Nheyo Yenhau Yokurwisana kweNorthern Ireland

Rwisano yeNorthern Ireland, inozivikanwa seNharo, yakaparirwa panenge pamugumo wema1960 kusvikira kumugumo kwama1990, nhambo yakaratidzwa nemapoka makuru ezvenyika anobva kunyika dzakawanda, masimba masimba ehondo, uye kurwisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Midzi yerwisano yakava muparadziko yeIreland muna 1921, iyo yakaparira rwisano yePurotesitendi yeNorthern Ireland yakaramba iri rutivi rweUnited Kingdom, apo yasara yechitsuwa chakava yakazvimirira. VaKaturike vashomanene muNorth vakatarisana nerstration mudzimba, basa, uye shoo yezvamatongerwe enyika, vachinyandura rwisano yavagari vemo iyo yakawedzera rwisano yeRiphabliki yaibatanidza hondo dzeRiphabliki (inotsvaka Ireland yakabatana) uye vakavimbika (inotsigira mubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa neBritain). Pakazosvika 1990, vanhu vanopfuura makore anopfuukwanguro, uye nzvimbo yezve dzepfuma dzakava nedziri dzakava nedziridzwa kunze kwehondo dzenyika dzenyika dzose, dzakava nedziridzwa nokuda kwerwisa kutsigira hondo yeBritain, nyika dzeBritain, dzakava nedzongedzedzedzedzedzedze nyika dzeBritain

Kuedza kwakapfuura pakuedza rugare, kwakadai seSunningdale Agreement (1985) uye Gungano yeIrishi yeBritain (1985), zvakanga zvawana budiriro yakaganhurirwa asi zvakakundikana kuunza mugumo mutsva wemasimba masimba. Pakasvika pakati-1990, mubatanidzwa wezvinhu(kuneta kwehondo), kuguma kweHondo yeDeumal (yakaderedza kukanganisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika), uye kubuda kwevatungamiriri vemo vemativi ose (*) kwakagadzira mukana mutsva wekurukurirano. Zvisinei, kuvimbwa pakati pemasangano ehondo nevezvourudzi kwakanga kuri kukuru. Hakuna rutivi rwaida kugara patafura imwe cheteyo pasina kuvimbisa kwakavimbika. Uku ndiko kunobva nyika yose yakava uko kubudisa nhau: kusatora rutivi, vatambi vechitatu, vatambi vemapurofiti, vamatongeri, vapfumbi vezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kushandura kudzosera kudzosera kudzosera kusimba kudzosera kusimba.

Basa Revarevereri Vemarudzi Ose Mubvumirano Yakanaka YeChishanu

Varevereri vemarudzi akawanda havana kuisa nzvimbo yokugara; vakaita migariro yokuti masangano amene asvike bvumirano. Kuvapo kwavo kwakagovera betsero huru dzinoverengeka: vakagovera gadziriro yokuisa chiso nokuda kweTsitsi, vakabetsera kuturikira zviratidzo zvinowanzova nenzvimbo pakati pavavengi, uye vakavimbisa kuti chibvumirano chipi nechipi chaizova netsigiro yamarudzi ose nenhevedzo. Good Wearday Agiment (inozivikanwawo seBelfast Revention) ya10 April 1998 yakanga iri mugumo wamakore maviri okuda kupfuudzana. Gadziro remibatanidzwa renhau dzakavaradzikwa, kubatanidza hurumende dzeBritain neIreland secograniam, United States semutengiri wemari, uye European Union setsime remari yemari yemaritsi yemaritsi yeteoreji yeEurope.

Murevereri akatanhamara zvikurusa akanga ari aichimbova weU.S. Senator George Mitchell, uyo akatungamirira hurukuro dzose dzinobatanidzwa kubva muna 1996 kusvikira muna 1998. Kusvika kwaMitchell kwakanga kuri kwamaune uye kwenheyo: akaomerera pa “Mitchell Principles,” apo mapoka ose aifanira kuzviisa murugare chairwo, kukubvisa zvombo, uye kumiitiro yedemocracy. Shiviriro yake nokusatora rutivi kusingachinjiki kwakaita kuti vagari vemubatanidzwa navaRepublican. Mitchell kazhinji kazhinji akaputsa mabodhiki ne“ mhepo dzemuitiro yemuitiro." kupfurikidza nokuwana pamutemo. [Z $cractracts]

Vashandi Vakuru Vemarudzi Ose Nemipiro Yavo

Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kukurukurirana kunoda kuti tiongorore mabasa akasiyana - siyana anoitwa nomutambi mumwe nomumwe wemarudzi akawanda.

