Kuisa pachena uye sarudzo zviri panzvimbo huru yokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuchigovera vagari vemo mutoo wokusarudza vamiririri vavo negadziriro yavanhu. Bva mitoo, mitemo, uye tsika dzakapoteredza sarudzo zvinosiana zvikuru mupasi rose. Dzimwe nyika dzinoisa kuva nyore nyore nekurumidziro, nepo dzimwe dzichisimbisa kuwirirana nokusasarura. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano hakuratidzi bedzi simba noutera zvetsika imwe neimwe asi kunosimbisawo zvinetso zvinozivikanwa navose izvo democracy inotarisana nejeka kurukira kunyonganiso yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Nyaya ino inonzvera nzira iyo nyika dzakasiana - siana dzokuita nayo nokuvhota, kupinza mumipimo wemiitiro yezvirongwa zvokuvhota, miitiro yokutarisira, zvinetso zvinopfuurira, uye marungidzira.

Marudzi Egadziriro Dzokubudisa Mazambiringa

Nzira iyo vhoti dzinoshandurwa nayo muzvigaro inoumba zvikuru nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yenyika. Gadziriro imwe neimwe inotakura kusiiwa kwemireza, kutsiga, uye kuzvidavirira. Pasi apa pane gadziriro dzokuvhota dzakatanhamara zvikurusa dzinoshandiswa munyika yose.

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

FPTP, kana kuti kuvhota, mutoo wakapfava zvikurusa: mugamuchiri anogamuchira vhoti zvikurusa mukuhwina kwenhengo imwe yoruwa. Anoshandiswa muUnited States, Canada, United Kingdom, uye India (yaLok Sabhaha sarudzo), FPTP inowanzoparira hurumende dzakasimba dzechikamu chimwe nokuzvidavirira kwakajeka. Zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kukupambadza vhoti uye inogona kuguma nokuwana chiverengero chikuru chezvigaro nezvisingasviki zvizhinjisarudzo zvakakurumbira zvinooneka muUK neSarudzo.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Mugadziriro dzePR, zvigaro zvemitemo zvinogoverwa kumativi muwirirano yavo yovhota. Zvigaro zvavose zvinobatanidza PR yebato (anoshandiswa muSweden, Netherlands, South Africa) uye mitezo yakavhengana (MMP, inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand). PR inovimbisa kuti nhevedzano yakafara yamanzwi − kubatanidza mapoka maduku (‘marefu anomirirwa muparamende, asi anogona kutungamirira kuhurumende dzebatanidzwa dzingava dzisingatsiginyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyiswa kana kuti dzinononoka kuita chiito. Voters muSweden, somuenzaniso, dzinoona kutendeuka kwakakwirira negutsikano inowirirana, asi Hurumende inogona kurebesa kuumbwa. Netherlands, negadziriro yayo yezvikamu zvizhinji, kazhinji inoda kuumba dare redare.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) / Runoff Voting yapakarepo

MuRCV, vavhoti vanoda kutsiva. Kana pasina mutsigiri anowana ruzhinji rwamavhoti okutanga, muvhoti akaderedzwa zvikuru anobviswa uye vhoti dzavo dzinoparadzirwa kuchisarudzo chinotevera. Uyu muitiro unodzokororwa kusvikira mumwe mutengi awana ruzhinji. Australia inoshandisa RCV nokuda kweimba yayo yakaderera (Imba yavamiriri), uye iri kuwana matura mumaguta eUS saSan Francisco naMinneapolis. RCV inokurudzira vakwikwidziridziridziridziridziridziri kukwidza kupfuura pachivande uye inoderedza kudikanwa kwokuvhotera kwakaparadza. Vatsoropotesi vanogona kuvhiringidza ndokubudisa miuyo isingaratidzi mifungo mikuru muzvimwe zvinoitika.

Mubatanidzwa wemadhora maviri (Roff)

Inoshandiswa muFrance, Brazil, uye gadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzakawanda, gadziriro inotenderera inoda mukwidziridziri mukurusa mudenderedzwa rokutanga. Kana pasina munhu anowana, vaviri vapamberi vanopfuurira kumativi maviri. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti muwiridziri wokupedzisira ane tsigiro yakafara, asi inogona kuva inodhura uye inoraira, zvikurukuru munyika huru. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi weFrance, somuenzaniso, ona kuderera mumativi maviri.

