Kunzwisisa Mapaundi Asiri Akabatana Nezvaanoita Mumagakava Emitemo

Political Action Committee (PACs) ibwe resimba remari yeAmerica. Kunyange zvazvo maPAC akabatanidzwa nemakambani evashandi, maPC anoshandira pasina sangano rinotsigira. Anosimudza mari kuti atsigire kana kuti kushora vanoda kutsigira, mitemo, uye mutemo pasina kubatana kwakananga nesangano renyika. Kuzvimirira kunopa simba guru mukuumba mitemo yavose mumativi ose enhau.

MaPAC asingabatanidzwi anoumbwa namapoka avanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano epfungwa, kana kuti mapoka enhau anogamuchira zvitendero anogoverana nharidzano imwe cheteyo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusafanana namaPAC, ayo anogona bedzi kukumbira mipiro kubva kuvashandi kana kuti mitezo yesangano rawo rinotsigira, maPC asina kubatanidzwa angakumbira mari kuvanhu vose. Nhevedzo yemitemo yeFederal Evolution (FEC). Iyi fakisi inopa inovabvumira kuunganidza mipiro yehondo yakajeka nepfuma yokukurumidza kutsigira nyika dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Pesvedzero yePACIs dzisingabatanidzwa inotambanukira kupfuura nhimbe dzezvirongwa zvokushambadzira. Dzinotsigira kushambadza, horo dzinogamuchirwa, dzinobudisa mishumo yenzvero, uye dzinopinda mukukwevera kwakananga. Nemhaka yokuti hadzioni purogiramu imwe yesangano kana kuti mubatanidzwa, idzi PC dzinogona kukurumidza kukurukura kurukurirano dzemitemo dzinotanga, kubva kumiraudzo yezvakatipoteredza kusvikira kugadziridza mamiriro ezvinhu outano. Kunzwisisa makambani avo, gadziriro yepamutemo, uye tapuro kunokosha zvinokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica.

Nhoroondo: Kumuka Kwemapaundi Asina Kubatanidzwa

Gadziriro yePCAC yazvino uno yakaumbwa neFederal EFomment Campaign Act (FECA) ya1971 negadziridzo dzayo muna 1974, iyo yakatanga gadziriro yapamutemo yePCs senzira yokufambisa nayo mipiro. Pakutanga, maPAC mazhinjisa akabatanidzwa kumasangano, masangano, kana kuti masangano ezvokutengeserana. Zvisinei, ma 1970 akaona kubuda kwePACIS, kwakasundwa namasangano epfungwa uye mapoka echikwata chimwe.

Nguva inokosha yakasvika nechisarudzo cheDare guru muna 1976 mu Buckley v. Valeo, iyo inosimbisa kuti kushandisa mari kupesvedzera sarudzo chimiro chokutaura kwakadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment. Iyi chisarudzo chakazarura suo nokuda kwendyiko dzinozvimirira . $5] inopedzerwa pakukurukurirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kusingawirirani nemutezo upi noupi. PaCs akakurumidza kushandisa mukana uyu, achiumba nzira itsva yepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika kunze kwegadziriro yebato regamuchidzanwa.

Muma1980 ose na1990, maPUC asina kubatanidzwa akakura, zvikurukuru pamusoro penhau dzinopisa dzakadai sokubvisa pamuviri, kodzero dzepfuti, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye muitiro wemitero. Masangano akadai seNational Rifle Association Victory Political Fund neSierra Club Committee akava mazita emhuri, achishandira kuzvimirira kwavo kuti vatsigire migumisiro yakati. Bipartisan Changement Reformation ya200 (McCain-Faingold) yakaedza kuganhurira mari nenhau dzenhau dzenhau dzenhau dzenhau dzeReligiole, asi dzisina kubatanidzwa dzakagadziriswa nokunangidzira pakubhadharwa kwemipirwa kwemitengo nemari zvakaoma.

Chisarudzo cha2010 United v. FEC chakashandurazve nzvimbo. Nepo kutonga ikoko kwakatapura zvikurukuru masangano namasangano, kwakasimbisawo mano eboka ripi neripi(kubatanidza zvisino kubatanidza maPC) okushandisa mari isina kuganhurirwa pakukurukurirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakasiyana. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukukwira kwePUTCS, iyo iri rudzi rwePACIPC inogona kukwidza nokushandisa zvitsama zvitsama zvisingagumi kubva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye masangano. PaCs anoshanda zvishoma mumitemo yakasiana- siyana asi anogoverana chiratiko chikuru chekuzvimiriro zvazvipo kubva kusangano ripi neripi neripo.

