Political Action Committee (PACs) ibwe resimba remari yebhizimisi muUnited States, ichipinza mipiro yapachivande munhandare yezvamatongerwe enyika. Pakati pemarudzi akawanda ePAC, maPC anosangana nenzvimbo yakasiyana. Kusafanana neyawo akabatana neakabatana nedanho, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti sangano . "maPC] asingaendi kukwidziridza nokushandisa mari kupesvedzera sarudzo, asi mipiro yavo inowanzotambanukira kure kure kupfuura kutsigira kwakananga. Masangano aya anoita basa rinokosha mukupfuudzira kunzvera kwezvamatongerwe enyika nedata, kuumba mashoko anoita kuti kukurukurirana kwavose, zvirongwa, uye masangano ashande. Kunzwisisa mapepa nepesvedzero ePC anoshandira munzvimbo ino inokosha yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Ndeapi Mabhuku Asina Kubatanidzwa?

Mumutemo weSarudzo wehurumende, PCA idare rezvamatongerwe enyika risina kutangwa, rinopiwa, kana kuti rinodzorwa nomubhadharwa, mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti rimwe sangano ripi neripi rakadai sesangano ravashandi, kana kuti sangano rebhizimisi. Uku kuzvimirira kunopa mwero wakasiana wokuchinjika. Idzodzo dzinogona kuumbwa navanhu vamwe navamwe, mapoka avagari vemo vane pfungwa dzakafanana, kana kuti masangano echibvumirano chenhau kutsigira pfungwa yakafara, nharidzano yakananga, kana kuti vatengi vadzo vanowirirana nenheyo dzavo.

PCs dzisingabatanidzwi dzinofanira kunyoresa neFederal Envotion Commission (FEC) ndokunamatira kumiganhu yomupiro nezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa. Somuenzaniso, munhu anogona kugovera $5 000 pagore kuPaC isino boyokani, uye PC inogona kugovera $5 000 pasarudzo kudare redanho. Zvisinei, maPAC anogonawo kupedza zvitsama zvisina muganhu pakuzvibhadharira kwakasununguka ($2,50,50,00) kana kuti kurukurirano izvo zvinoratidzira kana kuti kutsigira mukwikwidzi pasina kubatanidzwa nenhimberiyo.

Mienzaniso yePUCS inozivikanwa zvikuru inobatanidza Club for Growth (inonangidzirwa paHwedzero yemari), Sunday'S (Kutsigira prochoice Democratic), uye American Conservative Union. Nepo aya masangano anowanzobatanidzwa netsigiro dzedanho nemipiro yakananga, vazhinji vanoisawo mari yakawanda mukunzvera napakunzvera mashoko kuti vatungamirire magadzirirwe avo nokuzivisa vanhu vose.

Basa Rokutsigira Kutsvakurudza Zvematongerwe Enyika

Nzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika inobatanidza mhatsa huru yemibato: kunzvera mifungo, kunzvera mashoko, kunzvera mashoko, fundo dzenzvero dzevagari vemo, uye nzvero dzedzidzo pamusoro pomufambiro wokuvhota. MaPC asina kubatanidzwa azova masangano makuru emari yebasa iri nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Chokutanga, kuzvimirira kwavo kunobvumira kutsigira kunzvera kungava kwakakwirira kana kuti kunomutsa nharo nokuda kwemamwe marudzi esangano. PC, somuenzaniso, sezvingabvira anobatanidzwa wacho anganangidzira panzvero inobetsera zvakananga kuvhotera kwaparefa. PaC isati yabatanidzwa inogona kunzvera miitiro mirefu, kuenzanisa kwezvisingadzorwi, kana kuti nhau idzo dzisati dzapinda mukurukurirano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chechipiri, maPC anowanzova nezviwanikwa zvokutsigira zvifundo zvikuru. Nemhaka yokuti anogona kusimudza mari isina kuganhurirwa nokuda kwendyiko dzawo dzakazvimirira, anogona kugovera chikamu chemari yavo yokushandisa kunzvera icho chinozivisa ndyiko idzodzo. Ikoku kuvamba nhambo yakanaka: nzvero iri nani inotungamirira kukunyora mashoko kwakanakisisa zvikuru, uko kunokwezvawo vapi vemipinduriro huru. PaCs anogara achironga nzvero dzamarudzi, mapoka ezvokunakisa, uye kunzvera kwokunzvera kwokuedza kubetsera kwezvikarakadzo zvakasiyana- siyana kana kuti kuzivisa vhiyi inotengwa yakasiyana mumaruwa makuru.

