Sumo

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa ikokusikirwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, muitiro wavose unoratidzira kuchinjwa kune rugare kwesimba uye unosimbisazve musengwa womutungamiriri ari kuuya kuBumbiro remitemo. Nepo mutambo wacho umene wakatangwa nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo, basa rokutenda nerudzidziso rave richibatanidzwa kwenguva refu nezviri kuitika. Kubva kuwedzerwa kwokuzviitikira kwaGeorge Washington kwe “Ipandidzirei Mwari” kuchisarudzo chazvino uno chakasiyana - siyana chemaBhaibheri, kupesana kwemiitiro yechitendero nemubatanidzwa wehurumende kwakanyandura zvose zviri zviviri ruremekedzo nekurukurirano. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera zviitiko zvenhau, zvepamutemo, uye kuongorora kuti kuwedzerwa sei kudavira kwomuteo wehurumende, uye nheyo dzemitemo zvakaumba uyu muitiro weAmerica.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo: Itsimbawo Zvayo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinonyora mashoko chaiwoiwo emhiko yapurezidhendi muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8: “Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichatsigira zvakanakisisa zvemano angu, kuchengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States.” Nheyo yacho haiiti nongedzero kuna Mwari, Bhaibheri, kana kuti rugwaro rupi norupi rwechitendero. Chisarudzo choku “kupika” panzvimbo pe“ chirevoro chakananga kuti vaQuaks uye mamwe mapoka ezvitendero anoramba kuita mhiko. Iyi farmendial inosimbisa vavariro yenyika yokuparadzanisa mabasa ebasa rechitendero chipi nechipi, nheyo inosimbiswa neChikamu VI chesimbiro chehurumende chorudzidziso.

Zvamazvirokwazvo, Bumbiro reMitemo haridi kuti purezidhendi aise ruoko paBhaibheri, kukumbira mwari, kana kuti kubatanidza chinhu chipi nechipi chorudzidziso. Chinodikanwa bedzi ndechokuti mhiko itorwe, inowanzopiwa neMutongi Mukuru weUnited States. Kushayikwa kwomutauro worudzidziso murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo kunoratidzira kuzvipira kwokurangarira nokudzivisa rudzidziso rwakarongwa nehurumende. Asi, sezvo chinoitika chakashanduka, masangano orudzidziso akava anodokuva akaenzana, achiparira kusawirirana pakati petsamba yenyika yomutemo netsika dzorudzidziso izvo zvakakura pairi.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwezvitendero

Gamuchidzanwa reBhaibheri

Muitiro wokupika paBhaibheri unovambira kare kare mumutemo weChirungu, umo kwaifungidzirwa kukumbira rutongeso rwoumwari pazvokwadi yamashoko omunhu. Apo George Washington akaita mhiko yokutanga yapurezidhendi pana April 30, 1789, akaisa ruoko rwake paBhaibheri rakabatwa nomutungamiriri weNew York. Ichi chiito, kunyange zvazvo chisati chadikanwa, chakagadza muenzaniso uyo anodokuva purezidhendi ari wose akatevera akatevera. Bhaibheri rakashandiswa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuva noukoshi hwomunhu oga kana kuti hwenhau: raWashington rakanga riri Bhaibheri reMasonic; Harry S.Truman akashandisa Bhaibheri reKaturike (kubvira pakopi yeNhaudzo yeDhaundi yakanga isingawaniki); uye Joe Biden akasarudza kuva nemhuri yaakanga ine muvaraunzi vake. Vamwe vakashandisa Bhaibheri rakawanda (Vane VaSarback Ompas) uye vose vari vaviri, vaTrugna, kazhinji vachishandisa Bhaibheri reKaturike kana kuti mumwe chete.

Kushandiswa kweBhaibheri hakusi, zvisinei, munyika yose. Theodore Roosevelt akakurumbira zvikuru asina kupika Bhaibheri muna 1901 pashure pokuurawa kwomutemo kwaWilliam McKinley, nemhaka yokuti hakuna aiwanika nokukurumidza. Iye gare gare akarondedzera mutambo wacho se “chinhu chipi nechipi asi chipikirwa chakapfava” ndokuomerera kuti kushaikwa kweBhaibheri hakuna kukanganisa kuva kwake mukuru mukuru. Nguva pfupi ichangopfuura, John Quincy Adams akapika pabhuku romutemo panzvimbo peBhaibheri, achisimbisa kuzvipira kwokunyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, vazhinjisakawanda vapurezidhendi vakasarudza Bhaibheri, uye mufananidzo wapurezidhendi ane ruoko mubhuku dzvene unoramba uri chiratidzo chinogara chiripo chehofisi.

