Kunzwisisa Zvaifanira Kuitwa Sechinodzivirira Hurumende Pakudzvinyirirwa

Muitiro wakafanira unopfuura zvikuru unyanzvi hwapamutemo hwehwaro hwekudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende. Pachaimo, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinotapura vanhu zvive zvakanaka, zvinozivikanwa, uye zvinoremekedza kodzero huru. Pasina iyi dziviriro, vagari vemo vangagona kusungwa, kubviswa zvinhu, kana kuti kunyaradzwa pasina nyevero kana kuti kubvunzwa. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti mutoo wakafanira unoshanda sei sedziviriro inorwisana nehurumende inonyengera, ichinzvera kukura kwayo, ichibvisa mativi ayo makuru, uye kunzvera basa rayo muhondo dzapamutemo nedenho dzazvinovapo panguva ino.

Mumatomu azvino uno ebumbiro remitemo, muitiro wakafanira unoshanda senzira iyo vanhu vanogona kudenha nayo kuva pamutemo kwezviito zvehurumende. Iro rinovimbisa kuti kunyange apo hurumende inoita mabasa muzita rechengeteko kana kuti garikano yavanhu, inofanira kuteverazve mitemo yakagadzwa ndokuremekedza kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga. Simba rehurumende zvarinokura kupfurikidza nokunzvera, zviziviso zvekurumidziro, uye kutungamirira kwakafara kwegadziriro yakafanira inongowedzera bedzi. Kunzwisisa mifungo yayo inokosha kumunhu upi noupi anoitira hanya kuchengeta rusununguko munhambo yechiremera chinowedzera chehurumende.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwezvinoitika

Zvisinei, chimiro chayo chazvino uno chakavamba mumazana amakore erwisano nerwisano yokurwisana nehurumende youmambo nechiito choudzvinyiriri choumambo, panzvimbo pezvido zvavatongi.

Kubva paMagna Carta Kuenda Kubhuku reChirungu Rinotaura Nezvekodzero Dzevanhu

Kuratidzirwa kwokutanga kwakanyorwa kwomuitiro wakafanira kunooneka muMagna Carta ya1215, ine mukurumbira Chitsauko 39 chakazivisa, kuti: “Hakuna munhu wakasununguka achabatwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kubviswa maruramiro ake kana kuti zvinhu... kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwavaenzani vake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. Chitsama ichi chakatanga pfungwa yokuti mambo aisagona kuranga vanhu pasina muitiro wapamutemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, matare eEngland akadudzira kuti“ mutemo wenyika" unoreva miitiro yepamutemo, kubatanidza kuzivisa, kunzwa, uye rutongeso rusina rusaruro.

Bhuku reEngland rinonzi Bill of Rights ra1689 rakasimbisa idzi dziviriro kupfurikidza nokurambidza bhero yakanyanyisa, chirango chine utsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose, uye kumiswa kwemitemo pasina kubvumirana neparamende. Kwakasimbisawo maruramiro okukumbira mambo nokuda kwokugadziriswa kwezvichemo. Aya magwaro pamwe chete akasimbisa kuti muitiro wakafanira wakanga usati uri bedzi tsika asi maruramiro apamutemo ayo akasunga vakuru vakuru vose vehurumende.

Kuedza kweBumbiro reMitemo reAmerica

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rakakwidziridza muitiro wakafanira kumurairo webumbiro remitemo. Findt Amendment (1791) inopa kuti pasave nomunhu acha "tapurwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Pashure peHondo yeCivil, IPramende ye145 (1868) yakatambanudzira ichi ganhuriro imwe cheteyo kuhurumende, ichivimbisa kuti hakuna hurumende ingagona kuparira "kubvisa munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Iyi chipikirwa chine mbiri chakaparira kunzvera kwehurumende yehurumende ye 1448 yedzose dziri mbiri pazvose zviri zviviri nyika nehurumende.

Vagadziri veAmerica vakasarudza namaune mashoko "kunonotswa kwomutemo" pamusoro pemashoko matete zvikuru akafanana ne "gal system" kubatanidza zvose zviri zviviri ruramisiro yetsika nedziviriro yerusununguko rwakati rukuru. Mumazana maviri akatevera, Dare Rapamusoro raizotanga mapazi maviri akasiana asi anowirirana emuitiro wakafanira: procedwaral nesubstantive.

