Kupfuudzwa kwomutemo kunowanzochengetwa sorukundo rwoumbavha, kurukurirano, uye kutaurirana — nguva inoda chikwata chinogamuchirwa nehurumende pakupedzisira. Zvisinei, kugadzwa kwomutemo kunongovawo zvako chiitiko chinokosha pamugwagwa murefu zvikuru. Kunzwisisa chinoitika pashure pokunge mutemo wapfuudzwa kunotsoropodza vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanovimbisa zvakafanana, sezvo kunozivisa michina yakaoma kunzwisisa inochinja chinangwa chemitemo kuva nhevedzano yenyika chaiyo. Iyi nzvimbo yepapost-actal — apo mutemo unoturikirwa, unosimbiswa, uye unonatswa — kana mutemo iwoyo wazova bhii yakafa kana kuti chishandiso chipenyu cheruramisiro uye mutevedzo wehurumende.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Kubva KuBill Kuenda Kutsika

Kunzwisisa rwendo rwapashure pokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kunobetsera kutanga kuyeuka nzira iyo muromo unoda kuva mutemo. Muitiro wacho unoderedza maune uye unobatanidza nzvimbo dzakawanda dzokunzvera:

  • [ Kupinza nokutsigira:[[FL:1] Mutemo unonyorwa navaiti vemitemo, vashandi vavo, kana kuti nyanzvi dzokunze uye kusumwa nenzira yakarongwa mukamuri rimwe redare.
  • hwirudzuro: Mutemo unogoverwa kudare rakafanira, iro rinoita kuti kunzwa kucherekedzwe, uye ringashandura kana kuti kutsiva rugwaro. Matare anowanzovimba nouchapupu hunobva kuzvapupu zvine unyanzvi, vakuru vakuru vakuru vesangano, uye mapoka ezviwaro.
  • [ Kukakavadzana nokuvhota: Mutengo unokurukurwa nekamuri rakazara, kugadziridzwa kunorangarirwa, uye vhoti inotorwa. Kana ipfuudzwa, inoenda kune imwe kamuri, apo muitiro unodzokororwa.
  • dare reConference: kana makamuri maviri akabudisa shanduro dzakasiana, dare romusangano rinoyananisa misiyano, richibudisa rugwaro rumwe runobvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira.
  • Tsigiro inotevedzerwa: Shanduro yokupedzisira inotumirwa kumukuru mukuru (mutungamiriri kana kuti gavhuna), uyo angaisai mumutemo, ihwo (hunogona kushatiswa nemukurumbira mukuru), kana kuti kuibvumira kuva mutemo pasina sigini pashure penhambo yakagadzwa.

Kana zvasainwa, mutemo unogoverwa nhamba yomutemo wavose ndokupinda mumabhuku omutemo.

Kuzivisa Nokubatanidzwa

Nokukurumidza pashure pokugadzwa, rugwaro rwapamutemo rwomutemo runobudiswa. MuUnited States, mitemo mitsva yavose inotanga kubudiswa semitemo yapaburi retsono neHurumende yeHofisi Yokubudisa (GPO) uye ipapo inounganidzwa mukuwirirana nenguva mu Nhevedzo paChikuru[. Gare gare, mutemo mumwe nomumwe unobatanidzwa mu [[[FLT:] United States Condenti [ [USC], sangano rinotanhanhanhanha miramira mirau iripo yemirauso yechigarire yemitemo yose yehurumende. Hurumende dzinotevera miitiro yakafanana, kazhinji inochengeta zvinyorwa zvawo zvomutemo.

Ichi chinyorwa chapamutemo chinotsoropodza: chinogovera rugwaro rune chiremera urwo matare, masangano, uye vanhu vanovimba narwo.

