Basa Renheyo Rokuhwirudzura Mukodzero Dzeroorano

Masangano mashomanene akaumba zvikuru mutemo weroorano weAmerica sechibvumirano chedare rehurumende. Nepo masangano ehurumende ehurumende akaitwa mutsika dzine chiremera chesese chose pamusoro peroorano, kazhinji kazhinji ave ari matare akapindira kururamisa kuputsa kwemitemo apo mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika aifamba zvishoma nezvishoma kana kuti kudzivisa chinjo chose. Kupfurikidza nokududzira vimbiso dzeMitemo yeMineineth Amendment dzegadziriro yakafanira nedziviriro dzakaenzana, vatongi vakarondedzerazve uyo anogona kuroora uye mumigariro iyoyi. Muitiro uyu hauna kuva mutsetse, asi chisarudzo chikuru chimwe nechimwe chakavakwa pamiteveri yemitezo yapakuvamba, pashoma nezvishoma rondedzero yapamutemo yokuratidzira kunzwisiswa kwakawanda kwamaruramiro makuru.

Kubatanidzwa kwedare reroorano kwakavakirwa panheyo yokuti dzimwe maruramiro omunhu oga anokosha kwazvo zvokuti haagoni kuzviisa pasi povhoti yoruzhinji. Seizvo Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakataura mu Lovak] v. Virginia, rusununguko rwokuroora rwave ruchizivikanwa kwenguva refu seimwe yekodzero dzomunhu oga dzinokosha dzinokosha mukurondwa kworumano rwomufarwa. Kupfurikidza nokuputsa mitemo yairamba roorano kuva varoorani vokwanyina uye gare gare gare gare kuroorano imwe, matare akasimbisa kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha iyo iri kuvanhu vose, kwete chete kune avo vanokodzera gamuchidzanwa. Nyaya iyi inonzvera mipimo inokosha yeroorano yakabudirira, inonzvera maruramiro avo vakapararira munzanga uye mumitengoro yemitemo inopfuudzo, uye rangarira basa rinopfuudzira kurukurirano yenhau yenhau yenhau yenhau.

Nhoroondo: Kubva Pakudzora Hurumende Kuenda Kuutariri Hwehurumende

Miganhu Yeroorano Yapakuvamba Yamakumi Aviri Apakuvamba

Pamavambo ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, mutemo weroorano wakanga uri inodokuva nhau yesimba rehurumende. Hurumende imwe neimwe yakarondedzera roorano mukuwirirana nemitemo yayo imene yedzinza, yorudzidziso, uye yetsika, kuchitungamirira kugadziriro yamativi mana yemitemo yaiwanzoratidzira rusarurano rukuru. Anti-sycegen muinopfuura nyika dzine makumi matatu dzinorambidza roorano pakati pavanhu vechena navanhu vane ruvara, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinodenha Brack, Asia, uye MaIndia eAmerica. Nenzira yakafanana, nyika zhinji dzinodzivisa roorano pakati pavanhu vane urema hwakati, uye nyika dzose dzinorambidza kubatanidzwa kwezve, zvose zviri zviviri rondedzero dzakajeka uye kupfurikidza nemitemo inodzorwa.

Dare rehurumende raifuratira zvikuru masangano emitemo yeroorano, richitsigira ganhuriro chero bedzi dzakabatira donzo rine mufungo, zvakadai sokuchengeta tsika dzavose kana kuti zvinangwa zvedare. Uku kudzora kwakareva kuti denho dzapakuvamba dzapamutemo kurusarura roorano dzakadokuva dzakakundikana munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, mu Pace] v. Alabama [1883], Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira mutemo waAlabama unorwisana nemiscegen, richirangarira kuti rakaranga vose vari vaviri vachena navatema vanoputsa mutemo wemitemo yeroorano zvakaenzana naizvozvo rakarega kuputsa dziviriro Claus Claus. Naizvozvo mufungo iwoyo iwoyo. [kurangarira kuti [FLT] [FLT] [F] [FLT] [1] [1] [1] [1883] [83] [idzo] [idzo] [idzo] [idzo dzorudzi [idzo] [idzo] yadzorwa pakupedzisira kurambwa, asi panguva yakabvumira kuti ichengetedze muchato.

