Mavambo Enhau Okurongwa Kwevashandi veJapan

Masangano evashandi muJapan haana kubuda muchinhu chisingakoshi. Mavambo awo anodzokera shure kuMeiji Reconsole (1868-1912), nhambo yokubudirira kunokurumidza uko kwakaparira boka idzva rinoshanda mumafekitari, zvimbambaira, uye zvigadziko. Masangano apakuvamba avashandi akaputswa uye aidzorwa kazhinji kazhinji muMutemo woRugare, uyo wakaiswa pasi pekodzero dzavashandi. Mubatanidzwa wokutanga wenyika yose wakapiwa zvokudya, Japan General Federation of Labor (Sodomei), wakaumbwa muna 1921, asi wakashanda mukunzverwa kwehurumende kwenguva dzose.

Nyika yakachinja zvinoshamisa pashure peHondo yeNyika II. Munyasi maAssociated Occupation (1945 - 9552), masangano avashandi akakurudzirwa nokushingaira sorutivi rwekurongwa kwehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo ra 1946 rakavimbisa maruramiro okuronga, kuumba, uye kurova. Masangano ebatanidzwa akawedzera, achikwirira pamitezo inopfuura mamirioni 12 mukupera kwama1940. Iyi nhambo yakaona kukura kwemasangano anorwisana nebato resocialism, zvikurukuru muchikamu chavose. Pakasvika muna 1950, masangano akanga ava chikwata chakasimba zvikuru kusangano renyika nehurumende, chikaumba chigaro chehondo chaibatanidza kushanda kwoupenyu hwose, mibairo yakakwirira, uye betsero yezvero yemari yebhizimisi.

Ma1970 na 1980 vakaunza denho. Kuvhunduka kwamafuta nokugadziridza masangano emari zvakanetesa masangano anorema. Vatemushi vakatanga kuderera zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo Japan yakatanga kusimukira kumari yebasa. Kunyange zvakadaro masangano akaramba akakodzera mune zvematongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokuwirirana kwawo ne Japanan Tradederation Union (RENGO)[FLT], yakavambwa muna 1989. RENGODYURO yakava namasangano epatoo pasi peamburera imwe, ikagamuchira chibvumirano chakawanda, kurangarira chibvumirano kuvose vari vaviri bhizimisi nehurumende. Uku kuchinja kwakaratidzira chinjo kubva kurwisano kuenda kukwikwidzano, zvinzvimbo zvinoiswa mumibatanidzwa muJapan inodzodzorwa panzvimbo dzezvoupfumi panzvimbo pokutonga vanhu vedzimwe nyika.

Kuvakwa Kwemasangano Evashandi eJapan Nemajoini Awo Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuti munhu anzwisise pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika, anofanira kunzwisisa kuti mibatanidzwa yeJapan yakarongwa sei. Kusafanana namasangano akarongwa zvakanaka, akavakirwa pabasa anozivikanwa navose muUnited States, sangano ravashandi reJapan rinodzorwa namasangano apakati]. aya masangano akarongwa, anofukidza vashandi vose venguva dzose vekambani imwe. Vanobatirana navashandi venguva dzose pakubudirira nokukwikwikwidzana, asi vachiri kudyidzana pamusoro pemibairo, maawa, uye migariro yokushanda.

RENGO inzvimbo hurusa yenyika, inomirira vashandi vanenge 7 mamirioni (sokubvira muna 2023). Inochengeta batano dzakarongwa nedzamasangano ezvematongerwe enyika. Munhau, RENGO yakawiriranwa nepakati-pakati peruboshwe, zvikurukuru Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) uye, pakuvamba, democratic Party yeJapan (DPJ). Zvisinei, RENGO inopindawo nechisarudzo [[FLT:] LIBALALC] Democratic Par [FDP] panhau dzakananga, kuziva kuti mukati mamiriro ezvinhu ane mwero mukati Hurumende anowedzera miuyo yadzo yadzokororo.