Basa Rokushandisa Zvinhu Zvikuru

Mitemo mizhinjisa haisati iri yokuzviparadza. Inoda kududzira nokushanda kunoitwa namasangano ehurumende — masangano ebazu makuru anopomerwa kuita mutemo. Chitsama chamashoko "dhiabhorosi ari muudzame" chinoshanda zvakakwana pano, nemhaka yokuti Congress anowanzonyora mitemo mumitsetse mirefu, achisiya masangano kuti azadze mumipata kupfurikidza ne pamutemo.

Kutonga uye Muitiro Woutarisiri

Mugadziriro yehurumende, Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inodzora magadzirire, gadziridzo, uye mirau. Muitiro chaiwoiwo wokugadza mitemo unobatanidza:

  • Thosai reKuita Ruramisiro (NPRM): Sangano rinobudisa mutemo unokarakadzwa mu Faceral Register[, richirondedzera hwaro hwapamutemo, muuyo wakarongwa, uye kazhinji kazhinji rugwaro rwomutemo.
  • Nhambo yetsinhiro: Mapati anofarira — kubatanidza mapoka amaindasitiri, masangano okutengesa, hurumende, uye vagari vemo voga — anogona kupa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa. APProfections dzinofanira kuhwirudzura ndokupindura tsinhiro dzinokosha.
  • mutemo wokupedzisira: Pashure pokurangarira tsinhiro, sangano rinopa mutemo wokupedzisira, unobatanidza sumo inotsanangura chinjo nemhinduro. Musi wokupedzisira unoshanda unowanzova mazuva 30 kusvikira ku 60 pashure pokubudiswa.
  • [[[FUT:0] Tsvakurudzo yenhau: Mapati anotapurwa angadenha mutemo mudare, achipopotera kudarika chiremera chomutemo kana kuti haadiwi uye haachinji.

Masangano enzvimbo yehurumende anotevera miitiro yakafanana mumiitiro yawo amene yokutarisira. Muuyo igadziriro yomutemo ine udzame iyo inoshandura donzo remitemo kuva zvinodikanwa zvekongiri, zvinomanikidzirwa.

Kuchinjwa Kwezvinhu Nedzidzo

Kushandisa hakubviri pasina zvishandiso. Mitemo inofanira kupinza kana kuti kuisazve vashandi, michina yokutenga, kugadzira gadziriro dzamashoko, uye kuita gadziriro dzokurovedza. Somuenzaniso, apo Occupational Safety and Health Act yakapfuudzwa, OSHA yaifanira kuvanzveri vomunda, kunyora mabhuku echerekedzo, uye kutanga muitiro wokubudisa mashoko akanyorwa. Pasina mutengo wakakwana, miganhu yokuchengeta ikabuda — denho inopfuurira munharaunda dzakawanda dzemiitiro.

Michina Inomanikidzirwa

Basa ravo nderokucherechedza uye kuita chimwe chinhu kana vanhu vasingawirirani, vachishandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvinowedzera kukura.

Kuongorora Nokuongorora

Masangano akawanda anoita nzvero dzinokurudzira kana kuti kunzvera kwokuita chiito kunotevera zvichemo.Mienzaniso inobatanidza:

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ichiongorora nzvimbo dzeindasitiri nokuda kwokuputswa kweshatiso.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ichiongorora mapurazi ezvokudya uye vagadziri vemishonga.
  • Madhipatimendi ebasa ehurumende anonzvera mibairo nenyunyuto dzeawa.

Kazhinji kazhinji vakuru vakuru vane chiremera chemitemo chokupinda munzvimbo, kunzvera zvinyorwa, uye kupa nhau dzevapondi.

