Mbiru Dzokutonga Kwehurumende: Kunzwisisa Kusarudzwa Nemhosva

Kusarudza uye kuronga hakuzati kuri zviitiko zvetsikawo zvazvo zvekarenda yezvamatongerwe enyika; iwo mabasa makuru anoshandura uchangamire hwakakurumbira kuva chiremera chehurumende chapamutemo. Mugadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende yekoruzhinji, iyi miitiro inobatira sebatano yakakomba pakati pavadzorwi naavo vanotonga, kuchigonesa vagari vemo kusarudza vamiriri vavo, nhungamiro yetsika, uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire. Nyaya ino inonzvera mabasa ane mhatsa akasiyana - siyana esarudzo nePrimi, mhindumupindu, zvinetso zvavanotarisana nazvo, uye mifungo inoumba nguva yavo yemberi. Kunzwisisa kukuru kwamasangano iwaya kunokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira utano hwehurumende ipi neipi inosarudzwa.

Basa Rinokosha Rokusarudza

Kusarudza kurova mwoyo kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Zvinoita mabasa anoverengeka anotsigira udzori hwapamutemo nohunogamuchira. Pasina kusarudza kwakasununguka uye kwakarurama, hurumende haigoni kutaura kuti inobvuma vanhu, uye kuzvidavirira kunova chipikirwa chisina maturo. Mabasa makuru esarudzo anogona kuputswa kuva mbiru ina:

Mufananidzo uye Kuchinja

Pamwero wayo mukurusa, sarudzo mutoo wokushandura chido chokuvhota mudare rinodzora. Vagari vanokanda mavhota kuti vasarudze vanhu vachavaitira zvisarudzo panzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, munharaunda, uye nyika. Iyi mhedziso inovimbisa kuti mhatsa yamanzwi nenzvimbo, mugariro wenzanga, dzinza, uye pfungwa . Muuyo wesarudzo unopa murairo, kuratidzira kuboka rinohwina kana kuti mukwanirirwo uye nhungamiro yavose inovakarira kutevera.

Kuzvidavirira Nokutarisira

Sarudzo dzakarongwa nguva dzose dzinoparira nguva inodzokororwa yokuzvidavirira. Vasarudzo vanofanira kupa marekodhi avo kuvavhoti, avo ipapo vanotonga kana zvipikirwa zvakachengetwa uye kana mubato wakafadza. Iyi tyisidziro yokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kuti vaite mufariro yavose panzvimbo peyavo vamene, uye inogovera gadziriro ine rugare yokuendesa simba apo vavhoti vasingagutswi. Sezvo musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Robert Dahl akarevedzera, sarudzo i “pasi” idzoro idzodzodzodzo idzodzo idzodzo yavatungamiriri vanomanikidza kuti vabvunde.

Kutendeseka Nokugadzikana

Hurumende yakaberekwa musarudzo dzinovimbika inofarikanya hwaro hwakasimba hwapamutemo. Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti muitiro wacho wakanga wakarurama uye kutora rutivi kwavo kunokosha, sezvingabvira zvikuru ivo vanogamuchira chiremera chehurumende, vanowirirana nemitemo, uye vanobata namasangano avose. Uku kuva pamutemo kunokosha nokuda kwetsiga yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru munzanga dzakasiyana - siyana kana kuti dzinochinja. Kusarudza kunogovera mutoo wakarongwa, usina masimba masimba wokupedza rwisano dzenzanga uye kusarudza kuti ndiani anoshandisa simba.

Kubatanidzwa Nokushandira Pamwe Munzanga

Kusarudza kunounganidza vagari vemo kuti vakurukure nhau, vabatane nemasangano ezvematongerwe enyika, uye varambe vachiziva.

Basa Remhosva Rakasiyana Nemamwe

Nepo sarudzo dzinosarudzwa navose dzichisarudza kuti ndiani achava nenzvimbo, zvigaro zvomukati izvo mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anosarudza nazvo vamiririri vavo.