Ukama hwacho hunorongwa nenzira dzinoverengeka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Madare echiProtolic: Vamiriri veUnion vanogara pamabhodhi ehurumende nokuda kwemiitiro yebasa, chengeteko yenzanga, uye gadziriro yemari.
  • Tsitsiro: RENGO navakuru vayo vanotendera pamutemo, zvikurukuru kubva muCDP asi pane dzimwe nguva kubva mumapoka eLDP ane ushamwari kubasa.
  • [ Tsigiro yezvemari: Inogovera kumari yezvamatongerwe enyika nemibato, kunyange zvazvo makopu apamutemo akaderedza kutsigira kwakananga kwemari nokufamba kwenguva.
  • Basa reIndustrial sechiwiriso: basa rinokuvadza ([[[FT:2] SUNTO) -- yakadzorwa kurukurirano dzemari inotambirwa gore negore dzenguva yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru apo sarudzo inenge yava pedyo.

Uyu mutoo wamativi maviri — tsigira mapoka anoshora nebvumirano yeLDP — zvinopa pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi kana ichienzaniswa nechetedzero yavo yemitezo (zvino inenge 16% yavashandi).

Mazita Anokosha Anopesvedzerwa Nemasangano Evashandi

Kuchinja Kwomutemo Webasa

Masangano ave achishandiswa mukuumba bumbiro remitemo yebasa reJapan. Act yeMajeresa (1947) uye Labor Union Act[ (1949)) zvakanga zviri zvigadzirwa zvakananga zvokupinda kwapakare. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kubatana kwakasundirwa kuti kudzoredze kunyanyodzora nguva yakawandisa, kudzora (vashandi venguva pfupi), uye kusimbisa zvirango nokuda kwemiitiro yamabasa isina kururama. [[FLT:] 2018] Mutemo weTswokuchinja basa [[[FLT]:5], uyo wakasuma mabhandero enguva yokutanga, akabereka mapepa eReNGOcvo, kunyange zvazvo wakashorwa zvikuru nokuda kwenyanzvi dzawo.

Mari Nhanhatu Nechengeteko Inowanikwa

Kunyange zvazvo Japan ine mubhadharo wakaderera wenyika yose (panzvimbo pezvo, matare ehurumende achigadza mwero), masangano anoisa dzvinyiriro kupfurikidza neCentral Leace Wages Council. Vamiriri veUnion vanogara parutivi pebhizimisi nemitezo yemhindu yavose. Wedzero dzegore negore muavhareji yemari inorema yenyika yose (kuvambira pa 0.780 muna 2014 kusvikira ku 1 900 000 pa2024 (89,89,8) dzinoratidzira nhimbe yokubatanidzwa kwechiito chemubatanidzwa, zvikurukuru kubva ku "Menhomba 1 000 Yage" nhimbe. Unionswo dzinotsigira wedzero yemibayiro shomanene yemibairo, kupfuudzo inokwidza kuwedzero yemiuyo yezvibereko.

Kuchengeteka Kwenzanga Nezvoutano

Gadziriro yezvoutano yapose pose yeJapan nezvirongwa zvepenjeni yavose zvinopa misengwa yakawanda nokuda kwemubatanidzwa wemibatanidzwa. Muma 1960, masangano akaraira nenzira inobudirira kuti hurumende ifukidze vagari vose. Mibatanidzwa yakarwisa kuparadzwa kwemari inodzorwa pakurapwa uye nguva dzepenjeni yakakwirira. Ivo nguva dzose vanopa zvikarakadzo pamusoro peinishuwarenzi yezvokutarisira kwenguva refu netsigiro yomwana, vachiwanira simba kuvapo kwavo mumatare anofamba-famba (hurumende, basa, kutarisira) izvo zvinoronga chinjo dzechengeteko yenzanga.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Musiyano uye Kushanda Zvakanaka

Mibatanidzwa yave ichifambira mberi nenzira isingakarirwi panhau dzevatano, ichisundwa nechiverengero chinowedzera chemitezo yavakadzi nokukura kwavashandi vasiri vapanyika. Yakasunda nokuda kweChitatiso paKubatanidzwa Kwavakadzi nokufambira mberi muPurestmenting in the Office (2015), inoda kuti makambani ave anotanga kuisa zvitsama zvenhamba. MaUngano anotsigirawo nokushingaira kukura kwechikamu chavabereki, maawa ebasa anochinjika, uye kurambidzwa pakunetswa. RENGNO'STAX" nhungamiro dzinokurudzira kukurukura nokuda kwemitero yakaenzana nokuda kwebasa, chimiro chinowirirana nezvirongwa zvebasa ramabasa enyika yose.