Zviito Nezvipo Zvinomanikidzwa

Kana kuputswa kwataurwa, masangano anogona kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana:

  • Tsamba dzinodzivisa kana kuti zviratidzo zvokuputswa — kazhinji kazhinji nhano yokutanga, kupa pati banza rokururamisa nokuzvidira nhau yacho.
  • [ faindi nezvirango [ — zvirango zvemari zvingawedzera nokuda kwokuputsa kana kuti kuputsa kwamaune. The Clean Water Act, somuenzaniso, inobvumira zvirango zvemakumi ezviuru zvamadhora pazuva papunza.
  • Mirayiro youtarisiri — mirayiridzo yokugumisa mibato yakati, ita chiito chokururamisa, kana kuti dzorera zvinhu zvakakuvadzwa.
  • Kubviswa kwerezinesi kana kuti mvumo [ — chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwamaindasitiri anodzorwa akadai sokutarisira utano, kubhangi, kana kuti chokufambisa.
  • Referal nokuda kwokurovererwa mhaka [[FLT: 1]] — apo kupunzika kunenge kuchiziva kana kuti kunyengera, masangano anganongedzera nhau kuBato reRuramisiro nokuda kwepomero dzoutsotsi.

Kubatsira Kunobatsira Nezvirongwa Zvokuzvidira

Kumanikidzirwa hakusati kuri kungoranga bedzi. Masangano akawanda anoshanda yamuro yeyamuro — kupa magwaro enhungamiro, mitsetse inopisa, uye pa'kubvunza. Computation Safety and Health Administration's Compliance Confect peji iri muenzaniso mumwe. Kushanda kungaderedza kudzorwa uye kusimudzira ukama pakati pemarusaidzo nezvinodzorwa.

Matambudziko Pakumanikidzwa Nomutemo

Kunzwisisa denho idzi kunokosha mukunzvera chikonzero nei mimwe mitemo ichibudirira uye mimwe ichiderera.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Kumanikidzirwa kunodhura. Mitemo inoda vaongorori, magweta, vanzveri vemashoko, uye vashandi vanotsigira. Gadziriro dzemari dzinowanzoreva kunzverwa kushomanene, nguva dzedavidzo refu, uye ngwariro panhau dzakakwirira apo kuputsa kuduku kusingapiwi konongedzero. Ikoku kunoparira murangariro wokuchengetwa kusina kuenzana uye kunogona kubvisa chivimbo chavanhu.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nedare

Mitemo nemirau zvinogara zvichipokanidzwa mudare. Vatsigiri vangataura kuti sangano rinopfuura chiremera charo, rakundikana kutevera muitiro wakafanira, kana kuti kuputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Hondo dzedare dzapanhambo nenhambo dzinogona kunonotsa kuchengetwa kwamakore. Munguva ino, mapati anodzorwa angashandisa zvisakafanira zvapamutemo kudzivisa kuzviisa pasi pechinodikanwa chemasangano ku "nongedzero netsinhiro" pasi peAPA, nepo achivimbisa kuti chiedza, chinogonawo kupedza kuderera.

Kudzivisa Nokusabvumirana

Vamwe vanhu kana kuti mabhizimisi vanoramba nokushingaira kuchengetwa kwemitemo — nokuvanda, kukurudzira kuti mitemo ishaye basa, kana kuti kungofuratira zvinodiwa.Kushora kwetsika kana kuti kwezvematongerwe enyika kunogonawo kudzivisa kuteerera mutemo nokuzvidira.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Mutemo Wazvino Uno

Mitemo yazvino uno nemirayiro inowanzova yakareba, yakarongwa, uye yakarongwa. Tsamba yeTsitsi yoga inopfuura zviuru zvamapeji. Uku kuoma kwemifungo kunogona kukurira avo vanozviisa pasi pomutemo, zvikurukuru vanasandisitiri vaduku kana kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vasina zano rapamutemo. Kuoma kwemifungowo kunowedzera ngozi yokuputsa mitemo, kuchiita kusvika kwokuranga kusingaruramisiri.

Basa raJudhia: Kududzira uye Kuhwirudzura

Matare anotoita kuti mutemo utaure kuti zvinorevei uye kana zviito zvokuita kuti vanhu varambe vari mumatare zvichishanda.