Mativi Makuru: Gadziriro Inobatanidza Zvisingachinji uye Yakatarwa

Kunzwisisa muitiro wakafanira kunoda kuziva kuti inoita mabasa maviri akaparadzana. Muitiro wakafanira unodzora sei [[FT:1] mabasa ehurumende, nepo iri ganhuriro dzakafanira mumuitiro icho hurumende inogona kuita, pasinei zvapo nemiitiro inoshandiswa.

Zvinodiwa Nevanhu: Kubatsira Kuona Zvinhu Zvakanaka

Gadziriro yakafanira inoda kuti hurumende isati yabvisa upenyu hwomunhu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, inofanira kugovera ziviso yakakwana nebanza rine revo rokunzwa. Zvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvinosiana kutsamira pamashoko akapoteredza, asi matare akatanga muedzo wakadzikama mu Maws v. Eldridge [77] [67] inorangarira zvinhu zvitatu: fariro yomunhu oga yakatapurwa; ngozi yokushaiwa kwakaipa mumiitiro iripo; uye fariro yehurumende, kubatanidza mitoro yemari nerongedzero. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuchinja apo inochengeta kururama.

Zvinhu zvinokosha zvine chokuita neprocedal zvinosanganisira:

  • Notice: Vanhu vanofanira kugamuchira mashoko akajeka, akakodzera nguva pamusoro pechiito chehurumende mukurwisana navo. Vague kana kuti pomero dzakavanzika zvinoputsa muitiro wakafanira.
  • Kunzwa kuti kunzwiwe[: Kunzwa kunofanira kupiwa pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asina kutora rutivi, ane maruramiro okupa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, uye ufakazi hunopokana neaximine.
  • dare redare risingasaruri: Muiti wechisarudzo haagoni kuva nechero yomunhu oga kana kuti yemari mumuuyo. Kunyange chitarisiko chefungira mano akaipa chinosekesa muitiro wakafanira.
  • Chisarudzo chakaitwa chakaitwa: Hurumende inofanira kutsanangura hwaro hwechiito chayo, ichibvumira nokuda kwehwirudzuro yedare.
  • [ Akarurama kupa zano[: Mumimwe mitongo, zvikurukuru mhaka dzoutsotsi, vanhu vane maruramiro okumirira pamutemo kuvimbisa makwikwi akanaka.

Mienzaniso yokuputswa kwemitemo kunoitwa mukuwirirana nenhau inobatanidza kurasa mugari wechigarire pasina teero, kubvisa rezinesi renyanzvi pasina chiziviso, kana kuti kugumisa betsero dzegarikano pasina banza rokukwikwidza zvikonzero zvacho. Dare Rapamusorosa nguva dzose rakati dziviriro idzi dzinoshanda kunyange apo hurumende inoita muumbirwi wayo, muridzi wenzvimbo, kana kuti mudzori.

Muitiro Wakafanira: Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzinokosha

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba unoenderera mberi nokurambidza hurumende kudzongonyedza rusununguko rwakati rukuru, pasinei zvapo nokuti miitiro yacho yakakwana sei. Iyi dzidziso inoziva kuti dzimwe maruramiro anokosha kwazvo kuraira rusununguko zvokuti hurumende ingasazviisa mubhiriji pasina ruramiso inogombedzera. Muitiro wakafanira wave uri motokari yokuziva maruramiro akadai se:

  • Kodzero yokuroora uye yokusarudza wokuroorana naye
  • Kodzero yokuva woga muukama hwepedyo
  • Kodzero yokurera vana pasina kupindira kusina kufanira kwehurumende
  • Kodzero yokuperera mumuviri uye kuramba kurapwa
  • Kodzero yokufamba norusununguko mukati merudzi rwacho

Matare anoshandisa nzvero yakakomba kumitemo iyo inoremedza maruramiro makuru: hurumende inofanira kuratidzira fariro inogombedzera ndokubvumikisa kuti mutemo wakasanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unorambidza roorano dzose pakati pamapoka akati avanhu ungakundikana nemhaka yokuti inonangidzira maruramiro makuru pasina chikonzero chinogombedzera. Nenzira inopesana, mitemo inodzora fariro dzisiri dzendangariro dzendangariro chaidzoidzo.

Musiyano pakati pomuitiro wokupa newakaderera unofanirwa wakakomba nemhaka yokuti unorondedzera mupimo wehwirudzuro. Muitiro wechinosarudzwa unobvunza kana hurumende yakashandisa mitoo yakanaka; muitiro wakafanira wakaderera unobvunza kana vavariro yehurumende imene iri yapamutemo uye kana mutoo unosarudzwa uchiwirirana nenharidzano iyoyo. Pamwe chete, vanoumba nhoo huru mukurwisana navanyengeri.

