Kutanga: Kunyanyisa Kwegirini kweIndia uye Basa Remitemo Yezvemari

India iri panzvimbo yakakomba mukufambira mberi kwayo. Nekuwedzera kwemari nokukurumidza, chiverengero chavagari vemo chinopfuura mabhiriyoni 1,4, uye dzvinyiriro dzinowedzera dzemhoteredzo, nyika inofanira kuyanana kukura netarisiro yemhoteredzo. Hurumende yakazvipira kunzvimbo dzinoda kutsvakwa muParestation yeParis, kubatanidza kuderedza kukura kweGDP yayo ne 45% pa2030 panosvika 2030 (mwero wa2005) uye kusvitsa kubudisa zuro resero panosvika 2070. Kusvitsa izvi zvinangwa zvinokosha, kuchinja kwemiitiro yebhizimisi kuri madikanwa yokuchengeta kusakanganisa upfumi.

Zvikarakadzo zvemitero zvakabuda sechimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa kukurumidzisa iyi chinjo. Kupfurikidza nokuderedza ndyiko dzokugamuchira ruzivo rwamakemikari rutsva nemabasa anotusa anotusa, hurumende yeIndia inoronga kunyandura kuiswa kwemitengo yeboka ravanhu mumibato inotsigirwa. Nyaya inonzvera chimiro, simba, uye bviro yemitero yemabhizimisi eshamwari muIndia, ichipa kunzvera kukuru nokuda kwavezvebhizimisi, vagadziri vemitengo, uye vagadziri vemitengo.

Kupfuudzira Mitero Nokuda Kwebhizimisi Renyama muIndia

Kuwedzera Kunoita Mari

Mitemo yemhoteredzo yoga inowanzokundikana kuparira kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemiitiro inotsigirwa nemhaka yendyiko dzakakwirira dzepamberi pedu, purofiti dzisina chokwadi, uye misika yakakamukana. Mitero inovhara mukaha uyu nokuita kuti mari ive inokwezva mune zvemari. Inoderedza nhambo inobhadhara nokuda kwegadziriro dzesimba dzinomutsidzirwa, inoderedza mutengo unoshanda wemidziyo yokugadzira zvinhu zvakachena, uye inovandudza purofiti yamabhizimisi anoisa mhoteredzo yakavanzwa.

Marudzi Makuru Ezvitsikiso

Hurumende yeIndia inopa muvhenganiswa webetsero dzakananga nedzisina kunanga dzemitero dzakanangidzirwa kumabhizimisi eshamwari. Marudzi makuru anobatanidza:

  • mazororo eTax: Akazara kana kuti akaderera kubva pamutero wemari inotambirwa nesangano kwenhambo yakatarwa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemabasa matsva muzvikamu zvokutanga zvakadai sechizvarwa chesimba rinomutsidzirwa, tsvina kuidzwa kuumbozha, uye kurima.
  • Tsvene dzinobviswa: Tsvakaro dzinoita kuti mabhizimisi abvise chiverengero chakati chendyiko huru yakaitwa nokuda kwezvinhu zvakasvibira zvinokodzera, zvakadai semabhodhi ezuva, turbines, kana kuti nzvimbo dzokurapa dzinotapurwa nemhepo.
  • Mitengo yeMitero neMipinduro yeMitero yeProfesi yakabviswa: Matombo emitero akaderera (kazhinji kazhinji 5% kana 12%) nokuda kwezvigadzirwa zvenyama nemotokari dzemagetsi (semotokari dzemagetsi, LDED, uye zvokushandisa zvinodzokororwa) zvakaenzaniswa neredhiyo ye18% kana 28% yezvinenge zviripo.
  • Dzidziro yakacherebeswa: mvumo yokunyora chikamu chikurusa chemutengo wemichina yegirini mumakore apakuvamba okushanda, kuderedza mutero wenhambo pfupi uye kunatsiridza kufamba kwemari.

Kuongorora Kwakadzama Kunotsigirwa Nemitero

Mazororo Emitero Mumutero Waigamuchirwa

Chikamu 80-IA cheInhoome Tax Act chave chiri ibwe rekona rokusimudzira chizvarwa chemarongerwo ezvivako nesimba, kubatanidza mabasa esimba anomutsidzirwa. Mugadziriro iyi, bhizimisi rinogadzira simba rinobva kumanyuko anomutsidzirwa (zuva, mhepo, biomas, hydrots) duku) rinogona kutora deredzero yepurofiti pamakore 10 anotevedzana enhambo yegore rimwe nerimwe. Ikoku kwave kuri kushandiswa mukukwevesa mari mumitengo yezuva nezuva namapurazi emhepo. Nenzira yakafanana, chikamu 80-IAB chinopa zororo remitero yamakore 10 anotevedzana nokuda kwokutanga mabhizimisi anogadzira nzvimbo dzeChenetic Economical Monetic ques (SSZ) dzinogamuchira zvirongwa zvokuvaka maruvara.