Nhasi, maPC (kubatanidza maPACI) ari pakati pavatambi vanoshingaira zvikurusa uye vane pesvedzero mukurukurirano dzehurumende. FEC yakashuma kuti maPACI asina kubatanidzwa akakwidzwa anopfuura mabhiriyoni $1,5 munhambo yesarudzo yoga ya2022, achizvidavirira nokuda kweinenge 45% yePC pontanings.

Marudzi Emapapitsi Asina Kubatanidzwa

MaPAC asingabatanidzwi haasati ari manzwire. Anouya mumhatsa dzinoverengeka, rimwe nerimwe rakagadzirirwa kuvavariro dzakasiana - siana dzegadziriro neganhuriro dzapamutemo.

Pacs Dzisiri Dzamagamuchidzanwa Dzisiri Dzakabatanidzwa

Aya maPC anorevererwa anofanira kunyoresa neFEC ndokurarama neganhuriro dzemipiro. Vanogona kugamuchira $5 000 pamunhu mumwe pakarenda rimwe uye vanogona kugovera $5 000 pasarudzo kudare renyika. MaPC agamuchidzanwa asingabatanidzwi angaitawo ndyiko dzakazvimirira, asi idzo dzinofanira kuziviswa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Service Specience International Union Education and Act Fund (kureva kuti basa rinobatanidzwa paC, PCsss inoshandawo mumiraudzo iyi miraudzo).

MaPACI makuru (Matare Anotsamira Pakubatira Nhaka bedzi)

Super PACs igadziriro yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, inonyoreswa pamutemo pashure pa Speech Zvino. FEC (2010). Angasimudza ndokupedza zvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa kubva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, masangano, uye mamwe mapoka, chero bedzi asingatsinhirani nemubato upi noupi. PaCs anofanira kushuma vapi navapi vavo kuFEC, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vapi vanoshandisa mikoto ine rima. PaCs yazova idis mumikoto yapurezidhendi neyomhiko, mari inoripira, kuvhotera, kuvhotera, uye kunzvera. Mienzaniso mikuru inobatanidza [[FL.FF] Act: [F]

Mapace Ane Hyrid

Vanozivikanwawo samatare eCarey, maPACI akavhengana ane zvose zviri zviviri PCAC yegamuchidzanwa iyo inogona kuita mipiro yakananga kuvada kufunda nerutivi rweSuper PAC runogona kuita ndyiko dzisingaganhurirwi. Vanofanira kuchengeta maakaundi akaparadzana ebhangi ndokunamatira kumirairo yakasiana - siana nokuda kworwizi rumwe norumwe.

Zvikamu Zvevatungamiriri

Nepo zvakabatana nomukuru mumwe nomumwe, vatungamiriri PCA kazhinji kazhinji vanobatwa savasingabatanidzwi nemhaka yokuti vanoshanda vari voga nedare renhimbe ravakwikwidzi. Vanoshandiswa navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kutsigira vamwe vanoda kubhapatidzwa, kufamba nemari, uye kusimudzira rudzi rwavo vamene rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Hurukuro runounganidza mari kuvanhu vamwe navamwe namapoka ezviwaro uye vanogona kuita ndyiko dzakazvimirira. Vanovanza mutsetse pakati penzvimbo yakabatana neisina masangano, asi vanoshandiswa zvikurusa mukunzvera kwokuzvibatanidza sevasina kubatanidzwa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokushuma.

Kupesvedzera Kunoita Mapac Asiri Akabatanidzwa Gakava Ramatongerwe Emitemo

MaPAC asina kubatanidzwa anopesvedzera gakava remitemo yavose nomumikoto mizhinji, imwe neimwe ichikombamira mwero yakasiana yomuitiro wokuita mitemo.

Kupesvedzera Kwevanhu

Muuyo unooneka zvikurusa uri musarudzo. MaPACI asina kubatanidzwa anopedzera zvikuru kuvasarudzo vanowirirana nemitemo yavo. Kupfurikidza nokupinza mari kushambadza kwokudenha, mashoko akanaka, kuwana dhiraivhi, uye nhamburiko dzokuvhota, vanoumba kuumbwa kweCongress nedzinogarwa dzehurumende. PaC yakatsaurirwa kukuita mamiriro okunze, somuenzaniso, ingatsigira vashongi vanorwisana nezvinyorwa zvokuvhotera zvisina pamutemo pamusoro penhau dzemhoteredzo.