Kusarudza uye Kutungamirira Boka

Basa guru nderokuurutsa nzvimbo yetariro kumubati mumwe wemupimo. Uyu muitiro hausati uri wokusatora rutivi; unoumba chimiro chepfungwa chebato. Papati inoshandisa chinhu chikuru chakavharwa(apora bedzi kumitezo yebato inonyoreswa). (Nhau dzokuita kuti vakwidziridziridziri vanokwidza kunzvimbo yebato, iyo inowanzova yakanyanyisa zvikuru mundangariro kupfuura muvhotera mukuru. Nhasi, mapringi akaza, umo vanhu vakazvimirira uye pane dzimwe nguva mitezo yemamwe mapoka vanogona kutora rutivi, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoparira kunyorwa kune mwero zvikuru. Naizvozvo gadziriro huru ndiyo jiradziro ine simba zvikuru pamusoro penhungamiro.

Kubatanidzwa Neboka

Vavhoti vanogovera mitezo yebato uye vavhoti chimwe chinhu chikuru chinotaura mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vanogona kuva chishandiso chine simba kusimbisa vateshi uye kunyoresa vatsigiri vatsva. Zvisinei, kuvhota kukuru kwakaderera zvikuru kupfuura kuvhota kwavose, kazhinji kazhinji kunobva kwakura, kuchena, uye pfungwa dzakawanda. Ikoku kunogona kuparira “chinetso chetsororo.” uko varovi vazhinjisa, vanoisa mapoka kunzvimbo dzingava dzisingadzoreki.

Mienzaniso Inokosha: Chifananidzo Chinoratidzwa Munyika Yose

United States haisati iri yechienzi mutambanuko yainoshandisa matare okubatanidza kusarudza vamirimo nokuda kweinenge hofisi dzose. Dzimwe mitoo yakawanda yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu inoshandisa mitezo mishomanene, yakadai sekokorodzano dzemapati, mabudiro, kana kuti kusarudzwa kwedare kwomukati. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunokosha:

  • Mitezo yakavharwa: mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa bedzi ingavhota. Ikoku kunosimbisa kuzivikanwa kwebato uye kunodzivisa “kuvhota kwapakati". Kunozivikanwa munyika dzakawanda dzeU.S.
  • Avhura mipata: Muvhoti upi noupi akanyoreswa angatora rutivi mubato ripi neripi guru. Ikoku kunogona kuwedzera funganyo pamusoro pekuparadzwa kwegadziriro yenhau (mutoo, mitezo yebato rimwe rinovhotera munhu akaneta zvikurusa mune rimwe).
  • SAMI - Open/Semi- - Vazheriti: Chiruva umo vanhu vakasununguka vangasarudza mubato, asi vatsigiri vakanyoreswa vanogona bedzi kuvhota mubato ravo vamene guru.
  • Mitambo miviri yapamusoro inoshandiswa muCalifornia, Washington, uye Nebraska nokuda kwehurumende nemapoka esangano. Vanoda kutora vose vanobuda panzvimbo imwe pasinei zvapo nebato; vavhoti vaviri vanoenda mberi kurusarudzo rwavose, pasinei zvapo nebatano yebato. Iyi tsika inoderedza zvikuru pesvedzero yavachengeti vemasuo ebato.
  • Conuvenuts ne Cauczues: Inoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika (mutoo, kusarudzwa kwoutungamiriri kweCanada) kana kuti mumiganhu yakadai seIowa neNevada nokuda kwemakwikwi apurezidhendi weU.S..

Nokuda kwokupetwa kwakakwana kwamasangano makuru muU.S., National Conference of State Legislatures inopa nhungamiro yenyika nechomubatanidzwa [[FLT: 1].

Kubatsira Kunoita Kugadzira Kukuru Pakuchinja Kwepfungwa

A growing body of political science research suggests that the structure of primaries contributes to political polarization. In closed primaries, the incentive to please an ideologically narrow base can drive candidates to the extremes. The Brennan Center for Justice has analyzed how open primaries might reduce partisan bickering by forcing candidates to appeal to a broader, more diverse electorate. Reforms such as ranked-choice voting (RCV) and top-two primaries are gaining traction as potential antidotes to this dynamic.

Kupfuya Kwemarudzi Eshiri

Kunzwisisa mhatsa iyi kunokosha zvikuru kuti tinzwisise uremu hwakazara hwegadziriro yokusarudza.