Chechitatu, mari inobva muPUCs isingabatanidzwa inogona kuva yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura zvipo zvehurumende kana kuti zvedzidzo. Muitiro wetendero weiyi PC kazhinji kazhinji ndewomukati uye inomhanya, inobvumira vanzveri kupindura zviitiko zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinochinja nokukurumidza. Mukati menhambo yekusarudza ya202020, somuenzaniso, paPC pakanga pasina kubatanidzwa parakatsiridza kuvhota nokukurumidza kuti vaone muvhoti mukati mede, vachigovera mashoko chaiwoiwo kumibato yezvinobudisa nhau.

Kumwe Kutsvakurudza Kwakatsigirwa

  • Mirangariro inogamuchirwa: PCs dzisingabatanidzwa nguva dzose dzinotsigira nzvero dzenyika nenzvimbo yoruwa kuti dziwane chiverengero chetendero, chinyorwa chemvumo, uye kudiwa. Iyi mashoko anowanzobudiswa kuvanhu, kufukidzwa kwezvinobudisa nhau nenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Politiki Analysis: Masangano okufunga nezvinonzvera pane dzimwe nguva anogamuchira zvipo kubva kuPC kuti afunde miuyo yezvemari kana kuti yenzanga yemitemo inokarakadzwa. Zvidzidzo izvi zvinogona kuva chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano dzemitemo.
  • Demographic and Behavioral Studies:[[FLT: 1] Kunzwisisa kuti vavhoti vaani, chikonzero nei vavhota, uye kuti vanogona kunyengetedzwa sei kwakakomba. PACs anopa vatsvakurudzi vedzidzo namafemu epachivande kuitisa nhevedzano huru ichishandisa mashoko okuverenga vanhu, mafaira evota, uye mashoko omutengi.
  • Kuedza mashoko: kupfurikidza nenzvero dzinodzorwa nechamuchina wefoni, PCs dzisina kubatanidzwa dzinonatsa mutauro, zviono, uye zvibvumikiso zvinonzwika zvikurusa kuvateereri vanyajambwa. Uku kunzvera kunodyira zvakananga mukushambadzira terevhizheni, zviri munhamba, uye tsamba dzakananga.

Kuchinja Kwazvinoita Pakuongorora Mashoko

Nzvero yetsananguro yenhimbe yazvino uno yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye maPAC anobatanidzwa vatambi vanokosha mukufambisira mberi mitoo yawo. Mano okuunganidza, mutoo, uye kududzira zvitsama zvikuru zvamashoko (* kazhinji kazhinji zvinonongedzerwa kwazviri se “data huru” yakachinja sei shoo dzemibato dzechipfuro, zvitengo, uye chiyero. MaPAC anobatanidzwa anobetsera kuiyi chinjo munzira dzinoverengeka.

Kutanga, vanowana mari yokuvandudza masangano ezvokugadzirwa kwematai. MaPAC akawanda anoshandisa nzvimbo dzavo dzokuchengetera mashoko kana kuti shamwari nevatengesi vemadata vakadai seL2 Catarisst, kana kuti Targent. Nokuisa mari mumaturusi aya, vanokwanisa kuisa vatsvakurudzi mumafaira okuvhota nemapepa, masangano ezvokutengeserana, uye mashandiro anoitwa nevanhu. Masaibhurari anobvumira kuisa mashoko anenge agadzirirwa mashoko. Somuenzaniso, muvhoti asingadi kubatanidzwa panhau dzezvakatipoteredza angaongorora kuti mhuri dzakapa zvinhu zvinoparira kwezva zvakapoteredza, dzakanyoresa mamagazini enzanga, kana kuti dzirarame munharaunda dzinochinjwa nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye magadzirirwo ezvo kushambadza.

Chechipiri, maPC asati abatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji anopindura unyanzvi hutsva hwemapikicha. Nemhaka yokuti haamanikidzwi nezvinodikanwa zvenhambo pfupi zvenhimbe imwe, anogona kuedza nemienzaniso yokudzidza michina, kugadzirwa kwomutauro wechisiko, uye kufanoziva. Mumakore gumi apfuura, maPC akawanda akashandiswa masayendisiti kugadzira mapikicha anofungidzira kuti ndiani muvhoti ari mungozi yokuchinja mapato, kana kuti mienzaniso inofungidzira bviro yokuchinja pfungwa dzomumwe munhu neadhirobhurokutenga.