Masangano Avashandi Nemapoka Eboka: Kuongorora Vara

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

Pasinei zvapo nokuva mubatanidzwa wemitengo yakasanobatanidzwa nebhizimisi guru, LDP ine miitiro yebasa yakabatanidza munhau kuti ichengete kuterama kwenzanga. yeInishuwalensition Agency yeInishuwarensi inochinja zvinhu muma 2000, inodira muunganidzwa wepenjeni, yakabatanidza mubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa wemasangano. Vafundisi vakuru vehurumende vakadai saJunchizo Koizumi naShinzo Abe vanowanzosangana nevakuru vakuru vemari vasati vazivisa nezvemari. VHOVP inowanzovimbisa kuti "basa rakadzikama" uye "mambure okuchengetera, mutauro wakasimba unotodza mubatanidzwa, kunyange sezvo boka rinoda kuti ribatsire. Kudzikamisa uku kubetsera kubetsera kubetsera bhizimisi.

Constitution Democraticment Party (CDP)

CDP ndiwo musha womuzvarirwo wevezvematongerwe enyika vazhinjisa vanopinzwa. Yakakudziridzwa muna 2017 kubva kuvakasarira veDPJ namamwe mapoka anoshora, CDP's platifomu nenzira yakajeka inoraira kusimbisa kurukurirano yeboka, kudzongonyedza 2018 Scenal Sformation Law kuregererwa kwe "Vhite-collar" vashandi, uye kukudza garikano yavashandi vasiri vemo. RENGO'S Council [ Councilm yeMite yeMitemo mizhinji yebasa reCDP's. Mu 201 ne2023 zvisaru, vapauro vanogamuchira mubatanidzwa wemataundi.

Boka rechiKomonisiti reJapan naReiwa Shinsengumi

Mapati akawanda anotakura kuruboshwe anobetserwawo netsigiro yomubatanidzwa, kunyange zvazvo kuri kwamasanga zvikuru. Party yechiKomonisiti yeJapani (JCP) inochengeta batano namasangano makuru ayo akaparadzana neRENGO, zvikurukuru mudzidzo nenzvimbo dzezvokufambisa. Reiwa Shingumi, boka rechipulcist rakaitwa nomutambi wemarian Taro Yamamoto, rine batano dzakasimba navatsigiriri vamabasa asina kukodzera. Idzi hadzo dzinowana zvigaro zvomutemo worudzi, asi dzinopesvedzera kurukurirano yetsika kupfurikidza nokusunda zvipfuro zvishoma zvikuru zvemari yakakomba uye vatyairi vemari.

Union System: Kubva Pakuvhunduka Kuenda Kusimba Risinganyanyi

Masangano evashandi eJapan akavamba chishandiso chakaoma zvikuru chinopfuura chitsama chegamuchidzanwa, icho chisingazivikanwi nakaresa nemhaka yomubatanidzwa wesangano rebhizimisi rinobatira pamwe. Nzira inozivikanwa zvikurusa ndiyo Spring Offensive (Shunto), nhambo inotsinhiraniswa yemibayiro kubva muna March kusvikira muna May gore rimwe nerimwe. Masangano makuru anogadza mubhadharo wetaro wechishuvo (g. 3-4%), kukurukurirana netarisiro, uye ipapo miuyo inobudira kumafemu maduku kupfurikidza namaindasitiri. Shusto miuyo inowanzozivisa kuhurumende kana mari ichida kunyandurwa kana kuti kusimba.

Mamwe mazano anosanganisira:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kukurukurirana:[[FLT: 1] Misangano yenguva dzose navakuru vakuru voushumiri, zvikurukuru paUshumiri hwoUtano, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), uko vamiriri vomubatanidzwa vanogara pamatare akawanda.
  • [ Kupesvedzera kunogamuchirwa: kuisa mifungo yakanyorwa pamabhiri, kupupurira mumatare eDiet, uye kubatana nemitezo yeDioet ine ushamwari yakabva mumativi ose.
  • Nhimbe dzePublic: kushambadza kwepamubatanidzwa wenhau uye zvinobudisa nhau zvesociation zvinonyandura kuronga nhau (mutoo, "Ima Karoshi" nhimbe dzokurwisana nokunyanyoshanda).
  • Kuvaka maruramiro: Mibatanidzwa nebatira pamwe yemitengi, mapoka avakadzi, uye masangano avagari vemo kuwedzera tsigiro nokuda kwemiitiro yeshamwari yebasa.