Pakati-papakati pemashande: Kukura kweNzira Yakafanira uye Zvibvumirano Zvokudzivirira Zvakaenzana

Pakati pezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri yakaunza chinjo mumutemo webumbiro-mitemo. Dare Gurusa pasi poMutongi Earl Warren rakawedzera mwero wekodzero dzomunhu oga, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzedzinza, utsotsi, uye kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga. Zvisarudzo zvikuru zvakadai Brown v. Boka reDzidzo [ [1954] rakasimbisa kuti vatongi vaigona kupindira kubvisa rusaruro rwehurumende, uye pfungwa huru yakaparidzwa nokukurumidza kuroorano. Nyanzvi dzemitemo nekodzero dzavagari vemo dzakavamba kutaura kuti ganhuriro yeroorano haina kuputsa bedzi dziviriro inowirirana neFoclaus Claus, iyo inodzivirira rusununguko runokosha kubva kuvhoswo pahurumende.

Iyi nhambo yakawanawo kuzivikanwa kunowedzera kweroorano se “kodzero huru” pasi peBumbiro reMitemo. Mu Skinner v.Oklahoma (1942), Dare rakanga ratozivisa roorano nokubereka sezvinokosha kukupukunyuka kwenhangemutange. Pakasvika 1960, nzvimbo yakagadzwa nokuda kwedenho yakananga kuhurumende ganhuriro. Mhaka iyo yaizova musimboti wechinjo yakabva kuVirginia, umo mukadzi mutema nomurume muchena vakanga vawanwa mhaka yokuroora nokuda kwokupinda mumitsetse yedzinza.

Zvisarudzo zveDare Zvakachinja Romba

Rudo Virginia (1967): Chisakiso Chokuenzana Kweroorano

Hapana chisarudzo chave chiri chakavakirwa pamutemo weroorano wazvino uno kupfuura kudzokera kuVirginia v. Virginia. Mildred Jeter, mukadzi Mutema, uye Richard Love, murume muchena, akaroorwa muRefulture of Columbia muna 1958 kuti apukunyuke Virginia’s Religial Seprity Act. Pavakadzoka kuVirginia, vakasungwa ndokutongerwa kugore rimwe mutorongo, vakamiswa pamugariro wokuti vasiya nyika yacho kwamakore makumi maviri namashanu. Nebetsero yeACKLU, Lovals vakadenha kutendwa kwavo, uye Dare Rapamusoro rakarova Virginia nomutemo wairwisana neMirnio muJune 1967.

Murangariro mukuru weMutongi Earl Warren wakapiwa zvinhu zviviri zvine simba. Chokutanga, Dare rakati roorano ikodzero inokosha pasi peGungwe reChibvumirano chaClaus, richitaura kuti “rusununguko rwokuroora rwave ruchizivikanwa kwenguva refu seimwe yekodzero dzinokosha dzomunhu oga dzinokosha mukurondwa kworudzo rwakarongwa navanhu vakasununguka.” Chechipiri, Dare rakawana kuti mutemo weVirginia wakaputsa Kudzivirira Kunowirirana naClaus nemhaka yokuti wakarongedzerwa kusimudzira ukuru hwechichena uye wakanga wakavakirwa pamiganhuro yedzinza. Iyi roorano ine mavara maviri (jeka) inodzivirira maruramiro makuru eroorano sechinonge chiri ganhuriro yetsika dzomutemo panguva imwe nguva imwe chete.

“Rusununguko rwokuroora rwave ruchizivikanwa kwenguva refu seimwe yekodzero dzomunhu oga dzinokosha kurondwa kworudzo rwomufarwa navanhu vakasununguka.” — Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren, [[FL:1] Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967)[FL:3]

Muuyo wapakarepo we wakanga uri wokuparadza zvirambidzo zveroorano zvakavakirwa padzinza mumitauro gumi namanomwe iyo yakanga ichiri nazvo. Kwakafara zvikuru, yakasimbisa kuti roorano haisati iriwo zvayo ropafadzo yakavakirwa pahurumende asi maruramiro emitemo asingagoni kurambwa pazvikonzero zvisizvo. Iyi nheyo yakavamba nzira yamakumi amakore okudenha zvimwe zvimiro zveroorano, kubatanidza izvo zvakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nezivikanwo youhuhuhudzani.