Kushanda Kwakafanira Pakuongorora Kupinda Zvikuru Kwehurumende

Gadziriro yakafanira inorwisana zvakananga nehurumende kupfurikidza nokumanikidza hurumende kururamisa zviito zvayo mumashoko apamutemo uye kupfurikidza nokugovera vanhu vamwe navamwe maturusi okudzivisa kupindira kusiri kwapamutemo.

Zvimiro Zvakawanda Zvokukunda Zvinorwiswa Negadziriro Yakafanira

  • Kusungwa kusingabvumirwi: kubata munhu pasina pomero kana kuti kutongwa kunoputsa muitiro wakafanira. Habeas corpus(ikodzero yokudenha kusungwa(chi) ndiko kuratidzirwa kwakananga kwemiitiro yakafanira.
  • [ Kunzvera kusina muganhu[[FLT: 1]: Kuunganidzwa kwemashoko kana kuti kuongororwa kwapachivande kwemagetsi pasina mvumo yokutonga kunogona kuputsa zvose zviri zviviri muitiro wezvigaro newapaduku, zvikurukuru apo kuva woga kunenge kuri kariro yapamutemo.
  • Kuchengetwa kwemitemo [[FLT: 1]: Kushandisa mitemo nenzira yakasarudzwa mukurwisana namapoka asina kutenderwa kana kuti vanhu vasina ruramiso ine mufungo kunosekesa mutemo. Muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti kuchengetwa kuvekirwa pamipimo isina revirirano, kwete pamunhu oga kana kuti rusaruro.
  • Mutemo unoshanda[: Mitemo inoranga mufambiro wakanga wapamutemo apo waiitwa inopesana nousati huri pamutemo nemhaka yokuti inonyima vanhu chiziviso chakarurama (*a musimbo wemuitiro.)
  • Kushandisa kwokutarisira kusina kudzoreka[[FLT: 1]: Apo masangano anogona kuisa zvirango zvakakomba pasina kunzwa kune revo ine revo, muitiro wakafanira unoda nzvimbo dzokunzvera dzakadai sokuzvimirira nokukumbira.

Fundo Yenhau Yapanyika

Dare rehurumende rakashandisa rashandisazve muitiro wakafanira kudenha zviito zvehurumende uye kujekesa ukuru hwekodzero dzomunhu oga.

Miranda muArizona (1966): Procedural Croated Croated Bitting Process in Criminal Justice

Mu Manda, Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti ropafadzo yeFindrencest inorwisana nokuzvidzvinyirira yeFindro yeFindrence inoda kuti mapurisa azivise vanofungira kodzero dzavo dzokuramba vakanyarara uye kuva negweta pamberi pokubvunzurudza kwekodzero. Kukundikana kupa nyevero idzi kunopa kureurura kupi nokupi kusingadaviriki. Chisarudzo chacho chinoratidza kuti nzira yokutaura nayo nenzira yakafanira inoshanda panguva inonyanya kuoma zvikuru (8) apo munhu ari muusungwa anodzivisa kureurura uye kuderedza kutamba pakati pehurumende neinopomerwa. Miranda yazova muitiro wakarovedzeka, unoratidzira nheyo yokuti hurumende haigoni kubudisa ufakazi kupfurikidza nokunyengera.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967): Chirongwa Chinotarisirwa Nechinosununguka

Kuparadza mutemo waVirginia unorwisana nehurumende, uyo wakaputsa roorano pakati pavanhu vachena navasiri vachena. Mutongi mukuru Warren akanyora kuti roorano ndeimwe ye‘kodzero dzavanhu, inokosha kukuvapo kwedu timene nokupukunyuka. Mhaka yakashandiswa pasi pechiito chokudzivirira chisarudzo chomunhu oga chikuru parusarurano rwehurumende rusina mufungo. Yakabvumikisa kuti kunyange kana masangano akatevera mitoo yakafanira kupfurikidza nedare rokugadza.

