Kupindira Kwemauto Muugandanga Hwenyika Yose

Kwemakumi emakore, hurumende dzakanetseka nenyaya yokuti kana boka risati riri renyika dzakashongedzerwa ringashandisa sei uto mukurwisana nemapoka emagandanga anoshanda kudarika miganhu yaro. Nepo kumanikidzwa kwehurumende, zvirango zvemari, uye kushandira pamwe kwouchenjeri zvichiumba chiteshi chehondo chezvirongwa zvakawanda zvokurwisa ugandanga, kupindira kwemauto kunoramba kuri chishandiso chakananga uye pane dzimwe nguva chisingadzivisiki. Kana boka risati rine zvombo richiita nzvimbo dzakachengeteka, rourongwa hwokurwisa kubva kunzvimbo yokumwe, kana kuti rityisidzira hurumende dzakabatanidzwa, hondo ingava nzira bedzi yokuderedza nayo simba raro nokudzivirira vanhu vasiri varwi. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwehondo hakutongori chisarudzo chakapfava chakapfava, chepamutemo, uye mirangariro inorayira kunzvera nokungwarira.

Nyaya ino inoongorora basa rakasiyana - siyana rokupindira kwemauto mukurwisa ugandanga kune dzimwe nyika. Inoongorora mienzaniso yenhau, nzira dzinobudirira dzokushanda, zvinetso zvakaoma zvinomuka, uye mamiriro ezvinhu umo kupindira kwakadaro kunogona kubatsira kuchengeteka kusingaperi. Nokunzwisisa zvose mano uye ganhuriro dzeuto, vagadziri vemiitiro nevoruzhinji vanogona kunzvera zviri nani apo(h) uye kuti bhasikoro resimba iri.

Mhindumupindu Yenhau: Kubva Mumabhautishi Kuenda Kumushandirapamwe Wokuzvitonga

Pedzisa

Kurwisa kwaSeptember 11, 2001, kwakachinja zvikuru nzira yenyika yose yokurwisa ugandanga. United States, ichikumbira Chikamu 5 cheNorth Atlantic Treaty, yakatanga Kushanda Kutsungirira Freedom muAfghanistan kuti iparadze Al-Qaeda ndokubvisa hurumende yeTaliban yaiidzongedza. Uku kupindira kwakatanga muenzaniso: uto rehondo raigona kushandiswa kwete bedzi kutsiva kurwisa denho asiwo kudzongodzosa nzanga dzemagandanga mukusavapo kana kuti nzvimbo dzine ruvengo. Nhimberi yeAfghanistantian yakabatanidza kuvhotera chaiko, kurwisa kwendege, uye kutsigira kwemauto ehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakagadziriswa nokuda kwedzimwe nhandare dzemitambo.

Kuwedzera Kwehondo Yechisimba Uye Kuuraya

Kuvambira pakati pama2000, kushandiswa kwemadrone ane zvombo kwakabvumira nyika kuitisa mauto anopfuurira kunzvera nokurovanya kwakananga zvinoiswa muzvisakiso zvakakwirira munyika dzakadai sePakistan, Yemen, uye Somalia. Vadzori veObama vakakudza iyi purogiramu sechinotsiva nzvimbo inoiswa zvigaro zvakakura. Vatsigiri vakataura kuti kurova kwehondo kwakaderedza ngozi kuU.S. uye njodzi dzakaderedza mauto nevasiri varwi kana zvichienzaniswa nokubhomba kwechibvumirano. Zvisinei, vatsoropotedzeri vakamutsa funga pamusoro pokuuraya kwomuradzikanwa kwomuradziko dzoga, kuputsa uchangamire hwemitezo, uye kudzorwa kwendangariro pavagari vemo yomunzvimbomo.

