Basa Rokubhadhara Mitero Mukutsigira Kubudirira kweZvirongwa zveIndia

Chinjo yokukurumidza yezvemari yeIndia mumakore makumi matatu apfuura yakasimbiswa nokukura kwakafanana kwegadziriro yayo yokunyama. Kuvambira pamikoto yemasitepisi nemhetesi kusvikira kunhandare dzepasi nemikoto yemichina, mwero wemitengo yavose inodikanwa mukuru. Kumwe kwamashoko makuru asingachinjiki uye anokosha zvikurusa emabasa aya imari yomutero inounganidzwa nehurumende dzepakati nehurumende. Kubhadharwa kwete bedzi mari yokuvaka nokugadziridza migwagwa, zviteshi, zviteshi zvenjanji, uye michero yesimba zvinogonesa hurumende kukwereta mari inobhadharwa pamusoro peho yomunguva yemberi. Kunzwisisa ukama husingachinji pakati pemitero nendyiko yemitero, mabhizimisi, uye vagari vemo vagari vemo vanonzvera kuti vatsigire kugadzirwa, kurongwa, kuunganidzwa kwemitengo, uye kuunganidzwa kwemibatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa.

Kutanga Kwezvirongwa Zvekubhadharisa Mitero

Zvirongwa zvokuvaka zvinenge zviri zvechimbichimbi zvezvirongwa zvinobatanidza mari yemari, inopfuudzira, uye kazhinji kazhinji inoda mari yavose nemhaka yokuti kudzorwa kwapachivande kungasaruramisa kuchengetedzwa kwemari pasina tsigiro yehurumende. Mutero unogovera manyuko akavimbika zvikurusa uye anosakarurama emari yemari yembavha nokuda kwezvirongwa zvakadaro. Kusafanana nokukwereta, kunoparira mingava yomunguva yemberi, kana kuti mari, inogona kupfumisa kukwira kwemari, mari yomutero, apo inounganidzwa zvakanaka, inopa nzira inotsigirwa kukudzora kukura kwezvinhu zvavose. MuIndia, mugove wemari yemitero muhwerengedzo yehurumende wakura zvishoma nezvishoma paposi yemari, kuratidzira kuwedzerwa kwemari yemari uye kuwanda kwechiva chemitero.

Nhoroondo Yokutanga Kudzidzisa Mitero muIndia

Zvirongwa zvokutanga zveMakore mashanu zveIndia zvakatsamira zvikuru pamutero wemari yaibhadharwa, mabasa etsika kuti zviwanire mabasa makuru ezvirongwa zvemarongerwo akadai semadhamu, simbi, uye migwagwa mikuru yenyika. Kutanga kweMabhuku neMitemo yeBazi reBazi reMabasa (GST) muna 2017 yakanga iri chinjo yakatanhamara yakagadzirirwa kubatanidza gadziriro yemitero isina kunanga uye kuwedzera mari inobhadharwa. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, mitero yeGST yazova mupiro mukuru kuPfuma yeConstated Fund yeIndia, ichiita kuti zvitsaurire zvitsauko zvakakura kuva zvinotengwa zvemari inochengetedzwa. National Infragraderaline Happline (NIP), inotangwa muna 2019 nemutengo wemari inogadzirwa paraudzo inopfumikoro inopfumirirwa para pershi yera . Chitsauko chitsauko chitsauko chitsamaswo chamasvapo chemari yavapo.

Marudzi Emitero Yaipiwa uye Kubatsira Kwayakaita Kuvaka

India inoshandisa mubatanidzwa wemitero yakananga neyatisinganangi, mumwe nomumwe uchibetsera mumwero wakasiana - siana kumari yepfuma.