Rubudiriro rumwe rukuru rwakanga rwuri 2013 "Makambani Matema" nhimbe , umo mubatanidzwa unoziviswa unoshandisa migariro yebasa pamafemu akadai saDon Quijote. Kudanidzira kwavose kwakamanikidzira hurumende kusimbisa shanyo nokusuma gadziriro dzokupa zita rezita rero. Ikoku kunoratidza kuti masangano anogona sei kuchinja murangariro wavose kunyange apo mitezo yavo yakananga inenge iri duku.

Zvinetso Zvokuva Nesimba Rinobatana

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zviitwa, masangano evashandi eJapan anotarisana nemhedziso dzinovapo. Nhau inotambudza zvikurusa ndeyokuti mitezo , ichiderera kubva pamamiriyoni 12,3,4% evashandi) muna 1975 kusvikira kumamiriyoni 10,5 muzana (16.3%) muna 2023. Kuderera kunokonzerwa nokukura kwevashandi vasiri vapanyika (nguva imwe, nguva pfupi, chibvumirano), vanoita 40% yevashandi. Masangano mazhinjisa anofukidza vashandi venguva dzose bedzi, achisiya vashandi vasina organ. Vanoshanda vasingashandi venguva dzose vane mibayiro yakaderera, vawana mibayiro mishomanene, uye basa duku, asi vanooma kubatana nemhaka yokuti havana vashandi vakabatana.

Rimwe denho ndiro mitezo yeUNIO inowanzova yakura, yagara iri vashandi vechirume (ambuya dzinoderera.) Vashandi vaduku, zvikurukuru mumasangano ezvoruzivo rwemibato, havangatongokumbanidzwi kana kuti kuona kushanda kwavo. MaUngano akaedza kurwisa ikoku namapurogiramu okuwana pwere, kuronga paIndaneti, uye "masangano echikwata anoshanda vasiri vateshi venyika, asi kubatira vanoshanda vasingashandi vemitezo, asi kubatira.

Zvinetso zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinowedzerawo. nepo masangano akakwanisa kukunda, masangano ose ave ari kukudzorwa kuchinjika panzvimbo pechengeteko. Uyezve, kusava nesimba kweCDP kunoreva kuti vatendi vemibatanidzwa havawanzodzoredzeri zvibvumirano zveBasa. Pasina kudzora kukuru, masangano anofanira kutsamira papesvedzero yakapfava panzvimbo pesimba rakaoma.

Kuda Kuita Zvaunoda

RENGO pachayo haisiri yemasangano echikamu chimwe chete. Masangano echiteshi ari mukati meRENGO anowanzova anochinja zvikuru, anoisa mubhadharo wemari kudarika zvimwe zvose. Masangano avose (vadzidzisi, hurumende yomunzvimbomo) akawanda anosiiwa achidzorwa uye anokumbirwa zvikuru. Aya akaparadzana mukati pane dzimwe nguva anoderedza mashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, mukati mekusarudza 2021, RENGO nenzira yapamutemo akatsigira CDP, asi vamwe vatendi vechechi voga vakatsigira zvinyaradzo muchivande cheLDP mukutsinhamisa zvipikirwa zvemitero yebhizimisi.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kuchinjira Kumugariro Wemari Unochinja

Masangano evashandi haasati amira. Nhendo dzinoverengeka dzinopa kuratidzwa kwadzo kwakawanda kwemashandire aangaita. Imwe i igadziriro yavashandi vemo nevechikuva. Masangano enzanga, akadai se "General Union" uye "Tokyo Union," akavamba kupinza vatakuri vezvifambi, mainjiniya vakasununguka, uye kunyange Imitubers. Vanopa zano repamutemo, kukumbira zvibvumirano, uye nhimberi dzavose kuronga vashandi ava. Nepo mitezo iri duku, idzi nhamburiko dzinosimudzira kuziva nokukurudzira matare kuti vatsarudzezve mitemo yebasa nokuda kwezera remitengo.

Chimwe chimiro ndechi kubatanidzwa nokubatanidza. Masangano maduku ebhizimisi ari kubatanidzwa kuti apedze zviwanikwa uye kuvake simba rokutaurirana. Muna 2022, Japanan Federation of Textile and Chemical Booffice Union yakabatanidzwa neGematomal, Electronic and Information Accounts Union kuumba chikamu chikuru cha 70,000 000.