  • Hurumende dzeBritain neIreland seCo Mediators – kunyange zvazvo dzakanga dziri mativi erwisano, hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzakabatira savarevereri pakati pamapati ezvamatongerwe enyika okuNorthern Ireland. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Tony Blair naTaoisteach Bertie Ahern vakaumba ukama hwepedyo hwebasa, kazhinji kazhinji vachisangana pachivande kuti vapedze kusawirirana kweIrish pakuvamba pamberi pamarusando. Masangano avo ehurumende akagadzirira mapepa mapfupikisha anoshanda semavambo ekurukurirano. Hurumende mbiri dzakaitawo “Strand" : Strand 1 yakabata namasangano omukati kuchamhembe kweIreland, Strand 2 neNorthern Southern, uye 3strish Brish .
  • U.S. Diplomacy pasi paPurezidhendi Bill Clinton – Utungamiriri hweClinton hwakaisa Northern Ireland papurogiramu dzayo dzemiitiro yokumwe, kusimuka kubva kuhurumende dzakapfuura dzeU.S. dzakanga dzamira kuLondon. Purezidhendi Clinton akagadza George Mitchell seEncony, asi iye pachake akabatanidzawo namapoka (* zvikurukuru nokupa vhisa kuSin Féin mutungamiriri Gerrys muna 1994, zvakabetsera kunyengetendisa IRA kurega kupfuudza mira. U.S. yakagovera betsero yezvokutengeserana uye nenzira yakakomba, chipikirwa chemariro yakawanda kana yakanga yawanikwa. International Fund yeIrland, yakawedzerwa neUSroult.
  • European Union – EU yakagovera zvose zviri zviviri zvikarakadzo zvemari nezvezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupfurikidza neEuropean Regional Development Fund nepurogiramu dzakananga dzorugare (zvakadai sezvirongwa zverugare I ne II), EU yakapinza mazana amamirioni amaeuro mumabasa okubatanidza. Masangano eEU akarangarirawo kuitwa kwebvumirano, uye basa reEurope Commission mukusimbisa kunyoresa kwokuzvimirira kwetarisiro.
  • Commission yakazvimirira pamusoro pokuzivisa - Yagarwa naMutungamiriri wehondo weCanada John de Chastein, uyu mutumbi gare gare wakatungamirira kukanda zvombo chaizvoizvo zvamapoka ehondo. Kunyange zvazvo yakanga isiri murevereri wehurukuro dzacho dzimene, kutaura kwakanyarara kwaSecallein kwakanga kuchikosha kuchengeta nhau yokubvisa pamutemo pamukoto pashure pokunge chibvumirano chasainwa.

Misangano Yakavaka Chibvumirano

Varevereri vakashandisa bhokisi rezvishandiso zverwisano, zvizhinji zvazvo zvazova zvinogamuchirwa kubvira panguva iyeyo mukugadzira rugare rwamarudzi ose. Pasi apa pane zvirongwa zvinokosha zvikurusa zvinoshandiswa mukati mekurukurirano dzeGood Friday Accordination.

Misangano Yakavanzika (Shuttle Diplomacy)

George Mitchell neboka rake vakapedza mazana amaawa mumisangano yapachivande, yapachivande namapati mamwe namamwe asati auya navo mumarusando echitundu musere. Uku kufambidzana kwechitundu musere kwakabvumira varevereri kuedza pfungwa, kuyera mitsetse mitsvuku, uye kuziva kushambadza kungabvira pasina dzvinyiriro yepashure pehurumende. Somuenzaniso, pakuvamba muhurukuro, Mitchell akasangana neUlster Union (UP) neSocial Democratic Republic ne Labour Party (SDLP) kuti vaedze pfungwa yesimba reMicronesia ramasimba akawanda. Vaitya kubudiswa panhau huru, naizvozvo Mitchell akakarakadza gadziriro yebvumirano yomuchinjika (“UPUP) yakabatana na“ mufambiro mukuru” iyo pakupedzisira yakava rutivi rweStr ne“ Stray.

Kuronga Kukurukurirana Kunenge Kuchienderana Nenheyo, Kwete Nzvimbo

Panzvimbo pokubvunza vamiririri kuti vataure nzvimbo dzavo dzokupedzisira pamubvunzo webumbiro remitemo, varevereri vakaomerera pabvumirano panheyo huru kutanga. Mitchell Principles yaida vatori rutivi kuti varambe masimba masimba ndokuita mitoo yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokuchengeta uriri uhwu hwezvirevo zvehurumende, varevereri vakaumba hwaro paigona kuvakwa kubvumirana kunenge kwakati. Iyi nheyo inosimudzirwa yakabetserawo kuderedza vakaoma mwoyo avo vakaramba kusaina nheyo, vachivaparadzanisa negadziriro yorugare huru.