  • Mitero inobhadharwa: Mutero wemari pamunhu mumwe nomumwe namasangano, mutero wemari inotambirwa ndiwo manyuko makurusa omutero. MuFY2023-24, mitero yakakomba yakasvikwa mune 76.6 lakhro, negoverano huru yakapiwa kundyiko huru yemari inogoverwa pamitengo kupfurikidza nemari yemari yapakati. Mutero weCorporate, pashure pokuderera kwemwero wazvino uno, uchingori maapo nokuda kweinenge 20% yemitero yakakomba.
  • Manyuko neMitero yeBasa rePurcess (GST): Somutero unosimudzirwa kunzvimbo, GST inovandudza gadziriro yemitero isina kunanga uye yakavandudza kutevedzerwa kwemitero. Mitero yeGST yemwedzi nemwedzi yave ichiwedzera nguva dzose 761.6 lakh core, ichigovera purofiti inotesa. GST, inogadzirwa pakuvamba kufukidza mari yemari, inoshandiswawo murutivi rwezvikwereti zvebasa nokuda kwokushandisa kwamabasa.
  • Mavambo: Kupinza michina, midziyo, uye zvinhu zvemarongedzero zviri pasi pebasa remibato yenzvimbo. Nepo mabasa akakwirira achigona kuwedzera ndyiko dzebasa, mari inopa mari inotsigira mano ehurumende okuisa kana kuti marongedzero emari pazvinhu zvikuru pasi pegadziriro dzakati kuti dzinovavarira kuganhurira zvinodikanwa zvemari nemutengo unotengwa.
  • Kubvisa naCesa: mabasa okubvisa pazvinhu zvepetroleum, fodya, uye zvinhu zvoumbozha zvinogovera mari inokosha. Central Road neInfrablicture Fund (CRIF) inoripirwa mari kupfurikidza nechendi dzepetroli nedhiziri, inobatanidza zvakananga kushandisa mafuta mumugwagwa. Nenzira yakafanana, dzidzo nemari inoparira kubatira mari yenzanga.
  • Mimwe Mitero naRevhi: Mitero yenhumbi nemibato yezvitambo zvinounganidzwa nehurumende dzehurumende kuti dzidzo yemataundi azvo semugove wemvura, gadziriro dzetsvina, uye migwagwa yomunzvimbomo. Mitero yenyanzvi, mutero wevaraidzo, uye mitero pamotokari inoyererawo mubhadharo wezvirongwa zvemari yemari yehurumende.

Michina Yemitero Inotamisirwa Kuzvirongwa Zvokudzidzisa

Kunzwisisa kugoverwa uku kwezvirongwa kunoratidza zvose simba nezvinotarisirwa mumitero mumuenzaniso wepfuma yeIndia wokushandisa mari.

Hurumende yeHurumende Inopesana

Dare reBajenya reUnion rinopa chikamu chemari yemitero yemasangano akadai seMinistry of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Railways, uye Ministry of House and Urban Affairs. Idzi migove dzinowedzerwa nebhajeti yehurumende, iyo inopa mari yehurumende, migwagwa yomumaruwa, uye zvivako zvinobudirira zvomumaguta. Mari inosarudza kuderera kwapakati kwemitero kuti ive nyika (zvino 41% yedaunity date redifiblic) iyo nyika dzinogona ipapo kunanga kuzvokunangidzira kumari inodzorwa. Zvisinei, nyika dzakawanda dzinovimba zvikuru nezvitsaudzo zvemari inodzorwa nokuda kwemari, inoganhurira mibairo yadzo yadzo.

Kuchinja Mabhangi Nemichina Yemasangano

Ndyiko huru (capex) pamitengo inodzorwa neBajeti reUnion. MuFY2024-25, hurumende yakagovera 7611.11 lakh crrore yepfuma, 11.1% inowedzera kupfuura gore rakapfuura. Iyi kapute inobhadharwa nemitero, mari inobhadharwa. National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) inogovera mamepu yemijaho yemitengo, nemabasa anorongwa nechikamu uye mari. Zviteshinanwa zvakafanana neNational Highways Authority of India (NHAI), Reginetics Depagement Corporation (IFC), uye masangano okubudirira ehurumende kutsigira mari yemari inotsigirwa nehurumende nokukwereta.

