Kutsvaka maruramiro anokosha mugadziriro yemitemo yetsotsi, kupa simba kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti kuite nzvero nokugwinha apo kunenge kune chokuita nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Pakati kuti uwane murairo wokutsvaka kwapamutemo idi affidavit(a , mashoko akanyorwa anosimbisa hwaro hwechokwadi hunodikanwa nokuda kwetendero yedare. Pasina mativi akarongwa akarongwa, kunyange ngozi dzinoruramiswa zvikurusa dzokunzvera dzinoputsa kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe, dzinogona kupa ufakazi husingabvumiki. Nyaya ino inonzvera basa rakakomba rokuita kuti abvumire affidavits mukuita zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo, kunzvera rondedzero yawo, zvikamu zvinokosha, midzi, pamutemo, zvinetso, uye mativi akakwirira okuongorora.

Chii Chiri Murwi Anopa mari?

Chibvumikiso chinopa chibvumikiso chisati chaitwa, chakasainwa pamberi pomukuru mukuru wedare. Chinowanzogadzirwa nomukuru mukuru anotarisira mutemo kana kuti muchuchisi, mutongi anoonesa maidi chaiwo nemigariro zvinoparira kunobvira. (daviro ine mufungo yokuti utsotsi hwaitika uye kuti ufakazi hwokuti utsotsi huri panzvimbo yakati kana kuti pamunhu akati. Affidavit ichinhu chikuru chekuoneka chokushandisa kwechiratidzo; pasina ihwo, mutongi kana kuti mutongi haagoni kupa rugwaro rune chiremera.

Affidavit inofanira kuitwa muchirango chepejury, kureva kuti munhu anopika kumaidi) angava anofanirwa nemhosva nokuda kwenhema dzipi nedzipi dzemaune. Iyi chinodikanwa chinosimbisa ukombi hwechinyorwa uye chinosimbisa kuti maidi anopiwa akavimbika sezvinobvira. Affidavit inohwirudzurwawo [[FLT: 0] diceete [ pasina kuvapo kwenhau yokunzvera] .

Zvinodikanwa Zvepamutemo Nokuda Kwezvibvumirano Zvinopa Mbavha

Kuti isvike mipimo yebumbiro remitemo neremitemo, rugwaro runofanira kududza chisakiso chinobvira. Dare Gurusa reUnited States rakaramba richirangarira kuti chisakiso chinobvira chinoda “kubvira kwedavikwa” kuti ufakazi huchawanwa, kwete uchokwadi chaihwo. Affidavit inofanira kubatanidza zvinhu zvikuru zvinoverengeka:

Chokwadi Chakananga Chinoratidza Kuti Pane Zvinokonzera

Munzveri wemirimo haagoni kuva nerevo dzisina kujeka kana kuti fungidzirowo zvadzo. Inofanira kugovera maidi akajeka, anobvumikisa anobatanidza fungidziro, nzvimbo, uye ufakazi hunokarirwa. Somuenzaniso, nzvero yemirimo inofanira kurondedzera kutengeserana kwakacherekedzwa, mari inoziviswa, kudhonza tsvina, kana kuti miuyo yokunzvera iyo inoratidzira mubato woutsotsi unopfuurira. Kutaura kwakadai so “mukuru mukuru mukuru ane chikonzero chokudavira kuti kuvhozhokera kuripo.

Rondedzero Yezvinhu Zvinofanira Kubatwa

Gene Amendment inoda kuti zvinyorwa zvokunzvera zvi “zvikurukuru zvirondedzere nzvimbo inoda kunzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa.” Naizvozvo, muongorori anofanira kucherekedza nounyanzvi zvinhu zvinotsvakwa (zvisinei hazvo mishonga, zvombo, zvinyorwa, kana kuti midziyo yemagetsi). Tsananguro dzakafara zvikuru, dzakadai se “ufakazi hupi nohupi hwoutsotsi,” dzinowedzera ngozi yokunzvera kusati kuri kwapamutemo. Mutengi anofanira kuronga zvinhu namatandi, kutsauranisa zviratidzo, kana kuti zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinoganhurira mutengo.