Masangano Akavhengana

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzinobatanidza maPR ne FPP. Muitiro weMMP weGermany unopa vhoti mbiri: imwe nokuda kwomubhadhari womunzvimbomo (FPTP) uye imwe nokuda kwendaza yebato (PR). Vhota yePR inogadziridza kuparadzirwa kwose kwose kwezvigaro kuti ive nechokwadi chokuva nomwero. New Zealand yakagamuchirwa MMP muna 1996 uye yakaona mufananidzo mukuru nokuda kwavakadzi neboka duku redzinza. Japan inoshandisa gadziriro inowirirana (mix-mutezo mukuru) uko FPTP nePR inomhanya yakazvimirira, pasina muripo, ichitungamirira kuwirirano yoruvara rushoma kupfuura MMP.

Kusarudzwa Kunoitika Munyika Yose

Kunze kwegadziriro yokuvhota, kutarisirwa chaikoiko kwesarudzo($register, purani yokuvhota, mitoo yokuvhota nayo, uye kuverenga nokuverenga ($vhotary). mienzaniso inotevera inosimbisa miitiro yakatanhamara yorudzi.

United States

United ine mumwe wemiitiro yesarudzo inodzorwa zvikurusa munyika. Hurumende imwe neimwe(nayo) inogadza mitemo yayo imene yokunyoresa muvhoti, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, kushaikwa kwebholoti, uye ID. Sarudzo dzinoitika paChipiri chokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November. Kunyoresa kwapamusha hakushandiswi munyika dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe (se Oregon neCalifornia) dzakaita misi yokunyoresa yadzo yovhota. Kuvhota kunosanganisira muvhotera musiri weInhotera paZuva reRevoration, uye kuvhotera kwapa tsamba. Kuvhotera kwa202020 kwakaona kuwedzera mutsamba nemhaka yepfuradzi, zvichitungamirira kukurwisana kwepamutemo uye kukura. Zvinetsoro zvedare zvinosanganisira kuvhotera, muchina chekuvhotera, uye kudzosera muganhu woruwa.

Sweden

Sweden inoshandisa gadziriro yokuisa mubatanidzwa wemireza ine 4% yedanho rokumirira nyika. Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa makore mana ari ose paSvondo rechipiri muna September. Kunyoresa kweVoter kunozviitikira vagari vose vemo vane makore 18 navakuru, kubvisa mhinganidzo dzokunyoresa. VaBallot vanodhindwa pachine nguva dzose uye vanobatana munyika yose. Vanosarudzawo papati, uye vangavhotawo vanhu vanoenda kundovhota. Kuverenga kunoitwa nemichina yeoparesheni pachiteshi chokuvhotera, nemigumisiro inowanzowanika mumaawa. Turnout inopfuura 85% nguva dzose, nemhaka yedzidzo yakasimba uye kuvimba negadziriro. Sweden inobvumirawo kuvhotera mberi pazviteshi zvokuvhotera pamazuva 18 pamberi pohlelo rweE.

India

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika inokwana mamirioni 900 vavhoti vanokwaniriswa, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa pamwero mukuru. Ecomment Commission of India (ECI) inotarisira muitiro wacho zvakazvimirira. Kusarudzwa kweLok Sabba (imba yepasi) kunoshandisa FTPP mumitengo yesangano rimwe. Kuvhota kunoitwa kushandisa michina yemagetsi (EVM) yakashandiswa munyika yose kubvira muna 2004. EVM inonyora chisarudzo chevota uye inobudisa mukoto wepepa nokuda kwekubvumikisa. Kudzora zvirongwa zvemitemo yemitemo, kuvhotera kunotenderwa pamusoro pezvikamu zvizhinji. (8666) kusvikira kumagiramusere echengeteko navashandi vanovhotera. Voter anodzokororwa kuti vadzore maturo adzore maturo.

United Kingdom

UK inoshandisa FPTP nokuda kweSarudzo yayo yeSarudzo, nokuvhota kumwe nokumwe kwokuvhota kworusarudzo. Sarudzo dzinoitwa panenge pamakore mashanu ari ose, kunyange zvazvo sarudzo dzapakuvamba dzinogona kunzi. Voter itsororororongedzerwa (kwete yakavakirwa pamhuri chifo cha 2014) uye inofanira kuvandudzwazve gore negore. Kushandura kunobatanidza muInter, post, uye vhoti yesarudzo. UK yakaderedza kuenzaniswa nenyika dzeNordic (munenge 60-70% muSarudzoworati). Gakavadzano dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakanangidzira pakusuma kunyoresa nokuderedza zera rekuvhota kusvika ku 16. Kuvhotambira kwakaonekwa nokuwedzera kwechinobudisa nhau zvenzanga nokuda kwechirongwa, kukwidziridza pamusoro pokubvisa mativi enyika uye kudzokorodza.