Mari Yakananga Nemitero Yakaziviswa

Mari yakawanda yemari inobviswa panzvimbo inochengeterwa mitero zvakananga:

  • Cantral Road neInfrablicature Fund (CRIF): mari yakapiwa nebhegi papetrol nedhiziri, mugwagwa wemari negadziriro dzemabhiriji zveCRIF munyika dzose.
  • National Eccreate Energy Fund (NCEF): inotsigirwa nesimbi yakachena pamarasha, iyi mari inopinzwa musimba rinovakwazve uye zvinhu zvakapoteredza.
  • [[Nto:0] Swachh Bharat Kosh: Mari yakashandiswa neSwach Bharat celat cess (zvino yakaiswa pasi pemabhengi eGST), inotsigira gadziriro dzoutsanana.

Kupa zviratidzo kunova nechokwadi chokuti mitero chaiyo yakabatanidzwa nemigumisiro chaiyo, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropodzi vachiipikisa ichideredza kuchinjika kwemari.

Zvinetso Zvokuunganidza Mitero uye Kubatsira Kwazvakaita Pakudzidzisa

Pasinei nokuchinja kukuru kwezvinhu, India inoramba ichitarisana nematambudziko ekuunganidza mitero inoderedza zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu.

Kubviswa Kwemutero Nemari Yamasanga

Chikamu chikuru chinoramba chiri kunze kwemambure emitero, nefungidziro dzinokarakadza kuti inenge 90% yavashandi inoshanda nenzira isina kurongwa. Ikoku kunoderedza dzimbahwe remari inotambirwa nomunhu oga ne VAT/GST kubvumirana. Mutero unodzivisa nokusashuma mari yapashoma napashoma, zvikurukuru mumugariro kana kuti mabasa ezvokushandira, unonyima hurumende mari yakawanda. Purojekiti yehurumende yeInsight negadziriro yokunzvera pasina usoriso kudzora kusabhadharika, asi fambiro mberi iri mberi. Kupfupikiswa kwemari inodzo inodzorwa zvakananga kudzorwa kwoukoshi hwemari yemari inodzo, inomanikidzira kutsamira pakukwereta kana kuti kuvhotera kwavose.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa uye Mutoro Wokushandira

Kunyange pashure pokunge GST yaitwa, India ine mumwe wemitero yakaoma zvikuru pakati pemari iri kubudirira. Matombo akawanda emitero, kusabvumirwa kwehurumende, uye chinjo dzemitemo dzinowedzera mari inodzorwa nokuda kwemabhizimisi. Makambani maduku neane misikanzwa anowanzokuwana kwakaoma kuwirirana, zvichitungamirira kunzvimbo yemitero yakaganhurirwa. Mitero mizhinji inotapurawo mitero isina kunanga kurongwa yemitero nezvinononotsa kupedza basa. Kuderedza chirongwa chemitero nokuvandudza kutera kupfuvura kungaita kuti kutevedzerwe nokuzvidira mari yavanoshandira uye iwedzere.

Kuchinja Madhigirii uye Kukanganisa Kunoita GST

Kutanga GST yakanga iri nhano huru kuidzokuchinja, nokugoverana kwapamutemo kwemitengo chaiyoiyo, uye shavo yokudzosera inodzokororwa. GST Network (GSTN) inogovera kujeka nokuderedza kubuda. Zvisinei, kukurumidza kudzongonyedza zvinetso zvakadai semagiliti, chikwereti chemitero chemitero chemitero chemitengo, uye mari yakakwirira nokuda kwamabhizimisi maduku(* kugadziriswa mari yakarongwa. Sangano revoro reGST rakura, muunganidzo yegore reFY179 000 muFY20189 000 kusvika ku 1.7.7.79 cr-crole yemitero yemitero inovandudzika nokukura kwakarongwa.

Kunzvera Kunoenzaniswa: India Inorwisana Namamwe Marudzi Ari Kubudirira

reshiyo yemutero weIndia inoramba yakaderera zvikuru kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe upfumi huchiri kusimukira hwakafanana neBrazil (kumativi ose 32%) neSouth Africa (kupote 27%), uye pasi peOECD paavhareji ye34%. Iyi reshiviro yakaderera zvikuru yenzvimbo yemari inochengeterwa zvinhu. Nokupesana, reshiyo yeChina-DP ye 17% inobvumira kupinza zvitsama zvikuru muzvivako. Nepo mari yeIndiya sechikamu cheGDP yakwira kusvika ku5,4% (kubatanidza nzvimbo yepakati nePPS), inongova pfupisa 7% inodikanwa nokuda kwokukura. Kukwidziridza kwemitero kusvika kupeto yePGD.