Kusarudza Kukuru: Chinoitika Chikuru

Izvozvi zvisarudzo zvemabhurokwai zvinosarudza kudzorwa kwemitumbi yemitemo yenyika (zvikurukuru, Paramende, Congress) uye mukuru mukuru (Mutungamiriri, Mutungamiriri wehurumende). Sarudzo dzavose kazhinji kazhinji ndizvinoitika zvakakwirira zvikurusa. Vanoratidzira chimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chenyika ndokugadza purogiramu dzenguva inouya. Mitemo yakananga . "/6" inoshandisa tsika yokutanga yemitemo, inowirirana, kana kuti mufananidzo wakavhengana(apo) inotapura kuti mapi mativi anobudirirai uye kuti marumbirirano anoumbwa sei.

Zvirongwa Zvomunzvimbomo Nezvamabhazi

Nepo kazhinji kazhinji zvichifukidzwa namakwikwi orudzi, sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo sezvinooneka inhandare umo hurumende ine tapuro yakananga zvikurusa paupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ivo vavhoriyani vameya veguta, vamiriri vedare rezvikoro, uye vamiririri veruwa. Ava vakuru vakuru vanoita zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuronga nzvimbo, zvikoro zvavose, bhajeti remapurisa, uye zvirongwa zvomunzvimbomo. Kuvhota kwakaderera zvikuru (kazhinji kazhinji 20% muUnited States), kureva kuti boka duku, rakapindwa zvikuru rinoshandisa pesvedzero.

Kusarudza Chaiko Nokutsiva

Sarudzo chaidzo dzinodanwa kuzadza nzvimbo dzisingakarirwi (mutoo, chigaro muCongress chichava chisina chinhu) kana kuti kusarudza pamibvunzo chaiyo yetsika. Zvirongwa zveReferendendim nenhano dzokuvhota zvinobvumira vagari vemo kuvhota zvakananga pamitemo, kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti kunyange kuyeuka vakuru vakuru vakuru vagere. Nyika dzeAmerica dzeCalifornia, Oregon, uye Coloradorado dzinozivikanwa nokuda kwokushandisa kwazvo muitiro wokutanga nokuongorora. Nepo maturusi ane simba nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, dzinogonawo kuva dzinotaputswa nenhau dzinodzosasesa.

Kuchinja Kwegadziriro Yezvinoitwa Nevanhu

Kunoda kuronga kwokungwarira muzvikamu zvinoverengeka, chimwe nechimwe chacho chinofanira kuitwa pasina rusaruro uye pasina kusarura kuti vanhu varambe vachivimba nacho.

  1. REPURT: Nheyo dzehwaro hwevhozhokero. Gadziriro dzazvino uno dzinosiana kubva pakunyoresa kwoga (kushandiswa munyika dzakadai seCanada nehurumende dzakawanda dzeU.S.) kunyoresa kwokuzvidira. Kuderedza mhinganidzo kunyoresa /kupfurikidza nokunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero uye masuo epaIndaneti, zvave zvichiratidzwa kuwedzera, zvikurukuru pakati pevaduku navakavhoti vaduku. Pewnment Center yasimbisa miuyo yakanaka yokunyoresa mavhotera anobhairwa anoitwa pamunhu oga [ pakubatanidzwa.
  2. nhambo yenhimbe iri apo vadaviri vanopa zvikuva zvavo, vashori, uye kurukurirano navavhoti. Iyi nhambo inopesvedzerwa zvikuru nemitemo yenhimbe yemari, chinyorwa chenhau, uye kukwira kweziviso dzemichina. Muitiro wokusarudza wakanaka unoda nzvimbo yavose yakaisvonaka apo vavhoti vanogona kuwana mashoko akavimbika, akaderera.
  3. Mabasa okushambadza: Chiito chokukanda blackot chinogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda (in-person pazuva resarudzo, pakuvamba muvhota, posi isati yavapo, kana kuti kupfurikidza namabhokisi okudonhedza akachengeteka. Mutoo mumwe nomumwe une kushambadzira pakati perevo, chengeteko, uye mutengo. Chisaririra cheCOVOVID-19 chakaparira kukura kukuru kwetsamba mumibatanidzwa wakawanda, chinjo yakapfuurira muchimiro chakachinjwa.
  4. Kuverenga nokuisa Tabration: Pashure pokunge nzvero dzapera, mabhora anofanira kuunganidzwa nokuverengwa zvakanaka. Mitemo yazvino uno inoshandisa mascanner kana kuti michina yemagetsi inonangidzira. Muitiro wokuverenga unofanira kuva unojeka kuva vanodeya kuona nokucherekedza; nzvimbo zhinji dzinoda kuyanana kwenhamba yemabhora anoverengwa mukurwisana nenhamba yevhota.
  5. Kuva netsamba neKokero: Nhanho yokupedzisira igwara rehurumende remhedziso dzemiuyo neboka rasarudzo kana kuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Ikoku kunoteverwa nenhambo umo miuyo inogona kudenhwa mudare. Kudzorwa kwapamutemo neketani dzakajeka dzekodzero yokuchengeta zvinokosha kupedza nharo pasina kuisa muuyo.