Mushandirapamwe Wokushandira ISSIS (204 - 2019)

Apo Hurumende yechiIslam yeIraq neSyria (ISIS) yakakukura mumativi makuru eIraq neSyria, nzanga yamarudzi ose yakagamuchira mubatanidzwa wamarudzi anopfuura 80. Kusafanana nokupindira kwapakuvamba, iyi nhimbe yakatsamira zvikuru pamauto evhu romunzvimbomo ne “‘ Iraki Security Forces, Kurdish Peshmerga, uye Syria Democratic Forces (Dhemocratic Forces) zvinotsigirwa nemhepo inokakavanzwa, uchenjeri, uye kurovedzwa. Hondo yaMosul uye kusunungurwa kwaRaqqa yakaratidzira ukoshi kukosha kwokubatanidza simba rendege nevokwaivo vakavimbika. Kupindira kunobudirira kwakabvisa mumuviri, asi zvinetso zvinodzorwa pasi pezvirongwa zvokutonga zvinenge zvichidzorwa.

Kupindira Kwougandanga Kwomumazuva Ano

Chiito Chakananga Nemabasa Chaiwo

Chiito chakananga chinobatanidza kuvhozhokera, kununura, uye kubata vatungamiriri vemagandanga. Masangano chaiwo, akadai seU.S. Navy SELS kana kuti SAS yeBritain, anoita mabasa aya nokukurumidza, anoshamisa, uye masimba masimba chaiwo. Basa ra2011 rakauraya Osama bin Laden muAbottabad, Pakistan, rakaratidza zvose zviri zviviri njodzi yokubudirira nezvamatongerwe enyika yokuvhozhokera pasina kuvhozhokera. Kushanda uku kunowanzoda uchenjeri hunoshanda uye kunogona kunetsa ukama hwekurukurirano apo hunoitwa pasina kubvumiranwa nevoko.

Kufora Kwendege Nehondo Dzemvura

Kurova ndege nembatya dzine zvombo zvinoramba zviri zvishandiso zvehondo zvinowanzoshandiswa. Zvinogona kurwisa misasa yokurovedza, nzvimbo dzinotungamirira, mirwi, uye varwi mumwe nomumwe vane mwero wokusafunga kwakarurama kwechizvarwa chakapfuura. United States nevokwake vakaparira zviuru zvezvikwata muAfghanistan, Iraq, Siriya, Somalia, uye Sahel. Chinonyanya kubatsira ingozi yakaderedzwa kumauto ane ushamwari, asi kubudirira kunotsamira pakuva nouchenjeri hwakarurama uye mano okusiyanisa varwi nevasiri varwi. [[FLT: 0]] Kunzvera kwekuvadziko yavasiri varwi mumhepo [FLT] kunosimbisa njodzi dzapamutemo nedzetsika dzinopfuurira.

Kuvaka Mushandirapamwe (BPC)

Panzvimbo pokuisa nhamba huru dzamauto okumwe, kupindira kwakawanda zvino kunonangidzira ngwariro parovedzo, kushongedzera, uye kupa zano mauto omunzvimbomo. Purogiramu yenzvimbo dzokuvaka yave ikaitwa munyika dzakadai seNigeria, Philippines, uye Lake Chad Basin munharaunda. Rondedzero ndeyokuti mauto emo akakodzera zviri nani kuchengeta chengeteko yenguva refu uye kufarikanya pamutemo mukuru. Zvisinei, mauto ebasa angatambura nouori, kushatiswa kwekodzero dzavanhu, kana kuti kusakwaniriswa kwenyanzvi, izvo zvinogona kuderedza zvinangwa zvokupindira. Corporation panzvimbo yokuvaka inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kwebudiriro nokundikano.

Uchenjeri, Kudzidza, uye Kudzidza (ISR)

Kushanda kwougandanga zvinobudirira kunotsamira pauchenjeri hwakakodzera nguva. Zvinhu zvemauto zvinopa zviratidzo zvemabumbiro okuchenjera, uye nzira yokutsvaka nayo mashoko dzinogonesa kuisa panzvimbo yazvo uye kudzongonyedza. Uchenjeri hwokugoverana nevakwanyina nevomunzvimbomo hunoda kuoma. Kubatanidzwa kwoungwaru hwehondo nokuchengetwa kwomutemo uye kurongwa kwemari kunoparira mufananidzo mukuru wemagandanga. Chinetso chiri mukudzivirira manyuko nemitoo nepo kuchiremekedza kuva voga uye rusununguko rwevagari vemo, zvikurukuru apo uchenjeri hunoshandiswa kubvumira chiito chinouraya.