Kunetsa Kuwana Chidzidzo uye Kugadzirirwa Kweagenda

Pacs inokamura nhau dzemapepa asingabatanidzwi ayo asingatsigiri zvakajeka mubhadhari asi anosimbisa nhau dzakananga dzemiitiro. Uku kushambadza, kunowanzonzi “kushambadza kworukudzo,” kunogona kubudiswa panguva ipi neipi, kubatanidza mafafitera esarudzo. Kupfurikidza nokuisa nhau munzira yakati, PCs inogadza purogiramu yehurukuro yavose. PAC inonangidzirwa pakuchinja mutero ingashandisa kushambadza kwazvino uno kwebumbiro remitero serisiro, kumanikidza vaiti vemitemo kuita chiito. Kumutsa nhau yedare kunobatanidzawo kubudisa mapepa machena, kunzvera mashoko, uye kupupurira kuti vashambadziri venhau uye vagadziri vemitengi.

Makwenzi Anokonzera Kupopotedzana Nokubiwa

MaPC akawanda asingabatanidzwi anochengeta masangano makuru enziyo. Anoronga misangano, anoisa mari yejeni, uye anotumira maturusi emichina kuti aunganidze vatsigiri. Apo bhiri racho rinenge richirangarirwa, aya maPC anogona kuita zviuru zvezhetembo namaemail kumahofisi edare. Anoitawo kudzosa kunanga nevanopa mitemo yakananga (vechipiri), kuronga mutauro wemitemo, uye kugovera mubatanidzwa wezvokudzora. Nepo kukwikwidza kuri zvikurukuru nzvimbo yePACIVHIDHA, mapoka asingabataniswi anowanzobatira pamwe namasangano 501 (c)(4) anobvumirwa kupinda mukugamuchira kusina kuganhurirwa.

Kupomera uye Kutonga

MaPUC anobhadharira matare okukwidza mhaka kuti adenhe kana kuti adzivirire miitiro. Somuenzaniso, Perusion State Union (iyo ine parapatisiti yakafanana nePC) kazhinji kazhinji inoitawo kuti pave nekodzero dzevanhu. PACs itsinhanhanhapo mumuitiro wokuita mitemo, ichi pesvedzero isina kunanga inotapura nzvimbo yavo yenhau.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo yePross Dzisiri Dzakabatanidzwa Netapuro Yadzo

MaPAC anoverengeka asina kubatanidzwa akava nekurukurirano dzemitemo dzakaumbwa nenzira inoshamisa mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya.

National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund (NRAPVF)

NRA’SC nderimwe ramasimba makuru makurusa ezvamatongerwe enyika. Yakapedza mazana amamirioni amadhora kutsigira vatendi vezvombo zvinodzorwa nepfuti nokukurira vatsigiri. Pesvedzero yePAC yakanga iri pakati kuti ivharire mutemo wehurumende pakunzvera kwapasi pose pashure pokunge Sandy Hook apfura, uye yave ichishandiswa mukuwedzera mwero wako wehurumende wemitemo. NRA inoyera magiredhi okuvambira A+ kusvikira ku F, uye A+ inogona kudzivirira mamirioni mushandisiropu yezvoseropu yezvokutakura vari vepfuti pabhokisi rinochengeta kurukurirano yepfuti pamitemo yenyika yeAmerica.

Kutanga Kushanda kweUSA

SePUC huru inotsigira vatsigiri veDemocratic Purezidhendi, Prefect USA Action yakapedzerwa inopfuura mamirioni $300 munhambo ya2020. Yakanangidzira ngwariro pakushambadzira kwomutauro, kuvhota kwamadhigirii, uye muvhoti. Kushambadzira kwaro kwakasimbisa ungwaru hwezvoutano, upfumi, uye mhinduro yeCOVID. Kubudirira kwepakuumba kwavose pamusoro penhau idzodzo kwakamanikidzira nhimberipikicha inorwisana, kuchipesvedzera zvakananga zvikarakadzo zvemitemo zvaikurukurwa mukati mesarudzo.

