dzakawanda dzokushandisa mari, kuchinja kwemitemo, uye kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva.

Mari Yakawanda uye Yakasimba

Nzira yakapfava zvikurusa imari yakawanda. Mitemo inofanira kurangarira kuzvidzivirira kwavose sebasa rinokosha, kwete serakatemwa. Kumira pakati pomuchuchisi nemari yokuzvidzivirira inheyo inogamuchirwa navose. Nokuda kweyamuro yapamutemo yavagari vemo, kuwedzera rondedzero yeLSC nokubvisa ganhuriro pabasa rakakodzera kungabetsera kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvapamutemo. Mamwe masangano akagadza mari inotengwa yakazvitsaurira, yakadai semitero yedare kana kuti chikamu chemitero yokunyora yechinyorwa.

Miganhu Yezvinhu Nemipimo Yokushanda

Mitemo inoverengeka yakabudirira kuita zvikwaniriso zvenhau nokuda kwavadziviriri voruzhinji. Somuenzaniso, Oregon neNew York vakagadza zvitsama zvakavakirwa panhungamiro. Apo mahofisi anopfuura kepisi, anogona kuramba nhau itsva kana kuti kutsvaka zano rakapiwa navanhu. Iyi mirau inomanikidzira gadziriro kutsigira dziviriro zvakakwana kana kuti kuderedza kuvharwa kwapamutemo. Matanho akafanana angagona kushandiswa kumapurogiramu eyamuro apamutemo, kunyange zvazvo kutakura kwadzo kwapavhuro kwakaoma kupeta.

Ruzivo Nezvigadzikiso Zvematai

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka. Kuronga kwemhosva, kunyora mapepa, uye kunyoresa kwemavhidhiyo nokuda kwemisangano yevatengi kunogona kuderedza zvinhu zvakaganhurirwa. Zvisinei, kuvimba noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu hakufaniri kutsiva kuonana kwavanhu kana kuti kuisa mubatanidzwa wemadhigirii. Kuunganidzwa kwemigumisiro (imo, mwero yokutenderwa, mwero yemitsetse, kubviswa kwemitsetse) zvinogona kubetsera vatsigiriri kuita nhau yacho nokuda kwokuchinja.

Purogiramu Dzendege Nokuda Kwekodzero Yavagari Vemo Kuzano

Kuwedzera kodzero yavagari vemo yezano nokuda kwezviito zvakakwirira . zvakadai sedzikukurwa, kubviswa kwavana, uye mirairo inodzivirira. "ichinjo inovimbisa." New York City, San Francisco, uye Cleveland yakatoita mitemo inovimbisa zano ravagari vemo vakaderera vanotambirwa mudare rinodzinga. Kudzorwa kweava vatyairi vendege kunogona kugovera chibvumikiso chepfungwa inodikanwa kuvaenzanisa norudzi rwose.

Zvivezwa Zvedziviriro Zvenzanga

Mamwe mahofisi anodzivirira vanhu akagamuchira nzira dzinoshandiswa nenzanga, anoshandisa vashandi venzanga, nyanzvi dzezvezera ravo, uye vatsigiri vedzimba pamwe chete namagweta. Iyi muenzaniso unokurukura zvisakiso zvikuru zvokubatanidzwa kweruramisiro youtsotsi, zvakadai sokushandisa zvinhu, chirwere chendangariro, uye urombo. Kudzivirira kweHolistic kwakaratidzwa kuderedza kutsiva uye kuvandudza chivimbo chavatengi.

mhedziso

Vadziviriri vehurumende namasangano eyamuro apamutemo imhaka dzinokosha dzegadziriro yeruramisiro yeAmerica. Vanotsigira vimbiso yebumbiro remitemo yezano, kusaenzana kwegadziriro yokurwisa, uye vanopa betsero dzinooneka dzinovambira panzvimbo dzinopesana kusvikira kukuvakwa. Chinongedzerwa chisingaperi, kuiswa mumitoro isingadzorwi, uye kukwikwidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvinotyisidzira basa ravo. Migumisiro yokuregeredza yakakomba: zvitendero zvakaipa, kusavapo kwemhuri, kuparadzana kwemhuri, uye tsika yeruramisiro inobata urombo soutsotsi. Chinjo ine revo (jeriso) kupfurikidza nemari inorema, miganhuro yehurumende, maruramiro ehurumende, uye kudzivirira kwezvamatongerwo enyika inotyisidzira gadziriro yavo yechipikirwa. Chiremera chomunhu ari wose chinopomerwa mhaka youtsotsi kana kuti njodzi yavagari vemo yehurumende inotarisana neyavanhu havatsani hachisiwo.