Brazil

Gadziriro yevhota yeBrazil inoshandisa gadziriro yemibatanidzwa miviri yesarudzo yapurezidhendi uye kumirira kwapamhene kweChiteshi chayo cheDeputies. Kunyora imanikidzirwa nokuda kwavagari vemo vane makore 18-70 (zvinofungwa nokuda kwa 16-17, 70, uye kusagona kunyora). Brazil yakapayona kuvhota kwemagetsi muna 1996, uye nhasi kuvhota kwose kunoitwa kupfurikidza neIVM dzinosarudzwa dzisingabatanidzwa neInternet, izvo zviremera zvinovaita kuti vachengete. Muitiro wacho unopinza zvikuru nhamba inowirirana nomutengi wavo, uye migumisiro inopfumiswa mumaawa. Zvisinei, kuvhotera hakuvimbiki kupfupi nokuresa (kusvika 80% yavhotera vakanyoreswa, asi zvirango). Zvinetsoropo zvinobatanidza kuvhotera munzvimbo dziri kure neudzo.

Japan

Japan inoshandisa gadziriro yokuvhota yakafanana: 289 inoiswa muvhota-bhodhoro rimwe (FPPP) uye zvigaro 176 zvinosarudzwa nomurongi webato PR mumativi 11 eruwa. Kusarudzwa kweImba youmende kunoitika makore mana ari ose, kunyange zvazvo sarudzo yapakuvamba yakakurumbira. Kunyoresa kwakavakirwa pakunyoresa kwokugara uye kusingashandisi; vavhotera vanogamuchira kadhi rokuvhotera mutsamba. Mu-person covhota itsika, asi kuvhota kusinwa kwapakuvamba kunowanika. Sarudzo dzeJapan dzinozivikanwa nokuda kwemirariro yavo yorumano, kubatanidza miraudzo pamasuo-dhoro yesuo uye miganhuro pakushamba pachena. Kuvhotera kwakaderera kwapa makore makumi achangobva kupfuura aya.

Kunyoresa Nemapepa Ane Mutengo: Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa Nawo

Manyorerwo anoitwa nyika inovhota inogona kuva nesimba guru zvikuru asi inoda kuti vagari vemo vaongorore nokuvandudza udzame hwavo. Sweden neGermany zvine kunyoresa kwokuzviitikira, zvichivimbisa kuti vanenge vagari vose vakakodzera vari pamarobhoti. US neUK vanotsamira pakunyoresa mumwe nomumwe, kunoisa mutoro kuvavhoti. MuIndia, kunyoresa kunongozviitikira asi kunoda kuti vagari vemo vaongorore nokuvandudza udzame hwavo. Dzimwe nyika dzakadai seBurkina Faso nePhilippines, dzinoshandisa suo repamho inosvikira kudivirira kudivirira kururano. Chinetso chiri kudzikamisa kurura nokuregeredza nokuwana. Kunyoresa kwemagetsi uye makombiyuta paIndaneti inozivikanwa zvikuru, asi magedhi anogona kubvisa vanhu vasingakwanisi kubatwa.

Matambudziko Pakushambadza uye Pakusarudza Mari

Hapana gadziriro yokusarudza isingatapurwi nezvinetso.Heino tinonzvera denho dzinotambudza zvikurusa dzinotarisana nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu nhasi.

Kusakendenga Kwezvitima uye Kuderera

Voter revhota yakaderera muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzakatangwa, zvikurukuru pakati pezvizvarwa zviduku. MuUS, kudzokera nokuda kwesarudzo dzapakati penhambo dzisingawanzopfuura 50%, uye kunyange sarudzo dzapurezidhendi dzinoona anenge 60-65%. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza kusavimba nehurumende, nzwisiso yokuti vhoti yomunhu haisati iri chinhu (zvikurukuru mumasangano eFPTP), uye mhinganidzo dzemitemo dzakadai senguva dzokunyoresa uye marusarudzo. Nyika dzine kuvhota kwokumanikidzira, dzakadai seAustralia, Belgium, uye Brazil, dzinowana kuvhotera kwakakwirira (kupfuura 80%) asi ikoku hakuvimbi kuvhotera kuzivikanwa uye hakugoni kuisa zvirango padziro zvisati zviri zvamarudzi.