Kuparadza Kukanganisika

Apo masangano anosungisa anounza mhaka dzinorwisana navapunzi vemitemo, nhau idzodzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinopfuurira kupfurikidza nokutongwa nomutongi womutemo wehurumende (ALJ) kana kuti, nokuda kwenhau dzakakomba zvikuru, mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ingaunza zviito zvokuchengetwa kwevagari vemo mudare reruwa, nepo kuchengetwa kweEPA's kunganzwika musangano reALJ risati rakwidza mudare rehurumende.

Mukati mokuvimbisa, hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa nhau yayo mumupimo unoshanda woufakazi (kurangarira zvikurukuru ufakazi munhau dzehurumende, pasina panikiro ine mufungo muutsotsi). Mupomeri ane maruramiro okupa ufakazi, zvapupu zvinoparirwa, uye kupikisa tsananguro dzomutemo.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kworutongeso Rwechiito Chomubatanidzwa

Kunyange varairi vasati vasvika muputsi chaiye, mitemo imene inogona kudenhwa. MuAPA, munhu upi noupi “akatapurwa kana kuti akavhiringidzwa zvikuru" nechiito chesangano anogona kutsvaka hwirudzuro. Matare anorangarira:

  • Kana sangano racho raiita maererano nechiremera charo chakapiwa vamwe.
  • Kana kutungamirira kwacho kwaitevera miitiro yakafanira.
  • Kana chisarudzo chesangano racho chiri chokuzvidira, chokusafunga, kana kuti chokushandisa zvisina kufanira uchenjeri.
  • Kana mutemo wacho uchirwisana neBumbiro Remitemo (mutoo, First Amendment, muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana).

Nokuda kwechitsama chine chiremera chemipimo yehwirudzuro, ona mativi edzidzo edare panzvero yesangano. Nokudaro matare anoshanda secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende, achivimbisa kuti kudzika mutemo hakutsauki miganhu yakagadzwa neConstitution.

Kugadza Kuchenjera Nokugadzirira

Apo matare makuru — zvikurukuru Dare rapamusoro reU.S. — rinodzora panhau, zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogadza muenzaniso unowirirana nokuda kwamatare akaderera namasangano. Somuenzaniso, mu Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.[FL:1] [19984] [1] [19984], Dare rapamusoro rinogadza gadziriro mbiri dzokuhwirudzura tsananguro dzemitemo isina kujeka. Iyi nheyo (inozivikanwa se [[FLT:]]Chron[FL:]]]]) [FLT]) [FT] [FFT]

Kuongorora, Kuongorora, uye Kupa Zvokudya

Hurumende nenzanga yevagari vemo zvinoramba zvichiongorora kana mitemo iri kuita zvayaida.

Kuunganidzwa Kwemashoko Nokushuma

Vane chokuita namasangano vanounganidza nguva dzose mashoko pamusoro pemwero yokuteerera, zviito zvokumanikidza, zvirango zvinoiswa, uye migumisiro (mutoo, kuderedzwa kweshatiso, kuvadziko dzebasa, kana kuti kubiridzira). Office yeHurumende yeMasarudzo (GAO) inonzvera nokunzvera pachikumbiro cheCongress. Mitemo mizhinji inobatanidza zvinodikanwa zvokushuma zvinogombedzerwa. Somuenzaniso, GAO inobudisa mishumo inonzvera kushanda kwesangano [

Kugadzirira Kuvira Kwezuva Nokutarisira Kwomutemo

Mimwe mitemo ine zvitsama zvemitemo zvinoparira kuti zvipere pashure pechiverengero chakatemwa chamakore kutoti chatenderwazve. Iri mauto anogadzira mitemo yokudzokorora mutemo, kuhwirudzura mashoko okuchengeta, uye kusarudza kana zvichifanira kumutsidzira, kugadziridza, kana kuti kuurega. Dare rinewo tengedzero apo misoro yemitezo inopupurira pamusoro pedenho dzokuchengeta nokubudirira. Uku kutaura kunobvumira gadziridzo dzenzira apo kuchengetwa kunobvumikisa kuva kusina kukwana kana kuti kunorema zvikuru.