3. Kuronga Nokupambwa Kwenhau

Varevereri vakaronga kurukurirano dzacho mumitauro mitatu, vachibata “nhau dzechitima” kana kuti rwisano shoma zvikuru pakutanga. Strand 1 (Northern Ireland anodzora) yakakurukurwa pakuvamba, sezvo mapoka ose akava nefariro muhurumende yakatsiga yomunzvimbomo. Pakarepo chivimbo chakavamba kuvaka, varevereri vakasundwa kuStrand 2 (Northōral Ministeral Council), iyo yakanga ichinzwira tsitsi zvikuru vabatanidzwa, uye pakupedzisira kuStand 3 (Brishpanish Dare reBrishjish), iro raida kurukurirano dzouchangamire dzinokurira zvikurusa. Ikoku kwakadzivisa hurukuro kuderera muhuremuko pasi penhau dzose dzakaoma panguva imwe chete.

4. Kushandiswa kwe “Kutaura Kwoungwaru”

Sezvo nguva yacho yakasvika muna April 1998, Mitchell neboka rake vakatakura zvikamu zvezvikamu zvezvikamu pakati pedzimba muSmontont Castle, vakatakura zvikamu zvemashoko uye zvokugadziridza. Nheyo dzekunyora nehurukuro. (ndapapo mapoka ari muchivako chimwe chetecho asi kwete mukamuri rimwe chetero) vakaderedza ngozi yokuputika nokubvumira kutsinhana kukurumidza kwezvikarakadzo. Nzira iyi yakanga yakakomba mukati mamaawa 48 okupedzisira, apo rugwaro rwebvumirano rwakabviswa, chitsama chamashoko nechitsama.

5. Kuvaka Mukushandisa Nokuvandudza Michina

Varevereri vakavimbisa kuti chibvumirano chacho chaibatanidza marudungwe akajeka okugadza simba guru, maplan maplan maplan aNorthû South, uye kubviswa kwezvombo. Commission yeIndependent (zvakadai seIndependent International Commission on Decomissing) yakasikwa kusimbisa kuteererwa. Uku kuzvidavirira kwakapa mativi ose chivimbo chokuti zvipikirwa hazvisati zvichizopunzi zviputsikitsikiswe. Uyezve, chibvumirano chaida kuti adzore muzvose zviri zviviri Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland, kupa vanhu kutaura kwakananga nokuita kuti basa rive Rinogara zvikuru.

Kukurudzira Kuita Zvakawanda

Kunyange zvazvo mapoka akaoma zvikurusa (seDemocratic Union Union Party, iyo pakutanga yaishora hurukuro dzacho) akanga asipo, varevereri vakashanda zvakaoma kubatanidza mativi ose akanga asaina Mitchell Principles. Sinn Féin akaitirana nharo, asi varevereri vakataura kuti rugare rupi norupi rusingagumi rwaizoda kubatanidzwa kwaavo vakaraira ruvimbiko rwouswa hweRepublican midziro. Irworoundation, kunyange zvazvo rwairwadza nokuda kwavabatanidzwa vazhinji, pakupedzisira rwakapa bvumirano yokuvimbika pamativi ose ari maviri.

Kubatsira Kunoita Kutaurirana Kwenyika Dzose Pachibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu

Kushanda kwakananga kwokuyananisa kwenyika dzakawanda kunogona kuongororwa mumativi anoverengeka: kubudirira kwechibvumirano chacho pachacho, kusimba kwacho mumakore akatevera, uye nhaka yacho yokuita kuti pasi rose pave norugare.

Kuwana Chibvumirano Chokuratidza Kuti Uri Munyika Yakaoma

Pasina kutsigirwa, kutaurirana kwounyanzvi, kungasava kunenge kwasvika chibvumirano panhambo yeIsita 1998. Nhau dzisingadzoreki zvikurusa . Nheyo dzinodzorwa dzeNorthern Ireland, kuparadzwa kweRepublic yebumbiro remitemo reIreland kuzivisa kuNorth (Makurukota 2 na 3), kubviswa kwezvombo zvehondo, uye kuchinjwa kwemapurisa neapolitiki . Rugwaro rwokupedzisira rweChirungu cheChirungu runova mapeji anopfuura 30, kufukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva pakutangwa kweGungano yeNorthern Ireland kunzvimbo yenzanga yenzanga. Vareveria vakabetsera mupata pakati pechibvumirano cheBritain nechinodikanwa chenyika yeIrish padavi reIllian.