“ Naizvozvo Ndibetserei Mwari”

Chitsama chamashoko chinoti “Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari” zvichida ndicho chinhu chorudzidziso chinomutsa nharo zvikurusa mumutambo wemhiko. Chinooneka mumhiko dzakawanda dzapamutemo muUnited States (kubatanidza idzo dzevatongi vehurumende nezvapupu mudare), Bumbiro reMitemo hariibatanidzi mumhiko youpurezidhendi. Kushandiswa kwapakuvamba zvikurusa kwemashoko akaitwa napurezidhendi kunopokanidzwa. Chitsama chinoti George Washington aiwedzera nechosero pashure pokudzokorora mhiko yebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, nhau dzapanguva ino kubva muna 1789 hadzibvumikisi ikoku; chinyorwa chakavimbika chokutanga chapurezidhendi anodudza kuti “Naizvozvo Mwari anobva kuna Chester A. Kutsaumbika kwaArthur mu 1881. Kusvika zana ramakore rechi20, kutaura kwacho kwakanga kwave kwave kuchishandiswa kwaparo, uye purezidhendi vazhinji vakakuita pashure peJustituro mukuru wehurumende.

Vatsoropodzi vanoti kubatanidzwa kwaro kunopesana nokuumbwa kwaClaus weFirst Amendment, kunorambidza hurumende kutsigira chitendero. Vatsigiri vanoti ibhuku rechitendero rinobvisa mashoko anokosha, chimwe chezvinhu zvakagara zviripo kwenguva refu panzvimbo pechiito chehurumende. Dare Repamusorosoro harina kutora mutemo pamashoko ari mumhiko yapurezidhendi, asi matare epasi apa akautsigira kakawanda semutemo, kazhinji kacho achidudza muitiro wenhau uye kuzvipira kwemutambo wacho.

Minyengetero Yakavanzika Nenongedzero Zvinozivikanwa

Kupfuura mhiko imene, mapurezidhendi akawanda akabatanidza rutongeso rwaMwari mudzokororo dzavo dzokutanga. Hurukuro yokutanga yaGeorge Washington yakabatanidza nongedzero dzakawanda ku “Wamasimba ose uyo anotonga pamusoro pechisiko chose” uye“ Mubereki ane mutsa wedzinza romunhu.” Kutaura kwechipiri kwaAbraham Lincoln kwakakurumbira nokuda kwoudzame hwaro hwezvorudzidziso, achinongedzera rutongeso rwaMwari pazvose zviri zviviri Kumusoro neSouth mukati meHondo yeChizvarwa. Franklin D. Rooselt’s D - Day neJohn F. Kennedy kudana kuti “asaita icho nyika yako inogona kuita nokuda kwako. ” Munguva pfupi yapfuura iyi, vakuru vorudzidziso vanowanzokoka kuendesa muminamato uye kuiswa mukati mhembe, kumwe kuchechi muchinoitika chavose.

Nzvero Dzapanhau Dzemaoths omuPrezidhendi

Chikamu Chokutanga chaGeorge Washington (1789)

George Washington akagadza chiundu nokuda kwezvose zvakatevera. Akaisa ruoko rwake paBhaibheri rinobva kuMasonic Lodge No 1 muNew York. Mutengesi Robert Livingston akapika. Pashure pokudzokorora mashoko ebumbiro remitemo, Washington aifungidzirwa kuti akawedzera kuti “Izvi ndibatsirei Mwari” uye kutsvoda Bhaibheri. Kana izvi zvakaitika chaizvoizvo zvinokurukurwa, asi nyaya yacho yazova rutivi rwengano dzeAmerica. Bhaibheri reMasonic rakashandiswa gare gare gare navamwe vapurezidhendi Dwight D. Eishowater, kubatanidza Dimrier, naGeorge.

Theodore Roosevelt (1901)

Pashure pokuurawa kwaPurezidhendi McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt akamhanyira kuBuffalo, New York, kupika basa. Mutambo wacho waiitirwa mumusha womunhu, uye hapana Bhaibheri raiwanika. Mutongi John R. Hazel akapa mhiko yebumbiro remitemo, uye Roosevelt haana kushandisa Bhaibheri kana kuwedzera mutauro upi noupi worudzidziso. Ichi chinoitika chinoratidzira kuti masangano orudzidziso ndeetsika, kwete anosungika. Roosevelt gare gare gare akatora yechipiri, mhiko yapamutemo zvikuru paImba yeVachena neBhaibheri, asi mhiko yake yokutanga yakanga ichishanda nenzira isingapanikirwi pasi peBumbiro remitemo.