Nelson (1972): Chinetso chokuroorana chokutanga cheSate - Sex

Makore mashanu pashure pa Kurovha, varume vaviri muMinnesota .Ricard John Baker naJames Michael McConnell. Kushandiswa kwavo kwakarambwa nemhaka yokuti mutemo wehurumende wakarondedzera mubatanidzwa pakati pomurume nomukadzi. Vakapa nharo kuti kuramba kwacho kwakaputsa Dare reChiitiko nereretal Claus. Dare guru reMirnesoft rakaramba zvavaitaura, uye Dare gurusa reU. rakaramba chikumbiro che “nokuda kubvunzana kukuru kwomubatanidzwa wehurumende.". Kuramba ikoko, [[FLT:] Bheraker. Nelson V, rakaita muenzaniso unoshanda zvakanaka weroorano yakabatanidza muchato mumwe chete.

Kwamakore makumi mana, matare maduku akadudza . sechiremera chokuti kurambidza roorano kwevatano kwakanga kusati kuri kwomutemo. Chisarudzo chakaratidzira ganhuriro dzechiito chokutonga mukati menhambo apo zvimiro zvenzanga zvevatano zvevatano yavanhu zvakaramba zvine utsinye. Yakaenzanisirawo ukoshi hwenguva nemamiriro ezvinhu enzanga: Dare rakanga risati ragadzirira kutambanudza [[[FLT:]] kubvisa mifungo yevatano. Zvisinei, [[FL:] [FLT]] .[FLT] [FFF] [FF]

United States v. Windsor (2013): Federal Staginning and the Defense of Marriage Act

Pakati pa , , iyo inorondedzera roorano yehurumende semadonzo omurume nomukadzi. Obergefell , fambiro mberi dzinokosha dzakaitika pamwero wenyika, asi hurumende yakaramba iri mhinganidzo. Muna 1996, Mitemo yapamberi peroorano yehurumende semitero pakati pomurume nomukadzi bedzi. Chikamu 3 cheDOMA chakaramba betsero dzomubatanidzwa sebetsero dzenzanga dzeSangano yenzanga, mamiriro emitero, uye kodzero dzokutama nokupinda munyika dzakaroorwa pamutemo. Edith Winds, uyo akanga aroora murume wake muCanada muna 2007, akatsvaka kupfuvura mitero yehurumende pashure porufu.

Muchisarudzo cha5-4, Dare Gurusa rakatonga Chikamu 3 cheDOMA, richirangarira kuti chakaputsa Gwendedzero reFindro yeChikamu cheshanu kupfurikidza nokusatendera varoorani voutere vamwe chetevo pasina fariro yehurumende yapamutemo. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akasimbisa kuti chinangwa chaDOMA chaiva choku “kubvisa boka chairo revanhu iro mitemo yeNew York yaitsvaka kudzivirira.” Kutonga hakuna kumanikidza kuti vaone michato mimwe cheteyo yezvene yezvenyika, asi kwakasimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kubata zviri pamutemo varoorani vakaroorana sevanhu vasina kuroorwa. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] yakazarura suoti nokuda kwebomo rekutonga kwenhau dzinodenha, uye kuisa chitsamiro chemitemo chokupedzisira.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Roorano yorudzi rwose

Mugumo wamakore anopfuura makumi mana okukwidziridza wakasvika pana June 26, 2015, apo Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakasarudza Obergefell v. Hodges mukutonga 5-104. Mhaka yacho yakabatanidza kukwikwidzanisa mhaka kwakaparadzana kwaMichigan, Ohio, Kentucky, uye Tennessee, apo varoorani vamwe chetevo vakanga vanyimwa kodzero yokuroora kana kuti kuva vanozivikanwa kunze kweroorano dzavo dzekare. Plainf James Obergefell uye mubiyakeri wake airwara zvikuru John Arthur akanga aroora Maryland; apo Arthur akashaya, Ohio akaramba kuronga Oberge apukunyuka parufu.