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004): Zvakaitwa muHondo yoUgandanga

Pashure pa 9/11, hurumende yakasunga mugari weU.S. Yaser Hamdi se "murwi wouvengi" pasina kumubhadharira kana kuti kumupa mhosva. Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti muitiro wakafanira waida kuti Hamdi agamuchire ziviso yehwaro hwechokwadi hwekugadza kwake uye mukana une revo wokukwikwikwidza pamberi pomugadziri wechisarudzo asina rekutsigira. Dare rakaramba kutaura kwehurumende kuti chengeteko yorudzi ingagona kubvisa chose chose chose dziviriro. [FLT:] Hamdi[FLT]] inoratidzira kuti muitiro wakafanira hausati uchinyangarika munguva dzenjodzi; kungaitirwa kuchengeteka, asi hakugoni kubviswa chose chose chose.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Gadziriro Inosvika uye Kuenzana kweroorano

Mu [[FLT : 0] .bergefell, Dare rakaziva kuti maruramiro okuroora munhu ane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano irusununguko runokosha runodzivirirwa neChiitiko chaMabasa Claus. Chisarudzo chakaumbwa munhau dzapakuvamba dzakadai se [ Kubvisa uye [[FLT]] na[FLT] LIVENCE v. Texas[[FLT:]] kusimbisa kuti Mutendi weBumbiro remitemo rinovimbisa munhu mumwe nomumwe kodzero yokusarudza mukwanyina wavo woupenyu, wakasununguka pakanga pakanga pane kusatendeseka kwetsika. Chino ichi chinoratidzira mutoo wakafanira kudzivirira nawo matsva erusununguko senzwisiso nerevo.

Kutapura Kuitwa Kwenguva Yakafanira Pakusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika

Gadziriro yakafanira haisati iri bedzi gadziriro yemiitiro yedare; inotapura ukama hwose pakati pomugari wemo nehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuda kuti vatambi vehurumende vapembedze zviito zvavo, muitiro wakafanira unokurudzira kuonana, kuzvidavirira, uye kuvimba. Rusununguko rwakananga rwevagari vemo runotsamira pamuitiro wakafanira runobatanidza:

  • Rusununguko rwokutaura[[FLT: 1]: Hurumende isati yagona kunzvera, rezinesi, kana kuti kuranga kutaura, inofanira kugovera dziviriro dzetsika dzakadai seziviso yapamberi pezvisarudzo, uye hwirudzuro yokutonga. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, meya aigona kudzima pepanhau kupfurikidza nokurizivisa kuti "chinetso chavose" pasina kunzwa.
  • Rusununguko rwegungano[[FLT: 1]: Zvibvumikiso zvokuramba hazvigoni kurambwa nenzira yokuzvidira; vapemhi vanofanira kugamuchira zvikonzero nebanza rokukumbira. Muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti maruramiro okuunganidza haana kusiiwa kuchisarudzo chomukuru mukuru mumwe.
  • Kururama nezvinhu: Hurumende isati yagona kutora zvinhu kupfurikidza nokutapurwa kwehurumende kana kuti nzvimbo yakakurumbira, inofanira kuzivisa varidzi ndokupa kutonga kwakarurama. Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira rataurazve kuti kutora zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira hakuwirirani nemitemo.
  • Kuvandika kwomunhu oga[[FLT: 1]]: Hurumende inoda mashoko omunhu oga (kubva pamarekodhi ezvokurapa kusvikira kukurukurirano dzemichina) kunofanira kutsigirwa netsamba kana kuti chitunha chinogona kudenhwa. Muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira kuvandika kwezvisarudzo zvoupenyu hwakavanzika, zvakadai sokudzivisa kubata pamuviri, kubereka vana, uye ukama hwemhuri.

Kupfuura nyaya imwe neimwe, muitiro wakafanira unotsigira tsika yepamutemo uko vagari vemo vanoziva kodzero dzavo uye vanodavira kuti hurumende ichavaremekedza.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera

Pasinei nokuti kwakabva mavambo akakura, zvinhu zvinoda kuitwa zvinosangana nematambudziko akakura muzana remakore rechi20.

Chengeteko Yorudzi Nesimba Renjodzi

Hurumende dzinowanzotaura kuti njodzi dzechengeteko dzinoruramisa kudarika muitiro wakakodzera. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kuchengetwa kusingachinji kwemagandanga kunofungira, matare ehondo akavanzika, uye kurova kwapachivande kunodenha vagari vemo kunze kwenyika. Nepo matare pane dzimwe nguva akadzosa (sokunge mu]] Hamadi[), kuzviisa pasi pechiremera chehurumende munhau dzechengeteko kunoramba kwakakwirira. [Boumediene v.] Bush