Nokuda kwokutanga kubatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zveshamwari, hurumende inosuma Chikamu 80-IAC, icho chinopa 100% yemhindu yamakore matatu anotevedzana kubva panomwe, kugovera kutanga kubatanidzwa pashure pa 1 April 2016 uye inopupurirwa neInter-Ministerial Board. Nepo isiri bedzi kutanga girini, mabasa akawanda anotsigirwa akabatira iyi betsero.

Kugadzirwa Kwemari Yokugadzirazve Simba uye Ruzivo Rwezvinhu

Kubva pamazororo emitero, hurumende inokurudzira kuisa mari yemari yegirini yakagadzirwa nemari inoiswa mumusha kupfurikidza nezvinenge zvaderedzwa. Pasi peChikamu 35AD, ndyiko pamabhizimisi akatemwa(kubatanidza kugadzira nokushandisa zvivako zvinotonhora nokuda kwezvinogadzirwa nokuisa nokushandisa paipi yegasi rokubereka naro (inoita kuti ive yakatapurwa ne 100%). Kuda kwezvokuwana simba rinomutsidzirwa, betsero inowanzooneka kupfurikidza nokuderera kukuru kwemari inotengwa panzvimbo yakananga, asi zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvegore zvinopa mari inoderedza mari inobhadharwa mutero.

Chirongwa chiPromotion Concentive Intentived Incentive (PLI) yemamongi esolar photovoltaic (PV) yatangwa muna 2021, inopa sundo yemari inopfuudzira kusvika 30% pakutengeswa kwemitengo yezuva yakakwirira nemomu. Kunyange zvazvo mashandiro ezvigadzirwa zvesero yezuva akabatanidzwa, kubatana kwazvo nemitero (g., pasi peGST pamanyuko) anoparira betsero yemari yakawedzerwa.

Magirazi Akaderera Ezvigadzirwa Nemashandiro Egirini

Hurumende yeGST yakagadzirwa kuti itsigire kudya zvakasvibira. Mienzaniso mikuru inosanganisira:

  • Motokari dzemabhakitire (EV):[[FLT]] GST paEV i 5%, ichienzaniswa ne 28% pamotokari dzepetroli nedhiziri. Nenzira yakafanana, zviteshi zvinotanha mari yeEVs zvinokwezva 5% GST.
  • Zvinhu zvinogadziriswa simba rezuva: Simba remagetsi, turbine jenareta, uye mativi azvo zvinobhadharwa pa12% (kana kuti mwero wakaderera pasi wekubvumirwa) panzvimbo peyakafanira 18%.
  • Mibato yokutarisira kushambadza: Kurongedzerwa kwetsvina ine ngozi nokushandiswazve kweichi chitsama chinonzi e - rante kunohesvurwa muGST kana kuti kubhadharwa pa 5% yezita, kuchideredza ndyiko dzinoteererwa nokuda kwamabhizimisi anochinjazve.
  • Zvivako zvegirini: Mazai akafanana negirazi risingashandisi simba, zvinhu zvinonayisa, uye gadziriro dzokucheka mvura inonaya zvinokweva mwero yakaderedzwa, kunyange zvazvo betsero yose kuvavaki vachine mvumo nokushayikwa kwemwero wakaderera weGST nokuda kwezvivako zvakasvibira zvakasanopupurirwa.

Kukwira kwemitengo yapasi yakadzokororwa nokukurumidza nokuda kwemaruva

Kukwira kwemitero kwakakurumidza kukwira ndirimwe ramabhizimisi akakurumbira zvikurusa nokuda kwemitero inodzorwa navakuru vakuru. Munsi meInhooting Tax Mission, zvinhu zvakadai semitemo yemagetsi, mabhodhi emagetsi, uye zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoda kubhadharwa zvakakwaniriswa nokuda kwedenderedzwa re 40%-80% mugore rokutanga (kwakaenzaniswa kusvikira ku 10% 15% nokuda kwemichina yesero yemitero yavose). Ikoku kunobvumira mabhizimisi kukumbira mari yakakwirira pakuvamba, kuchideredza purofiti apo anoda kutengwa nemari yakawanda. Somuenzaniso, kambani inoisa .