Mutongi Kennedy akanyorazve nokuda kworuzhinji, kuruka pamwe chete muitiro wakafanira nenheyo dzakaenzana. Murangariro wakazivisa rusununguko ina runokosha runodzivirirwa namaruramiro okuroora: maruramiro okusarudza mukwanyina wako umene, maruramiro okuva pedyo namashoko, kodzero kumhuri nokurera, uye maruramiro okuenzana nechiremera mumaziso omutemo. Dare rakagumisa kuti “maruramiro okuroora ndiwo maruramiro makuru orusununguko rwomunhu, uye pasi peNhevedzo yeChibvumirano neNhevedzo yeChibvumirano che 144 yeFiremite neMheyo yoUte yoUpfuurem, Classies angasanyiwa nekodzero yokurambana yomutemo iyoyo yakarurama.” Kurambidza kwose kunoramba kuripo paroorano imwe cheteyo nemamiriro ezvinhu echinyakaremwe namamwe ose anodikanwa uye kuzviita muroorano dzinowirirana pamibatanidzwa.

“Hapana mubatanidzwa wakakura zvikuru kupfuura roorano, nokuti unobatanidza mifungo yakakwirira zvikurusa yorudo, kuvimbika, kuzvipira, chibairo, uye mhuri. Mukuumba mubatanidzwa weroorano, vanhu vaviri vanova chimwe chinhu chikuru kupfuura zvayakanga yakaita.] — Justice Anthony Kennedy, [[FL: 1] Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 [2010]

Obergefell yakakurumidza kuchengetwa sorukundo rwenhau rweLGBTQ+ maruramiro, asi yakamutsawo chishoro chakasimba. Mutongi Antonin Scalia akanyevera nezve “kubviswa kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose" uye akapanikira chiremera cheDare kukuvarazve roorano dzakanaka. Kunyange zvakadaro, kutonga kwacho kwakabvumikisa kuva kwechigarire: pasinei zvapo nezvirambidzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika nerudzidziso, roorano imwe cheteyo inoramba iri yapamutemo mumaruwa ose ane makumi mashanu, uye tsigiro yavose yeroorano yakura kusvikira kukuva zvakakwirira zvikuru.

Kutapura Kwakapararira Kwemitemo Yorutongeso Panzanga Nomutemo

Zviratidzo Zvepamutemo Nedziviriro Yamaruramiro Apakuvamba

Zvisarudzo mu Kuchinja mitemo yemapoka akati, zvakasimbisa nheyo yokuti muchato ichinhu chinokosha pasi peBumbiro remitemo. Iyi nheyo zvino inodzivirira varoorani vose pakanga paine kudzongonyedzwa kwehurumende, pasinei zvapo nedzinza, kumira zvakanaka, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvakashandiswa kare kusasarura. matare akaita kuti zvijeke kuti hurumende ive mutoro unorema kana ichiedza kuganhurira munhu anogona kuroora kana kuti kuroorwa netsika, tsika, kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akakurumbira oga.

Iyi mienzaniso yakadudzwawo mumamwe mashoko. Somuenzaniso, Obergefell kurangarira kwave kuchidiwa muzvinoitika kunobatanidza maruramiro eroorano akasiana, maruramiro avaroorani vasina kuroorana, uye kunyange denho kurambidzwa paroorano dzinobatanidza zvitendero zvakasiyana. Pfungwa yokuti roorano ikodzero inokosha yakabatanidzwa nechiremera chomunhu oga nechiremera yakabvumikisa kuva chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwamapoka anotsvaka kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Kuchinja Kwetsika Nenzanga

Muuyo wezvisarudzo zvedare unotambanudzwa zvikuru kupfuura dare. Kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweroorano dzamadzinza akasiana pashure pe kwakabetsera kuita kuti mhuri dzamarudzi ose dzive dzenguva dzose uye kuderedza kuzvidzwa kwenzanga. Nenzira yakafanana, kunyoreswa pamutemo kweroorano yevatano yakafanana kwakabatanidzwa kukuva nemiuyo youtano yendangariro yakanatswa nokuda kweLGBTQ + vanhu vamwe navamwe, pamwe chete nokugamuchirwa kukuru kwenzanga. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti apo roorano imwe cheteyo youkurusa yakatenderwa inoshatsa inoderera mukuedza kuzviuraya pakati peLGBTQ soupwere, kuchikarakadza kuti kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kunogona kuva nebetsero dzinooneka dzomuviri.