Kusawirirana Nokupindira Kwedzimwe Nyika

Nguva yemichina yakakudziridza kupararira kwemashoko enhema, kubva kumashoko enhau dzinobudisa nhau kusvika kuvhidhiyo dzakadzika. Sarudzo ya2016 U.S yakasimbisa ngozi yokupindira kwedzimwe nyika nokushambadzira kwakarongwa uye masangano ezvombo. Dzimwe nyika, seFrance, Germany, uye United Kingdom, dzakatanga masangano anoongorora mashoko okubvisa mashoko enhema mumitambo. India yakaona kuwanda kwemashoko enhema kupfurikidza nokutumira mashoko akadai seAissapp, dzimwe nguva kukurudzira masimba masimba. Kuoneka mushambadza kwemakombiyuta, kuzvidavirira kwemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kurava nokunyora mashoko kuri kugamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma semasangano anopesana.

Kuwanikwa Kwevanhu Vane Urema

Kuvhota kunofanira kuva maruramiro avose, asi kusiana kwomuviri nokwekunzwisisa kunopfuurira. Munyika dzakawanda, zviteshi zvokuvhota hazvitsamiri; zvirongwa zvokuvhota zvakaomera vanhu vane urema hwemaziso; uye michina yokuvhota ingasagovera mitsetse yenzwi kana kuti mibatanidzwa yemichina yemabhaisikopo. Sweden neUnited Kingdom zvakaita fambiro mberi kupfurikidza nokupa betsero, kuvhota kwapamusha, uye kuvhotera kwapamhizha. US America Vote Act inogamuchirwa pamuchina mumwe unovhotera unonzwika pajinga, asi unoshandiswa unopesana. Michina yeVVPAT inogovera zviratidzo zvokungwarira neBrailley nokuda kwemapofu. Kunyange zvakadaro, mamiriyoni evodhiyo vakatarisana nezvipiso zvinoderedza kutora rutivi rwavo.

Uori Hwezvematongerwe Enyika uye Kuratidza Kuperera

Uori hunogona kuderedza chivimbo muzvisarudzo. Munyika dzakawanda dzichiri kubudirira, kutenga, kuvhota, kurovha, uye kutyisidzira zvinoramba zviri zvinetso. Masangano ee Independent anosarudza, kufanana neayo ari muIndia, South Africa, uye Costa Rica, anobetsera kuchengeta kutendeseka. Vacherekedzi vamarudzi ose (kubva kuUN, OSCE, kana kuti African Union) kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotarira sarudzo kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti uori hwakarurama. Zvisinei, kupomera kwouori kunogona kuitwa kupfurikidza nokurasikirwa navada kubvisa miuyo, sezvinoonwa mu 2020202020 yeUS uye 2022 vhotation yeKenya. Kusimbisa hwirudzo yorutongeso rwedare, kuoneka kwemari, uye dziviriro yemari inhamburiko dzinopfuurira.

Kushandiswa Kwemitsetse Yoruwa

Mumiganhu yeFPTP, kudhindwa kwemiganhu yeruwa yevhota kunogona kushandiswa kuda mubato mumwe chete(a muitiro unozivikanwa segerrymanidering). Dare reSUS Supreme rakatonga kuti kudzorwa kwenhau inhau yezvamatongerwe enyika kwete mukati medare rehurumende, kusiya nyika kuti dziidzore. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neUnited Kingdom neCanada, dzinoshandisa masangano emuganhu akazvimirira kuderedza pesvedzero inodzorwa. Mitezo inodzorwa neyakarongedzerwa yakadzorwa chose chose chose idedzeresa mubatanidzwa wegerrymandering nemhaka yokuti zvigaro zvinogoverwa pamibato yose.

Kuvandudza Mune Zvokutamba

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye nzira itsva dziri kutungamirirwa kuti kuvhota kuve kwakachengeteka, kwakanakira, uye kwakajeka.Hedzi dzimwe nzira itsva dzinozivikanwa.