Kusvika kuzvirongwa zveDzivo zvinotsaurwa

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha kupa vanzveri mikana yemazita anenge awanikwa kana kuti akasawanikwa. MaPACI anogona kutenga mashoko angava akanyanyodhura nokuda kwenyanzvi kana kuti vatsvakurudzi vaduku. Somuenzaniso, vangabvumira mashoko ezvokutengeserana kubva kumakambani akadai seAcxiom kana kuti Experian, kana kuti kuwana muvhoti wezvinhu zvisati zvavapo pachena. Nokuita kuti mashoko aya awanike kuvanzveri vezvidzidzo, vanowedzera kumhanya kwekuwana. Zvidzidzo zvevezera ravo pamusoro petsika dzokuvhotera uye kupfuudza purofiti yezvamatongerwe enyika zvakabvuma kubhadhanyiswa kubva kuPaCs dzisiri dzinobatanidzwa mukuvara mapepa avo.

Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti zvinyorwa zvokutsvakurudza zvinowanzorongwa nezvinangwa zvePAC, kuongorora mashoko kungakanganiswa nezvinowanwa zvinotsigira pfungwa dzePACI zvinotsigira pfungwa yacho.

Tapuro Pakuona Zvematongerwo Enyika Nokuzvidavirira

Ukama pakati pePACI dzisingabatanidzwa nemari inopindwa mari yenzvero hune tapuro mbiri pakuoneka. Kune rumwe rutivi, kunzvera iyi pepaCs mari kazhinji kazhinji kunounza ngwariro kunhau dzisingashumwirwi uye kunogovera ruzhinji nemashoko matsva. Somuenzaniso, PC isina kubatanidzwa inonangidzirwa pakuoneka kwehurumende ingawanira fundo pakuda kukumbira mari kana kuti tsodzo dzemari, uye ipapo inoparadzira zvikuru miuyo. Mupfungwa iyoyo, PC mari inogona kuwedzera kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokutungidza chiedza pamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kune rumwe rutivi, kusaziviswa kwakakwana pamusoro pavapi vapakuvamba kuvakawanda vasingabatanidzwi paPACIs kunogona kusekesa kuona zvakanaka kwemamiriro okunze. Nepo paCs inofanira kuzivisa mipiro yayo kuFEC, mamwe anoshandisa masangano ezvekugadzira zvinhu kana kuti mashekeri kuti avharidze manyuko emari yavo. Ikoku ndokwechokwadi zvikurukuru nokuda kwemaPACIC (anowanzonzi MaPUSA ZVIKURU), ayo anogona kugamuchira mipiro isingaganhuri kubva kuvanhu, masangano, uye masangano. Kana aya maPCs achiwandiro anobhadharira mari, vanhu vose vangasaziva kuti ndiani anoabhadhara. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kupanikira pamusoro pokusasarura kwezvakwa kwezviwanwa.

Kukurukura izvi zvinonetsa, vamwe vePUC vasingabatanidzwa vanogamuchira nokuzvidira mipimo yokuzivisa yakakwirira. Commission yeFoomment inogovera mishumo ine udzame pamari yePC, uye maogati akadai se Opensets inonzvera nokubudisa mashoko aya. Kunyange zvakadaro, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mirau yazvino uno haikwani kudzivirira fariro dzemari dzinoshandiswa pakunzvera pasina kuzvidavirira kwavose.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Pasinei nezvinopiwa zvavo zvinokosha, maPUC asina kubatanidzwa anoshorwa zvikuru, kunyanya nezvebasa raanoita pakutsigira sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuongorora mashoko.

  • Pesvedzero Isingawirirani neVadi veProfesi Vane Moove: Nemhaka yokuti maPUSA asingaitiki anogona kukwidza ndokupedza mari yakawanda kubva kuchiverengero chiduku chavapi, munhu mumwe akapfuma kana kuti sangano anogona kutsigira bhizimisi guru rokunzvera. Ikoku kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti purogiramu yokunzvera iri kurongwa nechinodikanwa chavose kana kuti nefariro dzomunhu oga.
  • Yakagadziriswa Transparency in Funding Manyuko: Kunyange zvazvo pasati paitwa mishumo yezaruko, kushandiswa kwamapoka eminhevedzo kana kuti “mari isina purofiti” masangano asingapinyi anogona kuvanza vapi vapakuvamba. Majekiseni namasangano emitemo angasaziva kuti ndiani anobhadhara nokuda kwefundo inorumbidza muitiro wakati kana kuti kudenha mutengi.
  • Risk yeSkeed Research Agendas: Kunzvera kunotsigirwa nePACI ine mirangariro yakajeka kungarongedzerwa kutsigira mhedziso yakafanorongwa. Nepo kunzvera kwose kune ngozi yechero, basa rakajeka rePCs rinogona kuwedzera chinetso ichi. Kuhwirudzura nokuwanda kwakapararira mufundo dzePACI, idzo dzinowanzorangarirwa sezvinhu zvokushandisa.
  • Nzvimbo dzinodzorwa nemitemo: Mutsetse pakati penzvero yakazvimirira nenhimbe ungava usina kujeka. Kana mari yePAC ifundo uye ipapo ichishandisa zviwanwa zvayo mundyiko dzakazvimirira, fundo ingarangarirwa kuva mupiro wenhimbe murudzi kana yakatsinhiraniswa. Zvisinei, FEC haina kudzikamisa nguva dzose iyi mitemo.
  • Kushandurwa kweResources kubva kuGrassoult Organing: Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunyanyonangidzira pakunzvera mashoko eteki yakakwirira uye fundo dzinodhura dzinobvisa mari kubva pamibato yegamuchidzanwa yakadai semibato yapasuo napasuo, iyo inogona kuva inobudirira zvikuru pakuvaka bvumirano yenzanga yamazuva akawanda.