Urongwa uhwu hwave huchinyanya kushanda mumhepo nemumativi ezuva, umo mutengo wokutanga wakakwirira uye mari inodzorwa. Hahungoderedzi mutero chete asiwo hunokurumidzisa nguva yokurega mabasa, zvichiaita kuti akwezva zvikuru kuvaveri vemari.

Tapuro Pamapoka Makuru

Kuwedzera Kwesimba Kunodzokororwa

Kushandazve kwesimba reIndia kwakawedzera kubva pa35 GW muna 2014 kusvika ku180 GW muna 2024 (kubatanidza dhair hombe). Zvikarakadzo zvemitero zvakaita basa rinokosha. Somuenzaniso, betsero yokuwedzera kwesimba remhepo yakabetsera kuwedzera nokukurumidza mumitengo yakadai seTamil Nadu, Gujarat, naKarnataka. Simba rezuva, rakabetserwawo neGST kuderedzwa panzvimbo nezororo regore remitero pasi pe 80-IA, zvichitungamirira kukuderera kunoshamisa kwemitengo yemhepo kubva ku612 paKWh muna 2014 kusvikira kusingasviki [1] 01 01 .00.00.

Maererano neMinistry of New and Renowble Energy (MNRE), kuisirwa kwezuva kwakasvika 70 GW pakasvika pakati-2024, kechipiri bedzi kuChina. International Renable Energy Agency (IRENA) yakaziva muitiro weIndia wevhozhokeri yemitero (kubatanidza mazororo emitero uye kukurumidzisa denderedzwa re $/CM) somuitiro wakanakisisa wokutyaira unomutsidzirwazve.

Kurima Zvipenyu Nemapurazi

Munzvimbo yezvokurima, zvikarakadzo zvemitero zvakakurudzira kushandiswa kwemiitiro yokurima yakagadzirwa nemirimo inochengeteka. Hurumende inopa 100% yemitero yemhindu yamakore mashanu okutanga nokuda kwemabhizimisi matsva akabatanidzwa mukurima, kubatanidza zvinhu zvinobatanidza zvinhu zvipenyu, mibatanidzwa yezvinogadzirwa, uye magirazi anoisa mitero. Kuwedzera, GST pavhuro i 5% (senzi dzinokwana 12%) inoita kuti ive inoringanwa zvikuru kuvarimi.

Kutanga mumagetsi , zvakadai sezviya zvinogadzira zvishandiso zvokurima zvakarurama, mifungo yevhu, uye gadziriro dzokudiridza dzinoshanda zvakanaka kwemvura, zvinoshandisa zororo rokutanga remitero uye kusava nemhesano pazvimwe zvinhu zvemagetsi. Kubatanidzwa kwemichina yemagetsi nezvinogadzirwa nezvinogadzirwa nemishonga zvakatungamirira kukubuda kwemapuranga akadai seDehaat neAgroStar, izvo zvinovandudza kufambiswa zvakanaka kwecheni uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikoro.

Kutarisira Zvinhu Zvinenge Zvichiraswa uye Kushandisazve Marara

Chikamu chinotapira tsvina chave chiri mugamuchiri wakananga wezvinonyandura mutero. MuChikamu 80-IA, mabhizimisi anogadzira simba kubva kutsvina yakasimba yemanisiparati kana kuti mabiomas akakodzera nokuda kwezororo remitero yamakore gumi. Yakabatanidzwa nokuderera kwemichina yokugadzira tsvina, idzi kurudziro dzakakwezva kuiswa kwemari mutsvina mumaguta akadai seDelhi, Pune, uye Hyshabad.

Kushandiswazve kwee-waste, mapurasitiki, uye ushati hwokuvaka kunofarikanyawo betsero dzemitero. Somuenzaniso, GST pamarusabhu epurasitiki anodzokororwa i 5%, ichienzaniswa ne 18% papurasitiki tsva, ichiparira betsero yemari. Hurumende yeSwachh Bharat Mission (Econfied India Mission) yakasimbisazve musika nokuda kwezvigadzirwa zvinogamuchidzwa kupfurikidza nokushandisa zvinhu zvinodzokororwa muzvirongwa zvezvivako zvavose.