Kuramba Uine Matambudziko uye Kutanga Kuperera Kwako Mune Zvokukunda

Utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu hunotsamira pakukwanisa kwayo kuziva uye kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi.

  • Kudzvinyirira kwevoti: Shoko rakafara nokuda kwemitemo kana kuti miitiro inokuita kuti kuve kwakaomera vagari vemo vakakodzera kuvhota, kazhinji kazhinji kuisa pamapoka chaiwo avagari vemo. Matare anobatanidza mitemo yemavhoti chaiwo, kubviswa kwemivhoti, kuderedza nzvimbo dzokuvhota munharaunda duku, uye ganhuriro pakuvhota kwapakuvamba kana kuti mutsamba. Iyi miraudzo inotapura zvikuru kuwana kwakaderera, vakwegura, uye vavhoti vashomanene.
  • Kudhirowa kwamaruwa ewirogioti kuti kuongedzere betsero yebato rimwe kupfurikidza no “kubvisa” (kuramba vatsigiri vebato rinopikisana muruwa rwakawanda) kana kuti“ kuvakwidza muruwa rumwe). Dare gurusa rakatonga kuti gerrymanning inhau isina ruramisiro yezvamatongerwe enyika mumatare ehurumende, richisiya chinjo kumitemo kana kuti zvirongwa zvavagari vemo. Magariro mazhinji akachinja kuva masangano matsva akazvimirira kuderedza gerrymermer .
  • Dhixoconformation and Foreign Interference: Kuparadzirwa kwamashoko enhema pamusoro pavadaviri, miitiro yesarudzo, kana kuti miuyo imene inogona kusekesa chivimbo chavanhu. Zviteshi zvemasangano enhau zvenzanga zvazova zviteshi zvemibato yokushambadzira yemavhairasi, mimwe mibato yehurumende inobatanidza zvirongwa zvokurava nokunyora mashoko, miitiro yepachikuva yemwero, uye kuratidzira kwemashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kuvhota neNzvimbo Yokuvhota: Michina yemagetsi yokuvhota nemapepa okunyoresa anovhota zvinhu zvinobvira kupfura nokupambwa nevatambi vane ruvengo. Nepo pasina ufakazi hwokuti kuvhota kwapanhambo nenhambo huru kwakaitika muU.S., ngozi yokupindira inoramba iri inokosha. Kuchengeteka kunoda kuedzwa kwomuchina wakaoma, mapurogiramu endege akatsikirirwa, mapepa evhikichati, uye mapepa okuongorora mapepa.
  • Kuvimba Kwavose: Zvichida denho inonyengera zvikurusa kuderera kwavose kwechitendero murusarudzo. Apo chikamu chikuru chavanhu chaidzoidzwa nevanorasikirwa nedanho (8) kazhinji kazhinji vanodavira kuti “tsika inotsigirwa,” vangabvisa mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti, zvakatoipa zvikuru, kupanikira kuva nokutendeseka kwomuuyo upi noupi. Kudzorera chivimbo kunoda kuva pachena, kutevedzerwa kwemitemo, uye mufambiro wetsika wakarongwa navatungamiriri mumativi ose ezvematongerwe enyika.
  • VaVoter Turnout Mitemo: Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunorwisana nekuderera kusingaperi, zvikurukuru pakati pepwere, mari shoma, uye chiverengero chavagari vemo vashoma. Ikoku kunoparira “mukaha wekutora." umo mavara evhoti yakatsigiwa, yakakwirira, yakapfuma zvikuru, yakadzidza zvikuru) hairatidziri chiverengero chavagari vapasi chakafara. Policies yakadai sokuvhota kunomanikidzirwa (kushandiswa muAustralia neBelgium), mazororo eSarudzo, uye matura etsamba anodzokororwa anogona kusimudzira.