Kwakabva Mashoko uye Kushanda Kwepfungwa

Apo affidavit inotsamira pamashoko anobva kuidzi, manyuko akavanzika, kana kuti muromo, muzivi anofanira kutsanangura hwaro hwezivo yamanyuko iwayo uye chikonzero nei manyuko achidavirika. Madare anoshandisa “kukura kwemigariro” kuedza ([]] magedhi , 462].U.S 213 (1903) kuyera kana maidi akabatanidzwa necherechedzo yamapurisa. Nhano dzipi nedzipi nedzipi dzinofanira kurondedzera kusimbisa mashoko, zvakadai sokunzvera kwazvimirira, kunzvera, kana kuti kutenga.

Kufamba panguva kana kuti “Kuzivana”

Chisakiso chakafanira chinofanira kuva chazvino uno. Mutongi anodzokorora maidi mavhiki kana kuti mwedzi yakura angarangarirwa kuva “chinhu,” zvikurukuru kana mubato woutsotsi unofungidzirwa usati wagadziriswa kana kuti nzvimbo yacho isina kugadziriswa. Mukukurumidza maidi akacherekedzwa achava kukushanda, kuratidzwa kwakasimba kwechisakiso chinobvira. Mutongi acharangarira rudzi rwoutsotsi, miitiro inofungidzirwa, uye rudzi rwoufakazi hunotsvakwa (g., mirimo inowanzoraswa nokukurumidza, nepo marekodhi emari angasara kwenguva refu).

Kukosha Kwokutaura Zvinhu Zvakajeka Mumashoko Anoda Kuzivikanwa

Chido chakananga chinoshanda zvose zviri zviviri zvinangwa zvinoshanda uye zvapamutemo. Zvichiganhurira kunzvera kunzvimbo nezvinhu zvine mufungo zvakabatanidzwa nemubato unofungidzirwa kuva weutsotsi, kudzivisa nzvero dzokuredza. Mumutemo, munzveri chaiye anoderedza bviro yokudzvinyirira. Somuenzaniso, mutengi anodudza kuti kero chaiyo inodudza uye kurondedzera mamiriro efurati, chibvumirano chinokarirwa, uye misi yokunzvera kunopa mutongi mufananidzo wakajeka. Mukupesana, mutongi anodzorwa anotaurawo zvawo “muitiro unonyumwira pa123333 Main Street” pasina udzame acharambwa.

Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa kuti “chisakiso chisingadaviriki ipfungwa inoyerera .kuchinja pakurangarirwa kwemifungo yemifungo yakaitika.” (Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. pa2322. Kuedza kunofanira kugonesa majaji kuita chisarudzo chakazvimirira, kwete kungopetawo mhedziso yomukuru mukuru mukuru wemapurisa. Vanofanira kubatanidza maidi ose anokosha, kunyange ayo angacheka chisakiso chakati, nemhaka yokuti kuedza kwacho chose kunoda chinyorwa chakadzikama.

Basa Revatongi Mukuhwirudzura

Kana mutongi angopiwa bedzi, anoihwirudzura kuti ione kana chisakiso chinobvira chiripo. Iyi hwirudzuro inzvero yakakomba pasimba revakuru vakuru, inowirirana nechinodikanwa cheFrene Amendment icho chinobvumira nhau bedzi “panechisakiso chinobvira, chinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti chibvumikiso.” Basa romutongi harisi kururamisa rutongeso rwechipiri rwomukuru mukuru asi kuva nechokwadi chokuti muteveri ane manyuko echokwadi akakwana kururamisa kuvhotera.

Hure hwekufamba kunoreva mutongi anoona bedzi mutongo. Naizvozvo, gwaro rinofanira kuva rakakwana uye rakatendeseka. Kubvumira maidi ezvinhu zvakadai senhau yomuzivisi wakavanzika yokusazvidzora(anogona gare gare kutungamirira kumunhu anoteerera Frank (ona pasi apa). Pashure pokuhwirudzura, mutongi angapa bvumo seyakumbirwa, achiichinja, kana kuti kuiramba chose chose. Kana akagoverwa, rugwaro rwacho runofanira kupiwa munguva ine mufungo, zvikurukuru mazuva gumi, sezvinodikanwa naFederal Rurangendo rweCrival rweCrival Proced 41 uye vazivi vakawanda vehurumende.