Kugadzira Maruva Nemagetsi

Kumanikidzirwa kufamba namagetsi kwakawedzerwa nemubatanidzwa wezvikarakadzo zvemitero nemari. Muchirongwa chePernerfer Reatriation uye Kushandiswa kwePrecionation yePrezini Vehicles (FAME II), vagadziri vanogamuchira zvikarakadzo zvemari inobhadharwa, uye vatengi vanowana purofiti yakananga pakutenga. Kurutivi rwerevo, GST paEVS i 5%, uye mari yemitero yemari yemari yemari yemuraudzo yeProfezi yemari yemari inobhadharwa nokuda kwokutenga IV (SS. 80EEB). Kuwedzera, makambani okugadzira zvinhu. , michina inobhadha, vadzori yemari inoda kumhanya nokubhadharwa kwemari pasi pechikamu 355.

Zvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo zvakanyandura kupinda kwevatambi vakuru vakadai seOla General, Ather Energy, uye Mahindra Gezi mumisika yeIndia, pamwe chete navagadziri vemotokari vegamuchidzanwa vachichinja kuva EV. Somugumisiro, kutengeswa kweAV kwakawedzera kubva pamayuniti 10 000 muna 2019 kusvikira kumayuniti anopfuura 150 000 muna 202324, pamwero wegore negore wekukura kweanopfuura 70%.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Kushandisa Mapepa Ane Chokuita Nenyaya Dzacho

Kugadzira Zuva Pasi PePLI

Purogiramu yemichina inogadzirwa nezuva, ine hwerengedzo yehupinyi hwemagiramu ane 7624 000 crore (US $2.9 bhirion), yakakwezva kuiswa mari yakaenzana ne650 000 kubva kumafemu akadai seResting New Energy, Adani Solar, uye Vikram Solar. Chirongwa chacho chinopa kurudziro yemari inodzongedzerwa ye 30% pakutengeswa kwemitero kwemagiramu anosvika makore gumi esangano pasi peChikamu cha 80-IA ne5% GST pamasero ezuva, mari yokugadzira zvinhu yaderedzwa zvikuru. India zvino yave pamukoto wejeko wemari kuti ive mutengi wokutengesa makombiyuta ezuva kwemakore 2026.

Simba Romhepo Rinopa simbazve

Muna 2023, hurumende yakatanga muitiro wokudzorazve mapurazi emhepo ane makore 15 okukura. Mune uyu muitiro, vashandisi varipo vanogona kutsiva turbine dzekare nedzinoyera zvikuru ndokugamuchira zororo remitero nokuda kwesimba rokuwedzera rinotangwa. Makambani akadai seSuzlon naSiemens Garda akakuchidzira ikoku kuti vagadzirise ngarava dzavo, kuvandudza zvinhu zvokushandisa ne40%.

Zvinetso Nenhau Dzokushandisa

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Netsandanyama

Kunyange zvazvo purogiramu yezvinonyandura mutero ichipa, mabhizimisi akawanda anokuwana kwakaoma kunzvera mipimo yokuwana, zvinodikanwa zvokunyora, uye miitiro yetendero. Somuenzaniso, kukumbira zororo remitero rokutanga pasi peChikamu 80-IAC kunoda kuva netsamba kubva kuInter-Ministerial Board, muitiro unogona kutora mwedzi. Nenzira yakafanana, betsero dzinowedzera dzinoda kuchengetwa dzezvinyorwa zvemari yakasiyana nezvimiro zvine udzame nezviremera zvemitero. Mabhizimisi maduku namadhipati kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa unyanzvi hwepamutemo nehuvamba kuti agadzirise idzi betsero, achisiya mari patafura.

Kungwarira Kushoma Pakati Pevanoshushikana

Nzvero yakaitwa neFederation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) muna 2023 yakazivisa kuti inopfuura 60% yamabhizimisi maduku egirini akanga asingazivi nezvezvinosunda zvemitero zvinoshanda. Vatengesi vazhinji mukutarisirwa kwetsvina, kurima kwezvinhu zvipenyu, uye simba rinomutsidzirwa zvishoma havatongozivi kuti kuderedza kana kuti kuderedza mari yemari kuripo. Hurumende yakaderedza upfumi, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzomumaruwa. Pasina kunzvera kwokuziva, chivako chirongwa chokusunda chinoramba chiripo.

Kushandiswa Kunochinja - chinja Mumutemo Mhiri KweUnited States

Mitero yemabhizimisi eshamwari haisati iri pasi poudzori hukuru bedzi. Hurumende dzinopawo zviwiso zvavo vamene − zvakadai sokusasundwa pabasa ramagetsi, zviteshi zvemibato patenga nyika, uye nhevedzo yeGST. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvozvi zvinosiana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Gujarat anopa 100% kusunungurwa kwamagetsi pabasa remiti yezuva, nepo Utar Pradesh aiiisa pakakwirira pa 50%. Mitengo yakadaro inoparira kutamba kwakasiana- siyana uye kuoma kwechisarudzo chemari yebhizimisi inoshanda munyika dzakawanda.