Kupfuurirazve, rutongeso rwedare rwakaisa mirangariro yavose mberi. Muna 1996, panguva DOMA yakapfuudzwa, 27% bedzi yavaAmerica vakatsigira roorano youtere. Pakasvika 2015, apo bergefell[ yakasarudzirwa, tsigiro yakanga yakwira kunenge 60%. Nepo kwakaoma kubvisa chisakiso nechitapuko, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti kutsigira roorano kwakapa chiremera kusangano uye kuchinja kukuru kwemirangariro yavose. Seizvo Justice Kennedy akanyora, avo vaitsvaka roorano vakanga vachiedza kushurikidza roorano yegamuchidzanwa asi “kurarama upenyu hwavo pachena uye“ kubatira mhuri dzavo noruremekedzo noruremekedzo.”

Migumisiro Yezvemari Neinoshanda

Kubviswa kwemitemo yeroorano ine revo huru dzemari. Varoorani vanowana betsero dzehurumende dzinopfuura 1 000, kubatanidza betsero dzeSocial Security esposal, kodzero dzenhaka, kuisa mitero pamwe chete, uye kubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi youtano mugadziriro dzemhuri. Nokuda kwavaroorani vamwe voga voga pamberi pa ] Obergefell[[[FLT:]]], iyi betsero dzakanga dzisingawaniki kunyange kana vakanga vakaroora nenzira yapamutemo munyika yavo. Economic Policy Institute yakafungidzira kuti pesvedzero yemari ye [[FLT:] OK]berge yemari yakakwira [ yakawedzerwa mari yapamba yapamba, yapamutemo yakaderera mari, uye kupiwa mushandirwi webasa nokuda kwezviurune zviuru zvemhuri.

Mukuwedzera, kuenzana kweroorano kwakapfavisa nhau dzapamutemo dzakadai sokurera vamwe, kuronga nzvimbo, uye kuita zvisarudzo zvezvokurapa. Pamberi pa bergefell[, varoorani voutevedzani vamwe navamwe kazhinji kazhinji vaifanira kuita magwaro apamutemo anodhura kuti vawanire maruramiro ayo varoorani vane mitezo yakasiana neyomutezo. Zvisarudzo zvedare naizvozvo zvakaderedza mhinganidzo kukuvambwa kwemhuri nedzikamo, zvichiparira garikano yakafara.

Hondo Dzapamutemo Dzinopfuurira Nenguva Yemberi Yokuenzana Kweroorano

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nehana Zvinokudzivisira

Pasinei zvapo norukundo rukuru mu Oberge wata , kurwisana pamusoro pekodzero dzeroorano kuri kure nokure. Nzvimbo huru yegakava inobatanidza kusawirirana pakati pekuenzana nerusununguko rwerudzidziso. Dzimwe shayano dzehurumende dzakapa mitemo inobvumira vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vatenzi vebhizimisi, uye masangano ezvitendero kuramba mabasa ane chokuita nedzimba dzehana. Dare repamusoro redare rakayera munhau dzine chokuita neizvi: mu Mastyhop. Coloradom Commorado Regin Rights [[FL:3] (20)]), Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende yave yakaratidza kuvenga zvitendero zvechitendero apo rairamba kuparira roorano yomuchato.

Dzimwe nhau dzinopfuurira kuedza miganhu yekodzero dzeroorano. Nhau yokuti bhizimisi ringaramba kugovera mabasa ane chokuita nomuchato anotsamira pachitendero chorudzidziso inoramba isingadzorwi. Kusvikira zvino, matare akatsigira kazhinji kazhinji kushandiswa kwemitemo yepokugara yavose panzvimbo yevatano, asi zvisarudzo zvakasiana. Nhau ine chokuita naizvozvo ndeyokuti hurumende dzinogona kushandisa mitemo yegarikano yavana kudzivisa vakwanyina voutere kurera kana kuti kugamuchira vana; matare mazhinjisa akaramba kuedza kwakadaro, asi nzvimbo dzapamutemo hadzina kutongofanana.

Transgender Marriage Rights uye Mamiriro Ezvinhu eObergefell

Imwe nzvimbo iri kumuka ikodzero dzeroorano nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe. Nepo Obergefell[ inosimbisa kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha nokuda kwevakaroorana vose, mutauro wayo pamusoro pe “vanhu vaviri” wakashandiswa kupikisa kuti chisarudzo hachidziviriri zvakajeka roorano apo vatano yomunhu yapamutemo inokwikwikwidzwa. Masangano akawanda akaedza kurondedzera“ dender” mumitemo yeroorano kureva vatano yokubereka nayo inogoverwa pakuberekwa, kubvisa vanhu vanotama panzvimbo yokubereka nayo mukuwirirana nokuzivikanwa kwavo. Muna 2020, Dare rapamusorosoro rakatonga mu [FFF:]. Counton contronge [FF]