Tsamba Yemabumbiro Emitemo – Kugadziriswa Kwechina

Chitendero chinonzi affidavit chakavakirwa muGaramende yeChina yeU.S., inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha. Gamende yeChina inoda kuti maruramiro aitwe kuti “arondedzere nzvimbo inofanira kuongororwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa.] Iyi chinodikanwa chakati chinodzorwa kupfurikidza neaffidavit, iyo inogovera udzame hunokosha. Mutemo wehurumende (jeri) inodzivisa kushandisa ufakazi hunowanikwa mukuputsanyadzwa kwePendekoso yeDrence Yechina. Chibvumikiso chakabatwa pasi pesimbi inovakwa pasi pechikwereti chisina kukwana chingavakwa, kazhinji chisati chaiswa.

Zvinetso Zvinowanzosangana Nevanoshanda Munzvimbo Dzinorwira

Vadziviriri vanowanzodenha kuva kwekodzero dzokutsvaka nokurwisa mutsigiri.

Kushaikwa Kwechisakiso Chino mufungo

Kana dare rikawana, pakuhwirudzura makona mana eaffidavit, kuti maidi anofungidzirwa haasviki nomupimo unobvira, rugwaro rwacho haruna chinhu. Ikoku kunogona kuitika apo affidavit inotsamira pamashoko akaremara, mazano asina kujeka asingazivikanwi, kana kuti kutaura kwokufungidzira.

Kutaura Kwenhema Kana Kuti Kuvharidzira

Pasi pe Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (188), mukwiridzirwi angafanira kuva ane kodzero yokunzwa kwemberi kana akaita mavambo chaiwo anoratidza kuti mupfumi achiziva kana kuti nokusangwarira akabatanidza kutaura kwenhema muaffidavit, kana kuti maidi ezvinhu, uye kuti zvasara hazvikwani kutsigira zvakafanira. Kana mukwirirwi akawana, mashoko enhema angashaiswa uye maruramiro angaderedzwa. Iyi dzidziso inodzivisa vakuru vakuru kubva kuvatongi vanotsausa uye inotsigira perero yomuitiro weaffidavit.

Kubata

Sezvataona, kuongorora kwemishonga kungave kuchikanganisa chimwe chinhu chingangodaro chiripo.

Kutaura Zvisina Kukwana

Kana affidavit(uye naizvozvo chibvumikiso) kurondedzera nzvimbo kana kuti zvinhu nechakananga zvakakwana, kunzvera kungarangarirwa kuva kutsvaka kwavose. Somuenzaniso, muchina unonongedzera ku “nzvimbo yokugara” pasina kududza imba iri muchivako chine mibatanidzwa mizhinji isingajekesi zvikuru. Nenzira yakafanana, chikumbiro chokutora“ makombiyuta ose” pasina kuzvibatanidza noutsotsi hwakati chingava chaipira.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nokuda Kwavamiriri Vanotsiva

Kana vakapiwa mitoro yakakwirira, kuchengetwa kwemitemo uye vachuchisi vanofanira kuomerera kumipimo yakaoma yokunyora.Miitiro yakanakisisa inobatanidza:

  • Idi rehwaro: kubatanidza misi, nguva, nzvimbo, cherechedzo, uye zviito. Rondedzera zviito zveanonyumwirwa, migumisiro yokungwarira kupi nokupi kana kuti kudzorwa, uye zvikonzero nei nzvimbo yacho ine chokuita nemubato woutsotsi.
  • [ Tsanangura kuvimbika kwemuzivisi, chinyorwa chavo chekare, uye uchokwadi hupi nohupi hwazvimiriri hunoitiswa.
  • Anotaura zvakajeka:[ Kana mamwe mashoko ari ekare, tsanangura chikonzero nei anoramba achikosha (mutoo, bhizimisi routsotsi rinopfuurira, kutengesa mirimo kwenguva refu).
  • Shandisa mutauro wakajeka: Dzivisa chigadziko chapamutemo chingavhiringidza majistari. Nyora nhoroondo yakajeka, inowirirana nenhambo iyo inotaura nhau inowirirana.
  • Iva akatendeseka uye akakwana: kubatanidza maidi api naapi anooneka angagona kucheka chisakiso chinobvira, zvakadai sokutsvaka kwapamberi pekusashanda, nhau youtsotsi yomuzivisi, kana kuti kusawirirana. Kuzivisa kwakazara kunosimbisa kuvimbika kweaffidavit uye kunoderedza ngozi yedenho yavaFrank.
  • mirau yeReview neyamasangano: mativi akasiyana - siyana ane zvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera, zvakadai sezvimiro zvakati, miitiro youchokwadi, kana kuti miganhu yenguva yokuuraya. Affiant anofanira kuwirirana nemitemo yose yomunzvimbomo.