Franklin Roosevelt’s Four Terms (1933 -1945)

Franklin Roosevelt akaita mhiko yacho kana, nguva imwe neimwe achishandisa Bhaibheri uye kubatanidza nongedzero dzorudzidziso mukero dzake dzokutanga. Kutsaurirwa kwake kwokutanga muna 1933 kwakasimbisa basa romunyengetero pamberi pomutambo, uye akazivisa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti “chinhu bedzi chatinofanira kutya kutya kutya ndirwo rumene.” Nokuda kwokutsaurira kwake kwechina muna 1945, kwakaitirwa paWhite House porco, panzvimbo peCapitol nemhaka yeHondo Yenyika II, FDR akashandisa Bhaibheri rechiDutch kubva munhau yemhuri yake. Muenzaniso wake unoratidzira kuti purezidhendi vakapika sei ivo vamene apo vakachengeta gadziriro yenyika inokosha.

John Kennedy’s Catholic Faith (1961)

John F. Kennedy sapurezidhendi wokutanga weKaturike akamutsa itiro hanya pamusoro poruvimbiko rwake kuVatican. Mukati mokutsaurirwa kwake, akashandisa Bhaibheri reKaturike uye akataura nenzira yakakurumbira kuti, “Usabvunza icho nyika yako inogona kukuitira, anobvunza zvaunogona kuitira nyika yako.” Akadzivisawo kushandisa mashoko okuti “Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari” mumhiko imene, kunyange zvazvo akabatanidza nongedzero dzorudzidziso mukero yake. Kusvika kwaKennedy kwakasanorongwa kukuva nechokwadi chokupanikira kuti kutenda kwake hakungadzoki mabasa ake omutemo.

MaBhaibheri maviri aBabama (2009, 2013)

Barack Obama akashandisa maBhaibheri maviri nokuda kwemhiko yake yokutanga: rimwe rakanga riri raAbraham Lincoln (“Bhaibheri reLincoln”) uye iro raiva raMartin Luther King Jr. Chisarudzo chake chakanga chakapfuma mukufananidzira, achimubatanidza nemifananidzo miviri yenhau yeAmerica yechinzwano nekodzero dzevanhu. Muna 2013, akashandisa Bhaibheri reLincoln bedzi. Obama akabatanidzawo“ Ndibetserei Mwari”, iyo yakawedzerwa naMutongi Mukuru John Roberts mukati mokudzokorora kwacho. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuva kukuva zvino anogumburwa apo Roberts akanyoresa mashoko acho, achiparira Obama kumira. Chiitiko chakasimbisa kuti rudzidziso rwakava rwakapararira sei.

Donald Trump MaBhaibheri Maviri a (2017)

Trump akashandisa maBhaibheri maviri: Bhaibheri rake amene kubvira pauduku uye Bhaibheri reLincoln, achipfuuridzira gamuchidzanwa rokushandisa Bhaibheri raLincoln rakatanga naObama. Trump akanga anewo Bhaibheri raibatwa nomudzimai wake Melania. Akagumisa mhiko yacho ne “Izvi ndibetserei Mwari,” anotaurwa zvinonzwika. Kushandiswa kwamaBhaibheri akawanda kwazova muitiro wazvino uno, kuchibvumira purezidhendi kuratidzira ruvimbiko rwuviri rwavanhu nedzidziso dzenhau.

Bhaibheri Remhuri yaJoe Biden (2021)

Joe Biden akashandisa Bhaibheri iro rakanga rave riri mumhuri yake kwerinopfuura zana ramakore, rakatanga kubatwa nasekuru vakuru apo akatama achibva Ireland. Bhaibheri iguru uye rakaputirwa neganda, nhau yemhuri yake yakanyorwa mukati. Biden akashandisawo kupomba kwakasiana kweKaturike. Iye akaisa ruoko rwake paBhaibheri nokuda kwemhiko yacho ndokuwedzera kuti “Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari.” Chisarudzo chaBiden chakasimbisa nhaka yake yeIrish - Katurike nenhau yemhuri yake, achisimbisa chinoitika chacho chomunhu oga apo airemekedza tsika.