Michina Yemagetsi (EVM)

MaEVM ave achishandiswa kwamakumi amakore munyika dzakadai seIndia, Brazil, uye Venezuela. Anokurumidzisa kuverenga, kuderedza mhosho dzavanhu, uye anogona kuita mapepa akarevererwa nokuda kwokuongororwa. Zvisinei, kuitira hanya pamusoro pokuvadziko yokuoneka kwakatungamirira dzimwe nyika (seNetherlands) kusiya maEVM ndokudzokera kupepa. Kukurukurirana kunotsamira pakuti betsero dzekumhanya nokubudirira dzinopfuura ngozi dzokushandisa magetsi.

Kubudisa Mashoko PaIndaneti NepaInternet

Estonia ndiyo mutungamiriri wenyika mukuvhota paIndaneti, inobvumira vagari vemo kuisa mabhorati paInternet muvhota kubva muna 2005. Zvirongwa zvinotsigira kuti nyika yose ive nekadhi reIndaneti uye zvinogona kuvhota kubva panzvimbo ipi neipi mazuva gumi zuva rokusarudza risati rasvika. Zvinenge 46% zvemavhoti murusarudzo rwamaparamende akaisirwa paIndaneti. Kuchengeteka kunosanganisira kunyora mashoko okunyora mashoko okunyora mashoko uye kuisa mabhakitivha paIndaneti. Kunyange zvazvo kuri nyore, kuvhotera paIndaneti kunosimudzira kutya pamusoro pezvirongwa zvechitokisi, mabhinya, uye kupfuusa zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika, kusanganisira Switzerland neFrance, dzakaita kutongwa nemhosva dzakaganhurirwa kuti zvisaruke. Canada yakadzorwa kuti zvisarurwe nemhaka yokuko.

Kubudisa kwakavakirwa paBrockchain

Blockchain ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu inopikira mutengi anotsiva, mutungamiriri wevhoti. Vatyairi vendege vaduku vave vachidzorwa muWest Virginia (US vavhoti vehondo mhiri kwamakungwa) uye mumamwe masangano avanhu. Zvisinei, brestchain haisati ichibvisa ngozi yomunhu yokubvuma muvhoti kana kuti zvipusvo zvesoftware. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti brechain imhinduro mukutsvaka chinetso cheh. mapeji ebhalotats ane ngozi yemipikicha inotokotsekana yatongeswa yatokotsekana.

Kunyoresa Kwemagetsi Emotokari Nokusimbisa Zvipenyu

Munyika dzichiri kusimukira, kunyoresa kweminwe, michina yeziso) kwakaderedza kunyoresa nokubiridzira. Ghana, Kenya, uye Nigeria inoshandisa mapepa anoona zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuvhota. Gadziriro yeAadhaar inobatanidza mashoko ezvinhu zvipenyu nezvishandiso zvemahofisi ebhangi, kunyange zvazvo ine chokuita nokusazivikanwa. Maappel okunyoresa anobvumira vagari vemo kuti vanyorese mashoko avo pasina kushanyira mahofisi ehurumende. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri kure, mabhakitiro ezvishandisiro zvezvinhu zvipenyu zvinotakutakura anoshandiswa kunyoresa vhoti panzvimbo yacho.

Kunyoresa kweZuva rimwe chetero nezvinozviitikira

Kuti zvibvise mhinganidzo, nyika dzakawanda dzeUS dzakagamuchira kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero (kubvumira kunyoreswa kwezuva reEcostation) uye kunyoreswa kwokuzviitikira apo vagari vemo vanoshandira pamwe nemotokari kana kuti masangano enzanga. Oregon akapayona kunyoresa kwokuzviitira kwoga muna 2016 ndokuona kuwedzera kukuru. Kuchinja uku hakushandi uye kunobudirira pakuwedzera kutora rutivi pakati pevaduku nevavhotai vashoma.

mhedziso

Nyika yose yokuvhota nokuvhota idivi rakajeka regadziriro dzakasiyana- siyana, magamuchidzanwa, uye chinjo. Nepo pasina muenzaniso mumwe wakakwana, nyika dzinogona kudzidza mubudiriro nokundikano dzomumwe nomumwe. Kuvandudza muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kunyoresa, uye mapurani okuvhota zviri kuita kuti sarudzo isvike zvikuru uye ive yakavimbika, asi zvinoparirawo kusava nomugariro mutsva. Pakupedzisira, utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunotsamira pakuvimbwa kwavagari vemo vayo mumuitiro wevhoteranyo nejeko.