Kubudirira: Kupindira Muhondo Kunogona Uye Kusingagoni Kubudirira

Kuratidzirwa Kubudirira

Kupindira kwehondo kwawana rukundo rwakatanhamara nokushanda. Kupfurikidza nokubvisa nzvimbo dzakachengeteka, kuuraya vatungamiriri vakuru, uye kuparadza zvinhu, nhimbe dzakakanganisa kwechinguvana nhevedzano yokuronga kwamagandanga ndokudzivisa denho dzapedyo. Mubatanidzwa unorwisana neISSIS wakagumisa kudzorwa kwenharaunda, wakaparadza kudzora kwaro nokudzora, uye wakaderedza mano awo okupesvedzera mabasa makuru okunze. Nenzira yakafanana, kurovanya kunopfuurira munharaunda dzedzinza dzePakistan dzakamanikidzirwa Al-Qaeda kupararira nokurongazve, kuganhurira mano awo okurwisa kuoma kurwisana naMadokero.

Miganhu Nemigumisiro Isingakarirwi

Pasinei zvapo neiyi mibayiro, mauto oga haawanzokunda ugandanga. Kunzvera njodzi dzechienzi [[FLT] dzinovadziko yehurumende, kupererwa nezano remari, kusawirirana kwemasekete, funganyo dzemasekete dzinonyandura mamiriro ezvinhu ane masimba masimba esimba. Uyezve, kukuvadzwa kusiri varwi mumhepo kwave kuri mutyairi mukuru wemapoka akadai seISSIS neTabalin. Kunzvera njodzi dzechiuto [ kupomera kuti kuvadziko yakadaro inokanganisa tsigiro yomunzvimbomo uye inoparira masimba masimba. Imwe ganhuriro ndeyokutidzira kupfurikidza nokuenda kunzvimbo dziri kure, kugamuchira zvivako zvakanaka, uye kupfurikidza nokunyora mashoko kuvhotera.

Kuparadza Kwechengeteko Kwenhambo Refu

Kupindira kunogona kuparira kutsamira patsigiro yokunze, kuderera kwamasangano omunzvimbomo. MuAfghanistan, makumi maviri amakore okuvapo kwehondo dzokumwe akakundikana kuvaka simba rechengeteko rinotsigirwa reAfghanistan rinokwanisa kuzvimirira. Pashure pokubuda kweUnited States, simba rinorerutswa mukati mevhiki. Ikoku kunomutsa mubvunzo wakakomba: kupindira kwehondo kungazombogona kuparira chengeteko inogara kwenguva refu pasina purojekiti yakaenzana mukudzora, kubudirira, uye kuyanana?

Kupindira Mumutemo Netsika

Uchangamire Netendero

Kupindira kwemauto mundima yeimwe nyika pasina kubvumira kwayo ndiko, muUN Charter, kuputswa kwouchangamire kutoti kwatenderwa neDare reSecurity kana kuti kwaruramiswa mukuvandika. Dzidziso yo “kuda kana kuti kusakwanisa” inotaura kuti nyika ingashandisa simba mundima yeimwe nyika kana nyika iyoyo isingagoni kana kuti isingazodzoreri tyisidziro yamagandanga. Uyu murangariro unomutsa nharo. Somuenzaniso, U.S. anoparadza muPakistan, achiitwa pasina kubvumirana navose, ukama hwapashure uye hunonyandura kudzokera shure kwehurumende. Vatsoropotedzi vanopikisa kuti dzidziso yacho inosekesa nhevedzano yapamutemo yamarudzi ose uye inogadza zviitiko zvine ngozi.