Zvinetso izvi hazvisi zvisingakundiki. MaPAC akawanda anenge asina kubatanidzwa akavamba kushandisa miitiro yakanakisisa, yakadai sokuisa kutsvakurudza kwawo paIndaneti, vanyori vokupa rumbidzo, uye kuisa pachishandiswa nzira dzokuona nadzo zvinhu. Nhamba iri kuwedzera yevatsvakurudzi inodawo zvibvumirano zvinovimbisa rusununguko rwedzidzo nekodzero yokubudisa migumisiro yakaipa.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Nemienzaniso

Kuenzanisira basa remaPross asina kubatanidzwa mukutsigira mari pakutsvakurudza zvematongerwe enyika, funga nezvemienzaniso mishoma iri munyika:

  • American Action Network (AAN): Iyi PAC inochengeta mari isino batanidzwa inozivikanwa nokuda kwokunzvera kwayo kukuru nenzvero yamazita. Mukati menhambo dzapakati dza2018, nzvero dzakarairwa mumaruwa akawanda amakwikwikwi eDzioni kuti aedze kushanda kwemashoko pamitero netarisiro youtano. Migumisiro yacho yakashandiswa kuumba mabhizimisi okushambadza uye yaigoveranwawo neRepublican mumicbants uye vapic.
  • [[Ntodzi]] Nhamba USA Action: pakuvamba paPaC Inotsigira Barack Obama, Nhungamiro USA yachinja kuva rimwe ramasangano mazhinjisa eDhemocratic. Inodya mari yakawanda muzvinhu zvinotsiva, kubatanidza kuvakisa kuti vavhoti vasarudze uye vanyengetedzeri. Ruoko rwokunzvera rwaPaC runowanzobudisa mishumo pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota, iyo inodudzwa navatori venhau vezvamatongerwe enyika navadzidzisi.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza mabasa akawanda okutsvakurudza anotsigirwa nemaPACI, kubva pakuongorora mashoko kusvika pakuongorora mashandiro anoita mutemo. Sangano rimwe nerimwe rinoshandisa zvarinowana kuti rifambisire mberi basa raro, asi mashoko acho anowanzopinda munzvimbo dzinowanikwa nevanhu, zvichipfumisa hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakakura.

Mhoteredzo Yemitemo Nenyongano

PACIS dzisingabatanidzwi dzinoshanda mukati megadziriro yapamutemo yakaoma inodzorwa neFederal Econstruction Campaigment (FECA) uye mitemo yakatevera yakadai se Citizens United v.FEC (2010). Mativi makuru anobatanidza:

  • [[FONT: 0] Vanhu vamwe navamwe vangapa mari inosvika $5 000 pagore kuPaC isinongedzerwa. PACs ingapa mari inosvika $5 000 pasarudzo kudare ravanhu. Hapana muganhu pakuzvimirira.
  • Zvinodikanwa: PaCs zvinofanira kugadzira mishumo yenguva dzose neFEC, kuronga mipiro yose ye $200 kana kuti mari dzose. Iyi mishumo inowanika pachena uye inotsvakwa pawebsite yeFEC.
  • Kuronga Mitemo: PCs dzisingabatanidzwa hadzigoni kutsinhiranisa ndyiko dzavo dzakazvimirira nematare ebato. Kuronga kungashandura ndyiko murudzi, mukuwirirana neganhuriro. Iyi ganhuriro inobatanidza zviwanwa zvokunzvera izvo zvakagadzirirwa zvikurukuru kushandiswa munhimbe yomutengi.
  • Nzvero seIndependent Expenditure: Vamwe vaPACIDURA ndyiko yenzvero nenzvero yemidziyo sendyiko dzokudzora kana kuti ndyiko dzamagariro, kuchitsamira pakuti nzvero inoshandiswa sei. Kana kunzvera kukashandiswa muad, mutengo wako ungada kushumwa sendyiko yakazvimirira. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukusava nechokwadi kwapamutemo uye zviito zvenhambo nenhambo zvekuchengeta.