Nguva Yemberi Yezvisarudzo Nemhosva

Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuchinja kwenhamba dzevanhu, uye zvidzidzo kubva munjodzi dzakapfuura zviri kuita kuti pave nezvinhu zvitsva.

  • Digal na Hybrid Voting Systems: Dzimwe nyika dziri kuedza kuvhota paIndaneti nokuda kwavashandi vehondo vemhiri kwamakungwa kana kuti vhota vane urema. Nepo zviri nyore, zvinetso zveIndaneti zvinoramba zvakaoma. Nyanzvi zhinji dzinotsigira kusvika kwounyanzvi, pepa rinodzorwa.
  • Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV): Anonziwo kuvhota kwapakarepo, RCV inobvumira vavhoti kuva vatsvaki vemitemo nokuda kwedanho. Kana pasina mutendi anogamuchira voruzhinji, mudariro wakaderera zvikurusa anobviswa uye vhoti dzinobviswa. RCV inobvisa “muuyo wechipoice,” inokurudzira kutsigira, uye inovimbisa kuti vakundi vane bhero huru. Inoshandiswa muAustralia, Ireland, uye mumaguta saSan Francisco naNew York. Maine naAlas yakaiko inoigamuchira nokuda kwechisarudzo chapasi.
  • Zvinoshanda panzvimbo imwe chete Voter Explogion (AVR): AVR, zvino inoshingaira muinopfuura 20 U.S. neGwati reColumbia, inonyoresa vagari vemo vakakodzera apo vanobata namasangano ehurumende seDMV. Kunowedzera zvikuru mwero yokunyoresa uye kunatsiridza ururami hwemarobhoti. [[FLT:]] Dare reChivinion neRevoixotion reHuwaramende renyika yose [[FLT]] sekona rehurumende yazvino uno.
  • Kupinda: Mitemo yakawanda iri kuwedzera nguva dzokuvhota, kugovera vhoti paposi pasina pembedzo, uye kushandisa betsero yomutauro. Makambani okuvhota nemichina inovhotera inowanika nokuda kwavanhu vane urema ari kuvawo anozivikanwa zvikuru.
  • , Chibvumirano cheMari yeProject: Kudzora mari yakawanda mune zvamatongerwe enyika kunoramba kuri chinhu. Kudzorwa kunobatanidza kupa mari yavose yesarudzo (mari kana kuti “sarudzo dzakasiiwa dzevoruzhinji), zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvakawedzerwa, uye kuedza kushandura zvisarudzo zvakadai se Citazens United v.FEC muU.S.

Mugumo: Kungwarira uye Kuchinja

Nhungamiro nenzvimbo dzinobatanidza zvirongwa zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hazvisi masangano asingazivikanwi; izvo zviri zvipenyu, zvinofema zvikamu zvehurumende inosarudzwa zvinoda kugadziriswa nokuvandudza. Kubva pakugadzira gadziriro huru dzinooneka kuti pave nokuvhota kwakachengeteka nokunosvikika, basa rokudzivirira kudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende rinoderera kusvika kuvagari vemo vakabatanidzwa, vakuru vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vakazvitsaurira, uye vagadziri vemiitiro yemitemo inogamuchira. Sezvo zvinetso zvokubvisa mashoko, kudzorwa kwenzwi riri rose, uye kuderera kwechivimbo chinovakwa, zvinova zvinokosha kutendwa, kupfurikidza nokuvhotera, kunyoreswa kwokuzvibhadharira, uye miitiro yokuchengeteka kunojeka. Kugadziridzwa kwehurumende inotsamira pakurevesarudzira kusingabvi pagadziriro yehurumende yehurumende inotendwa kuti inzwi riri rose rive rinowirirana kugona kunzwika, kuverengwa, uye kuremekedzwa.