Kukuvadza Kwevagari Vomunyika Nekuvapo Kwavo

Mutemo womutsa wenyika yose unoda kuti kudenha kupi nokupi kwehondo kunofanira kutsaura pakati pavarwi navasiri varwi uye kunofanira kuva kwapakati nepakati nepakati (kuwana kwehondo kunokarirwa kunofanira kukunda ngozi dzekuvadziko yavanhuwo zvavo. Mumhutu yezvougandanga, umo varwi vanowanzobatanidza muvagari vemo vasiri varwi, idzi nheyo dzakaoma kutsigira. Nzvero dzinoitwa namasangano akadai se Ammnesty International [ dzakanyora zviitiko zvakawanda umo mhepo yakauraya vanhu vasiri varwi, kubatanidza vakadzi navana. Kurasikirwa kwetsika kwakadaro kunogona kubvisa tsigiro yavose pamusha napane kunze kwenyika, uye kungagovera zvinhu zveparadziro nokuda kwemapoka amaganda.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Masangano akawanda anorwisana nougandanga anoitirwa pachivande kana kuti pasi pemirau inorongwa yokuvimbisana, zvichiita kuti kutarisira kwokuzvimirira kuve kwakaoma. Hurumende dzinowanzobudisa mashoko akaganhurirwa pakurovanya uye kukuvara, zvichitungamirira kunharo pamusoro penhamba. Mapoka enzanga avagari vemo anoitirana nharo kuti pave nechokwadi chokuva nechokwadi chokuti kuwirirana nomutemo wamarudzi ose uye kuti avo vane mutoro wokuuraya kusiri kwapamutemo vanozvidavirira. Kukakavadzana pakati pechengeteko yokushanda nokuzvidavirira kwavanhu kunoramba kusingagadziriswi.

Kuongorora Nyaya Mukupindira Kunoitika

Afghanistan (2001 - 2021): A Opentariry Tale

Hondo refusa munhau yeU.S. inoenzanisira zvose zviri zviviri bviro nengozi dzekupindira kwehondo. Rubudiriro rwokutanga mukukunda Taliban nokudzongonyedza Al-Qaeda yakatsiviwa nebvumirano yenguva refu iyo yakatarisana nemhinganidzo inokurira, kudzorwa kusingadzoreki, uye kupindira kwenharaunda. Pasinei zvapo nemabhiriyoni ane madhora akapedzerwa nezviuru zvoupenyu zvakarasika, mugumisiro wakanga uri kudzokera kukutonga kwaTaliban. Chinoitika cheAfghanistan chinosimbisa kuti kupindira kwehondo kunofanira kuva kwakajeka, vavariro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinodzorwa negadziriro chaiyoiyo yokubuda yapachokwadi kuva muchatariro yapamhiko yakagadzirwa nokuderera.

Somalia Nesaheri: Matambudziko Anoenderera Mberi

Ndege dzeAmerica dzakarwisa Al-Shabaab uye mabasa chaiwo muSomalia kubvira muna 2007, mauto eFrance neEurope achirwisana nemapoka echiFihadhi muSahel kubvira muna 2013. Mitambo yose iri miviri inotambura nourombo hwakanyanya, uye miganhu ine tsvina. Kushanda kwemauto kwakawana mari yokukunda nokuuraya vatungamiriri vakuru uye kudzosa mataundi anokosha.

Kosovo naLibya: Mutoro Wokudzivirira (R2P) v.

Kunyange zvazvo kupindira kweNATO muKosovo kwa1999 kwakanga kusingamiriri ugandanga, kwaiva kwomutsa muLibya, asi zvose zviri zviviri zvakanga zvine mativi azvo. MuKosovo, kubviswa kwemauto eSerbia kwakadzivisa kumwe kuchenesa dzinza asi hakuna kubvisa zvose zvinopesana nemitemo; nharaunda yakazoona vokune dzimwe nyika vaifamba vachienda kuSiriya. MuLibya, kudzivirira varwi kuti vasave vaikwanisa kudzora hurumende, kuumba nyika yakakundikana yakava nzvimbo inochengeterwa mapoka echisimba. Rington inobatira senyevero yakasimba yokuti kupindira kwemauto kunogona kuparira nokusaziva mamiriro ezvinhu echiuto kubereka , kushata, kuwanda kwezvombo, kudzora ugandangaru.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Nokurangarira