Kupfuurirazve, muitiro wenguva dzose unobvisa chivimbo chapakarepo choupamhi hwesimba reGST pazvimwe zvinhu zvinomutsidzirwa muna 2022 zvakaparira kusazivana, kunyange zvazvo hurumende yakazvidzorera gare gare. Kudeya kutaura kunokosha nokuda kwezvirongwa zvenguva refu zvedzimbahwe.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi Nezvinorumbidzwa

Kushandisa Kunowedzera Negadziriro Dzokusimbisa

Kuwedzera kushanda kwezvinosunda mutero, hurumende inofanira kurerutsa miitiro yokutarisira. Kutsaurwa kwewindo rimwe nokuda kwebetsero dzemitero yakasvibira(* kufanana neNational Single Window System nokuda kwetendero dzebhizimisi(kuderedza kunyorwa nokunonoka). Ufakazi hwemitengo yesimbi yokuisira (jere, kupfurikidza nemifanikiso yakashaikwa) hungagona kutsiva kunzverwa kwomuviri, kutaura kwokukurumidzisa.

Kuwedzera Kusvika Kunharaunda Itsva

Sezvo upfumi hwedenderedzwa hunowana mari, kurudziro dzemitero dzinofanira kutambanudzirwa kumabhizimisi anogamuchira mafashoni ezvigadzirwa, kugadziridza, uye zvokuvandutsira. Somuenzaniso, makambani anorenda midziyo yemagetsi panzvimbo pokuitengesa angagona kupiwa mari yokuwedzera. Nenzira yakafanana, kutengesa kwecarbon nemari yechikwereti zvecarbon zvinofanira kubviswa chose chose pamutero wemari kuti akurudzire kutora rutivi mumusika wecarbon yemari yeIndia.

Kuchinja Zvinangwa Zvemamiriro Okunze Nemitemo

Zvisarudzo zvakavandudzwa zveNationally Prevision (NDC) zvakapinzwa nguva mberi zvinoda kuiswa kwe $6850 lakh crore (US $1,1,000 wemari) pa2030. Zvikarakadzo zvemitero zvoga hazvigoni kuzadza mukaha uyu, asi zvinogona kuisa mukombe mukuru. Hurumende inogona kutanga “chibvumirano chemari inobhadharwa yakaisvonaka ya 20%-30% pakushandisa bhiza rezvakati zvakati kuti zviitwe (Z $1,0,50%) kushandiswazve kwesimba, kana kuti kuvakwa kwezvivako zvechimbichimbichi. Ikoku kungawirirana nezvirongwa zvenyika yose, zvakadai semitero yeEURONOM inorusa.

Kungwaririra Nokuvhuvhuta

Vakuru vakuru vemitero namasangano eindasitiri vanofanira kutanga kuziva mitauro yakawanda kuparira vatengesi vegirini. Nhungamiro dzakajeka muchiHindi, chiTamil, Telugu, uye mimwe mitauro yeruwa . Yaparadzirwa kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzinoshandiswa navose uye masangano ezvebhizimisi nesvudziro dzebhizimisi. Zvikepe zvinofambiswa nezvikwaniriso zvakanangidzirwa pakuchengetwa (semapurogiramu eAtalannovation Mission yedoo yeUnion) zvinogonawo kuparadzira mashoko.

mhedziso

Zvikarakadzo zvemitero inoshandiswa nesimba kusimudzira mabhizimisi eshamwari muIndia, asi bviro dzawo dzose dzinoramba dzisina kutsakatika. Kupfurikidza nokuderedza mhinganidzo dzemari, zvakatonyandura kukura musimba rinomutsidzirwa, kurima, kutarisirwa kwetsvina, uye kufamba kwamagetsi.

Nemiitiro yemiitiro yezvokuchinja yakarongwa nejekiseni , kukura kwakawedzera, uye kukurumidza kwakasimba kupfuudza kwe(indiya) zvinogona kuchinja gadziriro yayo yemitero kuva injini yechokwadi yezvokutengeserana kwegirini. Sezvo nyika inotarira rwendo rweIndia kumadziva, zvisundo zvemipimo yemhoteredzo zvinokosha mukuchinja misengwa yemhoteredzo kuva zvinhu zvokutengeserana zvinopa mari.