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Zvishandiso zvokunzvera zvazvino uno zvinonzi “zvinoziva kuti zvakaitirwa vanhu, nzvimbo yeserura kunzvera, mibatanidzwa mizhinji yemitemo yemitemo (inogona kuunganidzwa nehurumende kutarira nhamba huru yavanhu pasina nyumwiro yavanhu. Iyi miitiro inogona kuputsa zvose zviri zviviri procedal nezvinoiswa pasi pevhu nemhaka yokuti vanhu havasati vachitongodzidza kuti vakanangidzirwa, uye havana banza rokukwikwikwidzira. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu Carpeenter v. United States) (2088) yairangarira kuti kupinza mashoko enzvimbo yeserura kunoda maruramiro, kuchizivisa kuti muitiro wakafanira unoshanda kumashoko, asi zvikamu zvizhinji zvinosara.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Mutemo wokutora wave uri nzvimbo umo dziviriro dzakafanira dzakaneta zvikuru kupfuura muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi. Vasingavi vagari vemo, kubatanidza vagari venguva dzose vapamutemo, vanogona kusungwa ndokudzingwa nokuwana kwaganhurirwa kuzano uye pasina maruramiro okutonga dare. Kumuka kwokubviswa kwakarongwa uye gadziriro dzokusungirwa kunomutsa itiro hanya dzakakomba, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavanhu vangava nezvikumbiro zvepamutemo zvoutiziro kana kuti rusununguko kubva mukudzingwa.

Kukura Kwehurumende

Masangano ehurumende namasangano ehurumende zvino anoshandisa simba guru pamusoro pokuisa, betsero, kuwirirana nemhoteredzo, uye tarisiro youtano. Masangano mazhinji anoisa ganhuriro dzomukati, pasina dziviriro dzakazara dzedare. Nepo matew[ kuyera kunogovera kuchinjika, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mamwe masangano anonyanyonzwa kana kuti kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vesangano vanoshaiwa kusasarura. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mu [[FLT:] Sacket v. E[FLT:] [2] 202] [20] [20])] uye [FLT] .[FLT]

Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa Nemisiyano Yemapuraneti

Maarufabheti okugadzira anoshandiswa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvechipo chejeri, uye kupiwa mutongo zvinogona kuita migumisiro yakajeka uye yakaoma kudenha. Kana munhu akanyimwa kubviswa pa "bhokisi renhete" ramarobhoti, angashaiwa chiziviso chine revo uye mukana wokuramba ufakazi. Muitiro unoda kuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvitsanangurwe uye zvikwikwidzirwe. Nheyo yemitemo nematare zvingori kuvamba kuwirirana nenzira yokuita nayo nheyo dzakafanira pakugadzira zvisarudzo zveatomukiro.

Kuchengeta Mafambiro Akakodzera Munyika Inochinja

Muitiro wakafanira hausi muitiro wechinhu chisati chiri chisaririra chapanguva imwe cheteyo; inheyo mhenyu inofanira kushandiswa kumigariro mitsva. Kudzivirira muitiro wakafanira kunoda kungwarira kubva mumapazu ose matatu ehurumende uye kubva kuvagari vemo vakaziva. Dare rinofanira kuhwirudzura nenzira yakakomba zviito zvavakuru vakuru izvo zvinotaura kuti kusunungurwa kwekurumidziro, masangano emitemo anofanira kunyora mitemo inoratidzira miitiro yakajeka nevimbiso, uye vanhu vanofanira kudisa kudenha pamusoro pokuita zviito zvehurumende.

Zviwanikwa zvokunze nokuda kwokunzvera zvinobatanidza: Peji yekoshero ye Annotection yeFindrence nokuda kwenhau nemitemo; uye American Liberties Union yeInzuru dzenyika yechengeteko [ nokuda kwenhau dzapanguva ino mukunzvera nokupfiga. Kuwedzera, [[FLT:]Cornell Law School’s Legial Information Institute inopa kurangarirwa kwakakwana kwegadziriro yapamutemo yenhau yapanguva ino.

Dzikamo pakati penhevedzano norusununguko ichaparira rwisano nguva dzose, asi muitiro wakafanira unogovera gadziriro yokupedza dzvinyiriro iyoyo kupfurikidza nokurangarira kwakarangarirwa panzvimbo pomurairo wokusasarura. Simba rehurumende zvarinowedzera muukuru nounyanzvi, kuzvipira kumuitiro wakafanira kunofanira kukura zvakaenzana musimba. Kupfurikidza bedzi nokuomerera pamiitiro yakanaka uye kuremekedza kodzero huru nzanga inosarudzwa navanhu kunogona kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa kunononoka kwetsoropotedza uko kungashandura zvipikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo kuva mashoko asina maturo.