Kutyisidzira Kwakagadzirwa Nehondo Dzepevhu

Mapoka emagandanga anoramba achingoshanda pasi pepanotangira hondo dzemazuva ose, achishandisa hondo dzemashoko, kurwisa makombiyuta, uye mabhizimisi ematsotsi.

Basa Reuchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Masangano Anozvitonga

Fambiro mberi muAl dzinogonesa kubatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa nokukurumidza nokuzivikanwa kwomuitiro, kuvandudza kururama nokuderedza kuvadziko yokuzvitonga. Zvisinei, gadziriro dzezvombo dzinozvitonga dzinomutsa mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pekuzvidavirira nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvinouraya. Nepo kurova kwakazara kusati kwashandiswa mukurwisana negadziriro yezvombo zvinorwisa, kombamiro kukubatanidzwa kukuru kwemichina yakajeka. Vagadziri vemichina vanofanira kugadza nhungamiro dzakajeka kuvimbisa kudzora munhu pachisarudzo choupenyu norufu.

Kuchinja Midziyo Yehondo Neyokugadzira

Kupindira kunobudirira zvikurusa mukudzivisa ugandanga kunobatanidza mauto nebvumirano yezvehurumende dzakasimba, yamuro yokubudirira, uye chigadzikiso cherwisano. Hapana chitsama chemhepo chichadzikamisa nharaunda umo hurumende dzakashata, upfumi hunoputsika, uye zvichemo zvinosiyiwa zvisina kusiiwa. Kuwiriraniswa kutsva pakati penyanzvi dzechengeteko ndekwokuti kupindira kwehondo kunofanira kuva chigadzikiso chenguva pfupi. United States Institute of Peace kunosimbisa kuti rugare runochengetwa runoda kuparira kupfurikidza nemubato unopfupikisa nokupfuudzira.

Mugumisiro: Kuda Kudzikama

Kupindira kwemauto mukurwisa ugandanga kune dzimwe nyika hachisi chinhu chinotsiva kana kuti chitsoropodzo. Chinoramba chiri chishandiso chiri madikanwa nokuda kwokuparadza tyisidziro dziri pedyo, kudzongonyedza mibatanidzwa inoshanda, uye kuramba nzvimbo tsvene yamagandanga. Nhau inoratidza, zvisinei, kuti simba rinofanira kushandiswa nechirango, mukati memiganhu yapamutemo, uye sorutivi rwegadziriro huru inoisa mhinduro dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupindira kunobudirira zvikurusa kunoitwa kupfurikidza nemhiko dzechibvumirano dzinorwisana nemhepo dzemubatanidzwa nevavakidzani vomunzvimbomo vakavimbika uye zviito zvemibato. Chinosabudirira sechidukuduku pamiganhuro yebasa, zvinangwa zvisingashandiswi, uye ngwariro isina kukwana kudzora.

Sezvo rudzi rwougandanga ruchichinja, zvishandisowo zvinofanira kupindira. Kushanda kwenguva yemberi kungangova kwakabatana zvikuru, kusingaonekwi zvikuru, uye kunotsamira zvikuru pakushandira pamwe kwouchenjeri. Democracy hurumende dzinoda democracy ndeyokuchengeta mano okuita chiito nenzira yakasimba apo unotsigira mipimo(kudzivirira kwemutemo, kudzivirira kwechiuto, uye kuzvidavirira) kunosiyanisa kupindira kwapamutemo nokudenhawo zvako. Zvingangova bedzi nesimba rehondo nefambiro mberi yechokwadi yezvamatongerwe enyika uye yenzanga zvinogona kuderedza nzanga yose kutarisira kuderedza migariro inobvumira ugandanga kuti hubudirire.