Nyika dzakafanana neIndonesia neVietnam dzakashandisa nenzira inobudirira mitero yezviwanikwa uye VAT yakawedzera kutsigira zvinhu. India ingagona kuwana zvidzidzo kubva kumitero yakadaro, zvikurukuru mukushandiswa kwemitero yezvinhu, iyo inoderedzwa (mari yemari yemari yeIndia ishoma zvikuru kudarika 1% yeGDP kana ichienzaniswa ne 2-3% munyika dzakawanda). Nenzira yakafanana, kutangwa kwemari yemari yomutero wenyika kana kuti kuva nepeji yakanakisisa pamitero inobetserwa nezvirongwa zvemari ingagona kugovera mari yokuwedzera.

Kuchinja Kwemitemo Kwenguva Yapfuura Nesimba Rayo Pakutsigira Mari

Kuchinja kunoverengeka kunoitwa mitero munguva pfupi yapfuura kwakakanganisa kuwana kana kuti kuwanikwa kwemari yokugadzira zvinhu.

Kushandisa Nokuwedzera Kwemari

Kuchinja kuenda kuGST kwakabvisa chirongwa chemitero, kuderedza kubhadharwa kwemitero yemabhizimisi, uye mari yaiwedzerwa yehurumende. Kugadzirwa kweGSTANSA Cess (pakutanga kuti zvifukidze kurasikirwa kwenyika) kwakashandiswawo kushandira chikwereti kubva kumari yaishandiswa. MuFY2023-24, nzvimbo yakaunganidzwa musanu wemari yemari yeGST, chikamu chayo chaipiwa kumari inochengetedzwa. Dare reGST rakaramba richichinja, zvakadai sokudzorwa kwemitengo uye kuunza zvinhu zvepetroleumhove pasi peGST, yaigonazve kusimudzira.

Mitero Yemari Inotemwa uye Zvinoita Kuti Mari Ive Nemari

Muna 2019, India yakaderedza mwero yemitero yemakambani yaiwana vanhu inosvika 22% (makambani aripo) uye 15% (makambani matsva okugadzira zvinhu) kuti anyandure kuisa mari. Nepo iyi yakasimudzira pfungwa yebhizimisi ndokukweva mari yokutenga yakananga yokumwe, yakaderedzawo mari yemitero chaiyo munguva pfupi. Hurumende yakabhadhara nokuwedzera mitero isiri mutero nokukwereta, asi migumisiro yenguva refu pakutsigira mari yemari ichatsamira pakuti mitero inotungamirira kukukura kweGDP uye kukura kwakarongwa, nokudaro zvichideredza kukura kwepasi pevhu. Zviratisiti yekare inoratidzira mugumisiro wemari inokura sepapombi dzinova neforoma.

Kugadzira Zvipumburu NevaRevhi Chaivo

Hurumende yakapinza nguva nenguva zvirongwa zvakananga zvemasangano enzvimbo, zvakadai seInfrablicature Cess pazvimwe zvinhu (mutoo, motokari dzoumbozha) uye Krishi Kalyan Cess. Iyi mirwi yakadzorwa kana kuti yakachinjwa pasi peGST, asi uzivi hwavo hwokuisa mitero chaiyo yemitero nokuda kwemitero yemari iri kutsiviwa nemigove yemari yemari yakawanda. Kusikwa kweNational Bank for Financing Infraclarusture and Development (NaBFID) muna 2021 kunoratidzirawo chinjo kumitero inobhadha mitero inobhadharwa nokukwereta mari yechikwereti zviri kusimutsiviwa nokukohwa panzvimbo pokutsamira bedzi pakushandiswa kwakananga kwemitero.