Kutsungirira Kutambura

Good Founder Agreement yakakunda njodzi dzinoverengeka dzakakomba chifo cha1998: kuwa kwehurumende dzesimba dzinobata zviremera muna 2002 pamusoro pepomero dzeIRA uchenjeri . kundikano yokuedza kubvisa purofiti, uye kuputsika kwokuvimba patsva paProfethi. Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, kudzorerwazve kweminhevedzo yavose (panguva nenguva nehurumende dzeBritain neIreland, neU.S.S.) zvakabetsera kudzorera masangano. Somuenzaniso, St Andrews Account of 2006 zvakaparadzwa naMutungamiriri weBritain Tony Blair naTaois Sheach Ahern, naU. Pauly Dobrianskyskyskysky aiita basa rinotsigirwa. Chibvumirano chacho pakupedzisira chakatungamirira kuDmocratic Union Party (DUPN) uye chibvumirano chePin musimba rezvoromende mu20072017 chakaitwa kuti chigamuro chakaitwa chisharipo chekubuda chekudzo yakaitwa.

3. Muenzaniso Wokuitwa Kworugare Munyika Yose

Gadziriro yorugare yeNorthern Ireland inowanzorangarirwa somuenzaniso webhuku rinoshandiswa wekubudirira kwemibatanidzwa yenyika yose. Mubatanidzwa wayo wehurumende inodzorwa (hurumende dzeBritain neIreland), kubatanidzwa kwechitatu (U.S.), uye masangano akasiana--- siyana (EU) akafuridzira varevereri mudzimwe rwisano, dzakadai seBasque Country, Colombia, neCyprus. Mitchell Principles, zvikurukuru, dzakagadzirirwa kushandiswa muhurukuro navakuru vakuru vakuru vehondo muAfrica neAsia. Chibvumirano chakaratidzirawo kuti muhurukuro dzinopfuudzira nevavengi vaichimbova vaigona kugovera kusatora rutivi, kuchengeteka, kuchengeteka, uye mhoteredzo.

4. Kuchinja Kwezvemari Nenzanga

Kubatanidza kwemarudzi ose hakuna kungobudisa gwaro rezvamatongerwe enyika; kwakafumura bhizimisi guru remari. Vimbiso yeEU neU.S. yakabetsera kunyengetedza vasonganiri vanopanikirika kuti rugare rwaizounza betsero dzinooneka. Chifo cha1998, Northern Ireland yakaona wedzero mukushanyira nzvimbo, kuwedzera kweboka ravanhu voga, uye kuderera kukuru muurovhakanyo nourombo. “rugare runokamuraniswa nzanga runotsigirwa mari izvo zvakabatanidza vaPurotesitendi navanhu vaduku, zvichiparira kuchinjwa kwomuzvarirwo kwoupenyu zvishoma nezvishoma. Nepo kupesana kukuru kwemapoka kwakaramba kuri kumwe kwokuvandudza.

Zvinetso uye Kutadza Kubudirira Kwemashoko Enyika Dzose

Pasinei nokuti zvaibudirira, vatsoropodzi vanotaura nezvezvikanganiso zvakawanda zvinopa zvidzidzo kune vaya vachaunza rugare muNorthern Ireland.

  • Kuvimba Nevanhu Vashomanene – kwaitsamira zvikuru paukama hwomunhu oga hwaGeorge Mitchell, Tony Blair, naBill Clinton zvokuti apo kubatanidzwa kwavo kwakaderera, muitiro wacho pane dzimwe nguva wakaderera. Kuparara kwemukuru mukuru muna 2002 kwakanga kuri murutivi nemhaka yokushayikwa kwezvinobudisa nhau zvakakwirira zvakafanana.
  • Kuda Kupinda Mushoko Rizere Kutanga – Varevereri vakasundira nokudomene kubudiswa kwezvombo zvehondo kuti zvichengetedze hurukuro dziri mhenyu, asi aya makore akasimudzwa okuparwa kwePfuragreetaidzo iya yakadokukanganisa rugare. DIPFH yakanga isina kurarama mukuwirirana nezvipikirwa zvayo, uye kushaikwa kwezvokukanda zvombo kwapakuvamba kwakanetemesa kuvimbika kwechibvumirano pakati pavabatanidzwa.
  • Kudzorwa kweChivil Society - Muitiro wokubudisa nhau wakanangidzira panenge pamapati ezvamatongerwe enyika namapoka ehondo. Masangano avakadzi, mapoka avanyajambwa, uye vatsigiri venzanga venzanga vakanga vane pesvedzero yakananga yakaganhurirwa parugwaro rwokupedzisira. Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition, kunyange zvazvo zvino, rakanga riri boka duku. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoramba kuti kupfuudza kwakawanda kungadai kwakaparira bvumirano yenzanga yokuchinja.
  • Kubatanidzwa kwaGrasroots Holy Sevestifis – Kurutivi rwokubatana, hurukuro dzaidzorwa neUP, iyo isina kumirira mauto akasimba zvikurusa akavimbika. Uku kubvumirana gare gare kwakatungamirira kuvatsigiri vakavimbika mukurwa uye kwakapfuurira masimba masimba akaderera zvikuru kwamakore anoverengeka pashure pa1998.