Mitemo inodzorwa iri kudzokororwa nguva dzose. Zvikarakadzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muCongress zvakatsvaka kusimbisa zvinodikanwa zvokushandisa zvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza mari yokunzvera. Zvisinei, nhamburiko idzodzo dzakarega pakati pekusawirirana kwemapoka. Kubvira zvino, vaPaC vasina kubatanidzwa vane rusununguko rwakati kuti, kunyange zvazvo vachifanira kushandisa mitemo yokushuma nokungwarira kudzivisa zvirango.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi

Basa remaPUSI asina kubatanidzwa mukutsigira mari mukunzvera kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunzvera mashoko sezvingabvira richakura.

  • Tsigin yakawedzerwa yeMazita okurovedza: Sezvo ungwaru hwokuisirwa nokudzidza michina zvichiva zvakachipa uye zvinosvikika zvikuru, PC achaisa mukudeya kutaura kuti vavhoti vanonangana zvikuru. Kudikanwa kwemashoko okurovedza akakwirira achasunda PACIDS kutsigira nzvero yapakuvamba zvikuru.
  • Focus pamapata eDown-Ballot: Nepo ngwariro huru ichipiwa kusarudzo dzapurezidhendi, PC dzisingabatanidzwi dziri kushingaira nenzira inowedzera munyika nemadzinza omunzvimbomo. Ikoku kuchada kunzvera kwakagadzirirwa kumiganhu miduku yemitemo, uko mashoko ezvokuwanikwa kwehurumende anowanika nyore nyore.
  • Tractalincy Actival: Mukupindura kutsoropodza, dzimwe PC dziri kubudisa nokuzvidira mitoo yadzo yokunzvera namashoko asina kunyorwa. Uku “kunzvera kwokuvhura” kungagona kuva betsero yamakwikwi nokuda kwaPaCs anotsvaka kuvimbika. Masangano eAcademic angabetserawo paPACI mubvumirano dzorumano.
  • Shifts dzinodzorwa:[[FT:1] Kutsamira pamitemo yedare yomunguva yemberi kana kuti mutemo, mitemo inodzora kupa mari yenzvero inogona kuchinja. Somuenzaniso, kana Dare Gurusa rikaisa rondedzero yendyiko yakazvimirira, kumwe kunzvera kungada miganhu yokupa. PaC ichada kugadziridza mifanikiso yavo yemari inopinzwa mukuwirirana.

PapC pakupedzisira, isina kubatanidzwa inozadza mukaha mukuru munzanga yenzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika. Inogovera zviwanikwa zvisingawaniki nguva dzose kumasangano edzidzo, masangano ehurumende, kana kuti masangano anobatanidzwa navavhoti. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa mari fundo pamusoro pomufambiro wevongi, miuyo yemiitiro, uye kushanda kwekurukurirano, zvinobetsera kuumba gadziriro dzinorondedzera nhimbe dzazvino uno. Nepo pesvedzero yavo ichisimudzira itiro hanya dzapamutemo pamusoro pemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika, mipiro yavo kuzivo yezvamatongerwe enyika haigoni kufuratirwa. Chinetso chenguva yemberi ndecho kubatira betsero yebetsero dzePACIC inopfuumbidzika pakunzvera kwapa, asi ichivimbisa kuti voruzhinji vachengete chivimbo chakazara mupereko nokusasarura.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kunzverazve musoro, Brookings Institution nguva dzose kubudisa kunzvera pamari yenhimbe netapuro yayo pahurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukuwedzera, Campaign Mari Nzvimbo yePicial [ inopa nhungamiro yakakwana kumisiyano yapamutemo pakati pemarudzi akasiyana- siyana ePCs.

Mukupfupikisa, maPAC haasati achingovawo zvake vatengesi vezviziviso zvedenho; ivo injini dzenzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika nenzvero yemibatanidzwa. kuzvimirira kwavo nezviwanikwa zvinovabvumira kunzvera misoro ingasagona kuzivikanwa, uye basa ravo rine pesvedzero huru pamanzwisisire uye kubatanidzwa kwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Sezvo zvikwangwani 2024 zvinoswedera, basa razvo nenzira isingapanikirwi richaramba riri redi remhindumupindu yegadziriro yenhimbe nekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.