Gakava Rapamutemo NereBumbiro Remitemo

Kuparadzana kweChechi neHurumende

Kubatanidzwa kwezvitendero mumhiko yapurezidhendi kwakadenhwa pazvikonzero zveFirst Amendment.Gumbiso irambidza hurumende kuita mutemo upi noupi “unoremekedza kutangwa kworudzidziso.” Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuva noMutongi Mukuru (mukuru mukuru wehurumende) kunobatanidza“ naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari” kana kuti kubatanidza Bhaibheri kutsigira rudzidziso kwehurumende. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti chinoitika igamuchidzanwa remazana amakore iro risati richibvumira zvakananga uye kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvumira zvakananga avo vanopa mhaka. Gakavaramazwi anobatanidza mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro pebasa rorudzidziso muupenyu hwapachena uye mwero uyo muitiro wenhau unogona kukurira pamutemo.

Kupomera mhaka kunoverengeka kwakachengetwa. Mune dare reNhenhano . Bush (2005], mutsigiri asingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari Michael Newdow akadenha kutaura kwokuti “Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari” seakashandiswa mumhiko dzedare rehurumende nemhiko youpurezidhendi. Dare reNight reNight reNtunhu reZvikumbiro rakatonga kuti Newdo kusava kumira kudenha mhiko yapurezidhendi nemhaka yokuti aisagona kuratidza kuti Purezidhendi Bush Bush anoshandisa mashoko acho anokuvadza. Zvimwe zviitiko zvakadzingwa pazvikonzero zvakafanana. Sezvozvino, hakuna dare rakabudisa chibvumirano icho chinoputsa mutemo.

Chisarudzo Chokurwara Pane Kupfeka Shamhu

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rinobvumira purezidhendi zvakajeka kuti “abvumidze” panzvimbo pa“ mhiko.” Chikamu ichi chiripo kugarisa vanoramba rudzidziso, vakadai saVaQuaker, vanodavira kuti mhiko dzinoda mutongo woumwari uye naizvozvo vanorambidzwa norugwaro. Kunyange zvazvo pasina purezidhendi ati ambosarudza kusimbisa, chisarudzo chinoramba. Murondedzero, purezidhendi womunguva yemberi angagona kuita mhiko pasina Bhaibheri uye pasina mutauro upi noupi worudzidziso, achisimbisa panzvimbo pokupika. Ikoku kungava murairo wakazara uye hakusati kuchizoda chinjo ipi neipi mumiitiro yacho. Chisarudzo chingaparira kurukurirano yavose asi chingagona kuva chisingatenderwi pamutemo.

Mafungiro Avanhu Vose Nokusawirirana

Kushambadza Panongedzero Dzerudzidziso Mukuvamba

Murangariro wavose pamusoro pezvitendero mumhiko youpurezidhendi wakachinja nokufamba kwenguva. Mukuwirirana nenzvero 2021 Pew Research Center, inenge 64% yavaAmerica inodavira kuti kunogamuchirika kuti purezidhendi ashandise Bhaibheri mukati memhiko, nepo 24% vachitaura kuti hakuna ukoshi kana kuti havarangariri. Kutsigira nokuda kwemashoko okuti “Izvindibatsirei Mwari” yakatokwirira, ne 72% yavakuru vanotaura kuti vakasununguka naro. Zvisinei, izvi zviverengero zvinovanza miganhu yakadzika midzi: vaAmerica vasinganamati vanoshora zvakasimba zvinhu zvorudzidziso zvakadaro, nepo vaAmerica vanocherekedza zvikuru. Zvizvarwa zviduku zvinova zvinodaviri zvikuru zvinodavirwa nemifananidzo yorudzidziso mumiitiro yehurumende. Izvi zvinokarakadza kuti tsika dzingatarisana nokunzvera munguva yemberi.

Mirangariro Isiri Yorudzidziso

Nokuda kwavasingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari, vazivi vorudzidziso, uye vamwe vagari vemo vasiri vorudzidziso, kuvapo kwamaBhaibheri ne “Mwari” mumhiko zvinogona kunzwa kuva zvinoparadza. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mutambo wacho unofanira kuva wokusada kuratidzira mhatsa dzorudzidziso dzorudzidziso uye kuremekedza nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yokusaedza kwerudzidziso. Vamwe vakakarakadza zvimwe, zvakadai sokushandisa kopi yeBumbiro remitemo panzvimbo peBhaibheri, kana kuti kubvisa “Iyandibetsera Mwari”. Mumhinduro, nguva dzimwe nguva mapurezidhendi akatsvaka kuva anooneka: Barack Obama, somuenzaniso, akabatanidza boka rakasiana rokutenda mukutsauriro yake, asi achiri kushandisa Bhaibheri. Gadziro pakati pegamuchidzanwa nerevo.