Mibatanidzwawo i inonzvera ruzivo rutsva rwemitengo. Mubatanidzwa wekudzikisa misangano, Mapoka eWhen App, uye maapp akatsaurirwa zvakavandudza kurukurirano nemitezo, zvikurukuru vaduku avo vanoona misangano yegamuchidzanwa yavanyakare. Mamwe masangano zvino anoshandisa majekedzo kuti arondere kusaenzana mumafemu uye anosunda machiyero anoiswa pachena. "Union for Gig Workers" (Upfit Japan) anoshandisa giramu inowirirana neyamubatanidzwa apo vashandi vanoisa post panzvimbo yavose kusvikira vatarisiri varonze.

Panzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika, mibatanidzwa iri kunzvera mibatanidzwa yapamutemo kupfuura CDP. Mujarura rakaderera ra 2024 reimba, RENGO inoshumwa kuva inorangarira kutsigira chiverengero chiduku chavadaviri vaigara padare reMHLW uye vane chinyorwa chamazita omubatanidzwa anotsigira. Uku "kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira" kugona kupa pesvedzero huru inopesana kupfuura chibvumirano chakaoma nechishoro chakaneta.

Pakupedzisira, masangano ndiwo anoisa mashoko awo [ kubva ku "dziviriro yebasa" kusvikira ku "ruramisiro yenzanga" uye "kubudirira nokuda kwavose". Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kodzero dzebasa nenhau dzakakura dzakadai sechinjo yemamiriro okunze, IPF, uye kuderera kwavagari vemo, mibatanidzwa inoisa tariro yokukwezva vakwanyina mumasangano emhoteredzo nemitemo yenzanga. Kokorodzano 2023 ReNGO yakagamuchira chisarudzo chokudana "Green New Deance" nokuda kweJapan, yakakwana nokudzoserazve mapurogiramu ebasa nebhizimisi uye bhizimisi revoruzhinji mumaindasitiri anotsigirwa.

Kariro Dzenguva Refu

Kana masangano evashandi eJapan achigona kushandura kuderera kwawo anoramba asina chokwadi. Kuoma kwawo kwomuviri kungapfuurira kuderera, asi pesvedzero yawo yezvamatongerwe enyika ingasaderera. Chero bedzi masangano achitaura chiono chinogombedzera chavanhu vakwegura(* nemabasa akatsiga, mibayiro inokwana, uye dziviriro dzenzanga yose () zvicharamba zviri mubiyako webato ripi neripi rinotsvaka kutonga. Sarudzo yomunzvimbomo nasarudzo dzinotevera zvichaedza kana kutenderwa kwomubatanidzwa zvichiri kushandurirwa mumavhoti. Kana masangano azvino unobudirira achiita kuti unyanzvi hwawo hwazvo huve hwazvo uye kukudza mamiriro ezvinhu ose enyika eJapan angaumbazve upfumi hwezvamatongerwe enyika kwechiJapan kwamakumi amakore kuti auye.

Mugumisiro: Kukudzwa Kusingaperi Kwemasangano Evashandi Mumatongerwe Enyika eJapan

Masangano evashandi muJapan akavamba kubva kuhondo dzapashure pehondo kusvika kumitengo yepanyika. Mano avo okuumba mitemo yebato yebato . Kuvambira pazvipikirwa zvenzanga yenzanga yemagariro ebasa kudivi reCDP(madhimoni anoratidza kuti kunyange sangano rinoderera rinogona sei kuva nesimba mumasangano anokosha, unyanzvi, uye nhimbe dzavose. Kunyange zvazvo zvinetso zvakadai sezvisiri zvomushandi wemo yehurumende nevezvamatongerwe enyika zvichityisidzira simba razvo, masangano etsika anowirirana netsika, uye kuwanda kwemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemitengo. Munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika yeJapan, masangano ebasa anoramba ari mukuru nemhaka yokuti anoramba ari mukuru, asi nemhaka yokuti anomirira inzwi rinofadza nokuda kwokuchinja kukuru nokukurumidza. Kuvapo kwawo mudare, kupfuurira kuronga, uye kutsigira kutsigira kurongwa kwevashandi vemasangano.

Nokuda kwokuravazve panzvimbo yavashandi yeJapan netapuro yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika, rangarira kunzvera [[FLT: 0] Japan Institute yeLabour Policy ne Training Tradition mishumo yenzvero, ZVINONZIRATIO ZVISHOZVO ZVINOIPA.