Mienzaniso Yomutemo Wevako

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvezvinoitika zvinoratidzira basa rinokosha retendero affidavits. Mu Illinois v. Masuo, Dare Gurusa rakagamuchira hwerengedzo yebvunzo, richitonga kuti tsamba isingazivikanwi inotsigirwa nenzvero dzamapurisa dzakasimbiswa sezvinobvira. Dare rakasimbisa kuti vatongi vanofanira kuita zvisarudzo zvinoshanda, zvepfungwa dzose zvakavakirwa pazviri mukati mose weaffidavit.

Mu Franks v. Delaware, Dare rakaziva maruramiro okudenha mapiti ane kutaura kwenhema. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza mukwiridziri uyo akapomera kuti mukwiridzi akanga abatanidza maidi akafungwa. Dare rakaramba kuti kana mukwirirwi achigona kuratidza kupfurikidza nefungidziro youfakazi hwokuti false yakanga iri yamaune kana kuti isina mufungo, uye zvasara hazvitsigiri chikonzero chinotendwa, ufakazi hunofanira kubviswa.

Chinoitika cha Maryland v. Garrison, 480 U.S. 79 (87), chakanangana nechakananga. Imomo, affidavit yakarondedzera uriri hwechitatu hwechivako, asi kunzvera chaikoiko kwokubatwa nepfari kwakapinda nekamuri iroro raiva romunhu akasiana. Dare raidavira kuti rugwaro rwacho rwakanga rune simba nemhaka yokuti vakuru vakuru vaiita nenzira ine mufungo mumigariro yacho, asi chinoitika chinosimbisa kuti rondedzero dzakananga muaffidavit dzinogona kudzivisa sei zvikanganiso zvakadaro.

Nokuda kwenzwisiso dzakawanda pamusoro pomutemo weGavhura reChina, ona shopu yedzidzo yedare redzidzo. Zvinhu zvokurovedza pamutemo, zvakadai sezviya zvinobva ku . Hurumende , inogoverawo nhungamiro ine udzame pamusoro pokunyora maaffidavits.

Muvengi Sedziviriro Pakubatwa Zvisina Kufanira

Kupfuura basa rayo rakajeka, rugwaro runobatira sedziviriro yakakomba pakunzverwa. Kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kutaura kururamisa chaikoiko, kwechokwadi pasi pokupika, muitiro weaffidavit unodzivisa kupinda kusina pamutemo mumisha, mabhizimisi, uye miuyo yomunhu oga. Inoitawo chinyorwa chechigarire icho chinogona kuhwirudzurwa nematare, magweta anodzivirira, uye vanhu vose. Uku kujeka kunosimbisa kuvimba mutsika yeruramisiro. Uyezve, tyisidziro yokudzvinyirira inosunda vakuru vakuru vakuru kunzvera zvakakwana pamberi pokutsvaka rugwaro, uko kunotungamirira kunhau dzakasimba zvikuru nemiuyo yakavimbika zvikuru.

mhedziso

Mapepa anopa mikana yokunzvera anonyanyopfuura zvikuru rugwaro rwokutonga; iko musengwa wapamutemo wekutsvaka zvikumbiro. Kugadzirwa kwakarongwa kunovimbisa kuti zviito zvokuchengeta mutemo zvinotsigirwa nezvikonzero zvinobvira, pamusoro pezvinodikanwa chaizvo zveGaramende Yechina, uye kumira kuongorora kwedare. Nenzira inopesana, kurongwa kusina kugadzirirwa zvakanaka kwengozi dzokudzvinyirirwa kweufakazi uye kurambwa kwepomero, kungava kunosunungura mhaka dzine mhaka. Nokuda kwavachuchi, vatongi, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kunzwisisa basa rokuita kuti zvikwaniso mumikoro zvapamutemo zvikwaniswe mukuita zvinodikanwa zvinokosha kuchengetedza utsotsi nokudzivirira kwakakomba kwapamutemo. Kupfurikidza nokuziva unyanzvi hwekunyora mhaka, uye kutendeka pamutemo, pamutemo, vatongi, vanogona kutsigira kutendeka rusununguko rwemitemo youtsotsi apo kutongwa kwemitemo yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pawirirano yewirirano nechisakiso chinobvira, korowa ku shopu yetendero nokuda kwomutemo wenhau, kana kuti bvunza FBI's Legin Handbook[ nokuda kwenhungamiro dzemubatanidzwa.