Nemhaka yenziyo dzazvino uno dzeDare rapamusoro reU.S., kune itiro hanyawo pakati pavatsigiri kuti Obergefell imene ingagona kurangarirwazve. [[FLT:]] Mu Madobs. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization [ [202] [202], iyo yakadzosa [[FLT:]] R [[FLT]], Mutongi Clarence Thomas akanyora murangariro unokarakadza kuti Dare rinofanira kurangarirazve mimwe miitiro inodikanwa, kubatanidza [[FOLD:6]berg]. kunyange zvazvo dare guru mumurangariro [FFT] [FLT] [FFFFF]]

Basa Rematare Ehurumende Nezvibvumirano Zvepamutemo Zvinotsiva

Nemhaka yokuti Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinogona bedzi kusarudza mhaka dzinouya pamberi paro, matare ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira maruramiro eroorano. Pashure pa Obergefell[, mamwe matare makuru enyika akabudisa zvisarudzo zvinosimbisa maruramiro okuroora mumitemo yawo amene, achipa rutivi rwakawedzerwa rwedziviriro kuti muenzaniso wehurumende ungagona kudzorwa nemitemo yeroorano. Somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusoro reHawaii rakanga ratotonga muna 1993 kuti kurambwa kweroorano kuvaroorani vatevene vetenziyo vehurumende kuputsa kudzivirira kwakaenzana, achitanga chitsamanyuko ezvinoitika izvo zvakatungamirira kutsika yeroorano yokutanga muVermont neMassachusetts.

Kunze kweroorano imene, vatsigiri vakaronda dzimwe mitoo yapamutemo yokudzivirira LGBTQ+ mhuri. Kodzero yokugamuchira pamwe chete, kuva navabereki vose vari vaviri vakarongwa parugwaro rwokubereka, uye kugamuchira tsigiro yapamutemo pachatanuro vose vanotsamira pakuzivikanwa kukuru kweroorano. Mhaka dzinobatanidza idzi kodzero dzemitemo kazhinji kazhinji dzinounzwa mumatare ehurumende, idzo dzingadudzira mitemo yavo zvakafara zvikuru kupfuura matare ehurumende. Somuuyo, nguva yemberi yokuenzana kweroorano ingatsamira kwete bedzi paU.S. Dare gurusa rinotonga asiwo pabasa rinopfuurira ravatongi nemitemo.

mhedziso

Chikamu chomutemo weroorano weAmerica chinochinjika kuuenzana, asi chisaririra chakaumbwa nechiito chokutonga namaune panenge panhambo iri yose. Kubva Lovang v. Virginia chibvumikiso chokuti roorano ikodzero inokosha, ku Obergefelv v. Hodges [ kutambanurirwa kwechakarurama kuvaroorani vamwe, zvisarudzo zvedare zvakashanda secherekedzo iri madikanwa pachibvumirano chemitemo uye kufungira mano akaipa akakurumbira. judiary haina kubvisa bedzi kushatisa shatiso yomutemo asi yakagoverawo kunzwisiswa kwapamutemo netsika nokuda kwokunzwisisa sechisarukusarudza chamanyuko, uye kuva mugari wokuva mugari wemo.

Kunyange zvakadaro, basa rokuchengetedza kodzero dzeroorano nokuda kwavose rinoramba risina kukwana. Kupfuurira muhondo pamusoro pekusapinda mumichato yorudzidziso, roorano dzinochinja roorano, uye kuparara kungabvira kwe bergefell[ muenzaniso unoratidzira kuti matare acharamba ari nzvimbo huru yokurondedzera roorano muupenyu hweAmerica. Vaya vanodavira kuti roorano ikodzero huru yomunhu womunhu wose pasinei zvapo nedzinza, chimiro chevatano, kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwomunhu, chidzidzo chenhau chakajeka: anochengeta kutenderwa kwapamutemo, achiziviswa nezvinoitika zvekare, zvinokosha kuchengeta nokuwedzera rusununguko rwamarusarunako rwakaitwa. Dare ringasakwanisa kusimbisa kuwirirana nenzanga, asi rina kukwanisa kutendeka pamutemo.