Kuona Zvinhu Munguva Yemberi: Kubhadhara Mitero Kunotsigirwa Nokuda Kwokudzidzisa

Kuti ikwanise kuronga zvinhu zvine chinzvimbo zvinonyanya kudiwa neAmrit Kaal (2047), India inofanira kusimbisa kubatana kuripo pakati pemitero nokubudirira kwemasangano anobatsira nokushandisa nzira dzakawanda.

Kukurudzira Kushandisa Mutero Nokukurudzira

Kumanikidza kwehurumende nokuda kwemitengo, Mabhuku neMitemo yeProvice , kunyoresa kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo neRERA zviri kukudza zvishoma nezvishoma mutero. Kutanga kwakafanana neE-Shram panzeri dzevashandi vasina kurongwa uye Vhiromendi reMaritation Commerce (ONDC) kungakurudzirawo kuzviisa pasi pemari yemari mumitero. Mutero mukuru unowedzera mari yomutero, uchibvumira hurumende kubhadharira mari yepfuma yakakwirira pasina kuwedzera mwero wemitero. Kutanga kwehurumende itsva yemitero (netengo yakaderera uye kusinhange) kungakurudzirawo kuzviisa pasi, kunyange zvazvo mutero wayo uchidzorwa.

Mitero Yakasvibira Nezvirongwa Zvemhoteredzo

Kuzvipira kweIndia kuutsi hwemambure anobudiswa panosvika 2070 kunoda kuiswa kwemari musimba rinomutsidzirwa, hydrogen, uye tsvina. Mitero yegirini, yakadai semasesi emarasha (zvino rutivi rwemaripo yeGST ces) uye mutero wecarbon pamitengo yeindasitiri, zvinogona kuparira mari yakatsaurirwa nokuda kwenzvimbo yakapoteredza. Hurumende yeSand Green Bondssuances, inotsigirwa nemitero yegirini, inzira inovimbisa. Kuwedzera pfungwa ye‘masekisi echipanyuchi anokwene chemotokari yemotokari yemagetsi yakakwirira uye kushandisa mari yezvirongwa zvesimba rakachena kugona kuwiriranisa mutero nezvinangwa zvinotsigirwa.

Vashandi Pamwe Chete Nevatsigiri Vemitero

Kuwedzera kurongwa hwemitero inodzorwa, hurumende inotsamira paPPPs Act yePPPS yezvirongwa zvikuru zvePPP. Zvishuvo zvemitero zvakadai sokunyudza kunowedzera, mazororo emitero nokuda kwokuvaka zvinoshanda (BOT), uye kuregedzerwa kwemari yakati muChikamu 80IA yeInhoriting Tax Act zvakashandiswa kukwezva dzimbahwe remunhu. National PPPP Policy inotenderwa kuisa zvikarakadzo zvakadaro. Zvisinei, kutsairwa kwemitero kubva kumitero yakadaro kunofanira kuyera mukukwezva kwokuwedzera mari. Kudzorwa kunojekerwa kwokuwedzera kwemitero nokushanda kwayo nguva nenguva kuchavimbisa kuti gadziriro yemitero itsigire kubudirira.

mhedziso

Mitero inoramba iri musimboti wechivako chemari chemari inogadzirwa muIndia. Kubva pamutero wemari inotambirwa uye GST kusvika pakuonesa, mari yakaparira kugadziridza mano enyika okuvaka, kuchengetedza, uye kugadziridza migwagwa yayo, zvitima, zviteshi zvemagetsi, uye mibatanidzwa yemichina yemichina. Nepo fambiro mberi huru yakaitwa (zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nerongedzero dzemari yeGST uye kukwira pamutero weGDP girafitisi kukuva nyika yakabudirira pa2047, kugadzira nzira inoremadza, kuoma, uye kupfupikisa kwemari inopfuurira. Mitemo yemitemo inonangidzira mitero inonangidzirwa pakugadziridza mitero, mitero inodzo inoshanda zvakanaka munyika yose. Sezvimo India inotsvaka chionono chekukura mutengo mari inoitwa kuti ive nyika ipfuure nokubudirira, inoita kuti ive, ive inova inoita mutero mukuru, uye isati inoita basa rokushandura mari.