Kutadza kuita izvi hakuregi kubudirira kweGood Wear Agreement asi kunotiyeuchidza kuti kukurukurirana chinhu chisingatani kuoma uye chisina kukwana.

Zvidzidzo Zvechisarudzo Chazvino Uno Cherwisano

Basa revarevereri vemarudzi ose muChibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu rinogovera zvidzidzo zvinoverengeka zvinogara nokuda kwavarapi nhasi.

  1. Utsinhano Hune Simba asi Hunofanira Kuva Hunoshanda - Varevereri vanofanira kurangarirwa savasasarura, asi havafaniri kuva vasingadzoreki. George Mitchell anokarakadzwa nenzira yokushingaira, anoshandisa nguva, uye kunyange kubudisa kutaura kwavose kuti achengete mapati akananga. “Kusatora rutivi” hakurevi kuti“ hakushandi.”
  2. Inobatanidza Vatengesi Vose Vanokosha - Kuparadza vangaratidzika kuva vanobetsera, asi chinoitika cheNorthern Ireland chinoratidza kuti kubatanidza avo vanodzora masimba masimba kazhinji kazhinji kunodikanwa nokuda kworugare runogara. Kubatanidzwa kwaSin Féin kwaimutsa nharo asi kwakabvumikisa kuva kunokosha.
  3. Kuvaka Network of Vareversi - Hapana murevereri mumwe anogona kukuita zvose. Kubatanidzwa kwehurumende dzeBritain neIrish, uye EU yakagadzira rutava rwedziviriro: kana mumwe mutoo wakaremara, mumwe ungagona kupinda. Uyu mudzoreki unova mukuru murwisano dzakaoma kunzwisisa.
  4. Kubatanidza Rugare neIncentives dzezvemari - Vimbiso yeEU neU.S. mari yakanga iri mutsigiri ane simba. Varevereri vanofanira nguva dzose kunzvera nzira yokubatanidza nayo fambiro mberi muhurukuro kubetsero dzemari dzakasimba, zvikurukuru mukuvakwazve kwapashure pe1969.
  5. Ita kuti chibvumirano – The Good Frive Augments ivhure basa razvimirira, mukuru mukuru wesimba, uye mvungwe dzemicheto yaigona kushanda kunyange apo chivimbo chezvamatongerwe enyika chakanga chiri chiduku. Chibvumirano chakanaka chinoumba zvivako, kwete siginicha.

mhedziso

Good Friver Augnition inoramba iri imwe yebatano dzorugare dzinochengetwa zvikurusa dzezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, uye budiriro yayo haiparadzaniswi nebasa ravarevereri vamarudzi ose. Mutungamiriri wemurwere George Mitchell, anowirirana nenheyo; utungamiriri hwebatira pamwe hwaTony Blair naBertie Ahern; kubatanidzwa kwegadziriro yegadziriro yemasangano eClinton; uye tsigiro yemari nesangano yeEurope Union zvose zvakabatana kuparira mubatanidzwa wechigadziko icho, nepo vasina kukwana, chakava zvikurukuru namakumi maviri amakore. Urongwa hwezvokufambisa mashoko hwakashandiswa (* kukurukurirana, nheyo dzenheyo, nheyo dzinotendwa, remauko, kurukurirano dzinogara, uye kubatanidzwa mukubatanidzwa kwechishandiso chemari chenyika yose. Sezvri kurwisana kwechinyakare uye kubuda mumuenzaniso mutsva, Norlandey Northern Ireland, uye kunotiyeuchidza kuti tidzokorore mukurukurirano huru zvikuru nokuda kwerugare.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Nobel Peace Prize yakare paJohn Hume naDavid Trimble, Britanica paGovernment yeChishanu Yakanaka[[[FLT:]], uye [[FLT] ] Komiti yeEukrany Commission’s Reace Programme [[FLT:]]. United States Institute of the Peace inopawo kunzvera kwakazara kwezvirongwa zvakadzidzwa kubva kuNorthern Ireland.