Mubati Wechikwerete Netsinhiro Yavose

Kupfuura utariri hwakarongwa, masangano anowanzotsvaka zvinobatsira munzanga dzakatapurwa, masangano eindasitiri, uye mapoka okushandisa zvibvumirano. Kuhwirudzura kwenguva nenguva mirau — zvakadai se "Regatoriast... nhano pasi pevatarisiri vakasiana-- siyana vapurezidhendi — anokumbira tsinhiro yavose pamusoro pemitemo inofanira kuchengetwa, kudzorwa, kana kuti kubviswazve. Iyi purojekita inobetsera kuchengeta pamutemo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutemo unoramba uchiwirirana nemigariro chaiyoiyo yenyika.

Kungwarira Vanhu Nedzidzo Yepamutemo

Mutemo uyo pasina munhu anoziva nezvawo haungamboteerwi nokuzvidira.

Kuburitswa Kwehurumende Nokubudiswa Kwemabhuku

Zvirongwa zvinoparadzira kubudiswa kwemichina inobudisa nhau, kubudisa nhungamiro panzvimbo dzavo dzepawebsite, uye nyaya "mutauro unopeta-pfupikisa" mitemo mitsva. Nokuda kwechinjo huru (dzakadai semipimo yekotsekano yebasa itsva kana kuti mvumo yemhoteredzo), masangano angagovera misangano yavose kana kuti mahotera. Fédal Register imene inoshanda segadziriro yeziviso yavose, asi kunyanyodiwa kubetsera kuzivisa kunoitwa navanhu vanotapukunyurwa.

Dzidzo Yemiviri Muzvikoro

Kudzidzisa vadzidzi kuti mitemo inochengetwa sei chinhu chinokosha padzidzo yevagari vemo. Zvirongwa zvezvidzidzo uye pfuma zvinobva kumasangano akadai se BICCOS [ pachikuva kunobatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa mabasa emasangano okutarisira, matare, uye vagari vemo. Kana vechiduku vakadzidza kuti mutemo hausi mitemo chete asi muitiro une simba unoda kuti vashingaire, vanenge vakagadzirira zviri nani kuita sevakuru.

Mabhazi Okushandira Munzanga Nemakiriniki Emitemo

Masangano asingabudiriri uye zvikoro zvemitemo zvinowanzoita zvirongwa zvenzanga zvinotsanangura mitemo mitsva — zvikurukuru iyo inotapura dzimba, kutama, kodzero dzevatengi, kana kuti bhizimisi duku.

mhedziso

Kushandiswa kwemitemo hachisi chinoitika chimwe asi muitiro unopfuurira, unorongwa unobatanidza mutemo, chiito chokutonga, kuhwirudzura, uye kuvimbisana kwapachena. Kuvambira pakubudiswa kwomutemo mutsva wokuronga kupfurikidza nemirau inoshandiswa, mufambiro wenzvero, kupfuudzwa kwefaindi, uye kutsanangurwa kwemitemo nematare, nhano imwe neimwe inoumba pesvedzero yetsika dzenyika chaiyo yomutemo wapakuvamba. Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu unokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi nemhaka yokuti unozivisa kuti unodzora hausi mutambo unodzorwa — igadziriro mhenyu inoda ngwariro, donzo, uye kutora rutivi. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa denho dzemitemo — ganhuriro dzapamutemo, kuoma, uye kuoma kwapamutemo — tinogona kutsigira zviri nani nokuda kwezvirongwa uye pfuma zvinodikanwa kutsigira ruramisiro uye kurongedzero yomutemo wemitemo. Mumutemo unozivisa kuti ushande mumitemo isati uchitsamira pavatongi, asi pazviuru zveupenyu.