Mubato Wokukura

Iyi PacC inotsigira mitemo yemari inodzorwa nechero, kubatanidza kutemwa kwemitero, kubviswa kwemitero, uye kutengeserana kwapachena. Yakatanharira vaRepublica avo vanotsauka paidzi nheyo muminamato, vanovaranga nokushambadza kwakaipa uye vatsigiri vetsopi. Iyi nzira yakabvisa chimiro cheRepublican Party kumistry yezvoupfumi, ichitapura kurukurirano dzechinjo dzemitero nekurukurirano dzemari.

Mugumise Vagari Vakabatana

A PAC yakatsaurirwa kuputsa Citizens United, iri boka rinoda mari rinotsigira kugadziridzwa kwemari. Nepo vavariro yaro yemitemo iri yakananga(kubvisa pesvedzero yemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika)) PUPUPU pachayo inoumba kurukurirano: inomanikidzira kutora nzvimbo pamarimu enhimbe, nhau ingagamuchira ngwariro shomanene. Kupfurikidza nemipiro yakananga nendyiko dzakasununguka, End Citizence United yakabetsera kupfuudza mitemo yehurumende yezivikanyo yapa.

Kushanda Negadziriro uye Zvinetso Zvokuona Zvakanaka

PamaPC asingabatanidzwi anoshanda mugadziriro yakaoma yemitemo yehurumende nehurumende. Pamwero womubatanidzwa, FEC inomanikidzira kushuma zvinodikanwa, ganhuriro dzemupiro (pamagamuchidzanwa PC), uye zvirambidzo pakubatira pamwe navadari. PaCs panofanira kunyorwa sematare endyiko bedzi uye kuzivisa vapi vose vanopa mari inopfuura $200 pagore. Zvisinei, pembedzo dzinobvumira nokuda kwe “mari iri kunze kwemagetsi”: vapi vanogona kupa 501(c)(4) masangano egarikano munzanga, ayo ipapo anoendesa mari kuSuper PaCs pasina kuzivisa manyuko apakuvamba.

Uku kushaikwa kwokuona kwakaoma kutsoropodza kukuru. FEC yakarwisa nechero, ichikundikana kuisa mitemo kana kuti kujekesa nzvimbo dzanyasi. Somuenzaniso, kana kushambadza kwemichina kwakabatana nenhimbe yomunzvero asi kuchitsigirwa nePC inoita kuti pave nokubatana kusiri kwapamutemo kuchiri kukurukurwa. Komishinari yenhengo nhanhatu, inokamuraniswa zvakaenzana pakati pemapati, kazhinji kazhinji mabote ezviito zvokuchengeta.

Kudzikamiswa kwenzvimbo yehurumende kunosiana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuziviswa kwamashoko okushandisa kwose kwePC, nepo dzimwe dzine utarisiri hushomanene. Nyika shomanene dzinorambidza mipiro yesangano ramabasa asi dzinobvumira ndyiko isina kuganhurirwa nePCs. Iri basa rinoparira munda wokutamba wakasiana uye rinogona kutungamirira kukuronga kwapauni nePCs kutsvaka mhoteredzo dzakanaka.

Kutsoropodza Nenharo Pamusoro Pemapaundi Asiri Akabatanidzwa

Basa rePACI dzisingabatanidzwi munharo dzemiitiro rinopokanidzwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ivo vanowedzera manzwi avanhu vakapfuma nefariro chaidzo pandyiko dzavagariwo zvavo. Kukwanisa kupedzera zvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa . Zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nePACICs /kubudisa gadziriro umo mari inotenga pesvedzero, miuyo yemitemo inonangidzira kuzvisarudzo zvavapi. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vanogamuchira zvikuru mirangariro yavapi navapfumi kupfuura kuvoruzhinji, zvikurukuru nemhaka yemari yePC.

Imwe tsoropodzo i “rudzi rwezvombo” rwokushambadzira kwakaipa. PACI dzisingabatanidzwi dzinowanzova nokushambadzira kunoshatisa zvinyorwa zvavashori, kuchitungamirira kukuwedzera kupesana nokusada kuvhota. Kushaikwa kwokuzvidavirira. (sezvo kushambadzira kusati kuri zvakananga kubva kumunhu) inobvumira PC kumanikidza kuti zvisarevere miganhu pazvokwadi. FEC inowanzoronda kutaura kwenhema, ichisiya vavhotera kudiso kuti vasarudze kubva mungano.

Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti maPUC anowedzera kutora rutivi kwehurumende yedemocracy kupfurikidza nokubvumira kufanana navanhu vanofungidzira kubatanidza zviwanikwa nokutsigira mirangariro yavo. Vanopikisa kuti kushandisa kwakadzivirirwa muMutezo wokutanga uye kuti mupi anopa kujeka. Uyezve, vanotaura kuti maPACI anopa inzwi kumapoka asingasviki kuzvivako zvemasangano echikwata chegamuchidzanwa, zvakadai semapoka echitatu, mavhengano anotsigirwa nenhau, uye masangano ouswa.

Gakava racho rinotaurawo musiano pakati pe “mari yakaoma” ne“ mari.” MaPACI egamuchidzanwa akaganhurirwa mumipiro, apo panenge pasina. Vamwe vachinji vanotsigira kuputsa Citamizens United kana kuti kupfuudza chibvumirano chebumbiro remitemo kubvumira Congress kudzora nhimbe. Vamwe vanokarakadza mari inowirirana, mari yavose, kana kuti kuvandudza zvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera kutamba.

Miitiro Yenguva Yemberi Nezviito Zvinochinja

PCs dzisati dzabatanidzwa sezvingabvira dzichapfuurira kushanduka seruzivo rwokugadzira nokuchinja kwomutemo. Mipiro yeCrypturrency, nepo ichiri isingawanzowaniki, iri kutoshandiswa nePCs dzakati. Kukwira kwezviri mukati meAI-generated kungagona kukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuziva manyuko okushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kudenha miraudzo yokuzivisa. Mukuwedzera, kushandiswa kunowedzera kwe “mari iri muvuvara” kupfurikidza na 501(c)(4) kusingapindutsidzi kunoreva kuti manyuko echokwadi ezvipo zvakawanda zvePC kunoramba kuri nyore.

Zvinetso zvepamutemo zvezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvinopfuurira. Mu Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta [2021], Dare rapamusoro rakaganhurira mano ehurumende okuda purofiti kuti vapiwe. Iyi chisarudzo chinganetesa kuoneka kwokunze kwePACIS mari inopindwa kupfurikidza nemipiro isingapinduri. Nenzira inopesana, mamwe maruwa ari kusundwa nokuda kwemitemo yerumano, yakadai sokuda kukumbira madisclair CD kushao redhisiki pamashoko emichina uye kushuma chaiko kwenguva yemipi mipiro mikuru.

Kuwanda kwemaPACI uye pfungwa dzemaPU anenge asingabatanidzwi zviri kuchinjawo. Vapi vevaduku vangangotsigira PACIS vakananga pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, ruramisiro yedzinza, uye kusaenzana kwemari. Izvi zvinogona kudzoserazve nharo dzemitemo panyaya idzodzo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, maPACI egamuchidzanwa ane chokuita nefariro dzemasangano anoramba ane simba, achiparira kusagadzikana kukuru mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kutorwa Kwevadzidzi Nevadzidzisi

Nokuda kwaavo vanodzidza hurumende yeAmerica, maPACI asina kubatanidzwa anoenzanisira mhesano yemari, kutaura, uye muitiro. Inoratidzira kuti fariro dzakarongwa dzinogona sei kuumba zvirongwa, vamiriri vakasarudzwa, uye mutemo wepesvedzero. Kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pePACIS yakabatana neisinobatanidzwa, kukwira kwePACIS, uye mikaha inobvumira mari yakasviba inokosha mukunzwisisa masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika azvino uno.

Vadzidzi vanogona kushandisa fundo dzenhau dzakadai seNRA, Priestal USA Action, kana kuti Club yewender kunzvera pesvedzero chaiyoiyo yenyika. Kakavadzano dzekirasi dzinogona kunanga pauko kana PCS inowedzera utongi hwedemokrasi kana kuti kushatisa, uye vadzidzi vanogona kunzvera mashoko okuzivisa kubva kumanyuko akadai se openSEctrets[ kuronda mari inoyerera. Mhindu yemuitiro wemari yechirongwa kutangira FFECA ku [FLT]][FLT]][3]]

MaPAC asingabatanidzwi haasati achingovawo zvake mashoko omuzasi mumari yenhimbe. Anoita basa, anochinjika, uye anoparira nhevedzano mukurukurirano huru iri yose yomuitiro, kubvira kuzvoutano kusvikira kukupinda mukudzivirirwa kwemhoteredzo. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera gadziriro dzawo, ganhuriro, uye gakava, tinowana nzwisiso hurusa ye nei dzimwe nhau dzichidzora kurukurirano yorudzi apo dzimwe dzinotambura mukusazivikanwa.