Miitiro Yazvino Uno Nezvinotsiva

Mifungo Yokunyika Nezvibvumikiso

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, vakuru vakuru vanoverengeka vehurumende nevehurumende vakasarudza kupika pasina zvinhu zvechitendero. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nhengo dzeCongress dzakasimbisa panzvimbo pokupika, dzichishandisa kopi yeBumbiro remitemo kana kuti bhuku risiri rechitendero. Nepo pasati pambova napurezidhendi, chisarudzo chiripo. Purezidhendi womunguva yemberi angagona kusarudza kusimbisa, achishandisa bhuku ravo raakasarudza, kana kuti bhuku risingatomboshandisi mashoko a “Iyaya Mwari”. Kufamba kwakadaro kungava kusina kumboitika kare asi kunzwika zviri pamutemo.

Somuenzaniso, muCanada, mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kusarudza kupika Bhaibheri kana kuti kusimbisa zvakasimba. MuFrance, mhiko youpurezidhendi haibatanidzi nonongedzero ipi neipi yorudzidziso.

Kubatana Kwezvitendero Netsika Dzinosanganisira Vanhu

Mapurezidhendi akatsvaka nenzira inowedzera kuita kuti kutsaurirwa kuve kwakabatanidzwa zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, kutsaurirwa kuchangobva kupfuura kwakabatanidza minyengetero inobva muzvitendero zvakasiyana - siyana − zvechiKristu, zvechiJudha, zvechiMuslim, zvechiHindu, uye zvimwe. George W.Bush akabatanidza kurava kubva muQuan pane chimwe chezviitiko zvake zvokutanga. Barack Obama yakaratidzira kutuka kupfurikidza nokuwanda kwezvitendero zveReverend Rick Warren uye kukumbira kwakaitwa naReverend Joseph Walleny, pamwe chete nokuimba kwaiitwa nomurwi naAretha Franklin. Joe Biden akabatanidza munyengetero wakaitwa nomupristi weKaturike nechikomborero nomurabhi wechiJudha. Izvi zvinoratidza kuzivikanwa nokukura kwezvitendero zvenyika yacho uye kushingaira kuti kuwiriraniswa kwetsika yetsika yetsika yetsika neClcl.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamisa Tsika Nedzidziso

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa chiratidzo chine simba chokupfuurira nokudzora kwebumbiro remitemo. Basa rokutenda norudzidziso mumhemberero rinoramba riri nhau yakaoma neinogadzirika. Bumbiro reMitemo rakaita namaune mhiko yenyika isingadi kusimbiswa kwerudzidziso, bva anodokuva purezidhendi ari wose akasarudza kubatanidza zvinhu zvorudzidziso (a Bible, munyengetero, kana kuti kutaura kwokuti “Ndibetserei Mwari.” Idzi tsika dzinoratidzira midziro yenhau yorudzi nokutenda kwomunhu oga kwavatungamiriri varwo, asi dzinomutsawo mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuparadzaniswa kwechechi nehurumende uye kubatanidzwa kwavagari vemo vasiri vorudzidziso.

Sezvo nzanga yeAmerica inova yakasiana zvikuru uye yenyika, gakava pamusoro pemifananidzo yorudzidziso mumhiko sezvingabvira richawedzera. Vamwe vachataura kuti gamuchidzanwa rinofanira kuchengetwa seratidzirwo yenhaka yorudzi. Vamwe vachada mutambo wenyika chose chose unoratidzira rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo uye kuremekedza zvitendero zvose zveAmerica. Chisarudzo chacho pakupedzisira chiri napurezidhendi mumwe nomumwe, uyo anogona kusarudza kana kuti kutevera tsika kana kuti kuronga nzira itsva. Chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru chemhiko: chipikirwa chakasimba chokutsigira Bumbiro remitemo, mutemo mukurusa wenyika.

Kurava kwakawedzera:[ Chinonyorwa: Chigadziko cheHofisi chitayera ... [[FLT:] [FLT]] PREAC: Zviratidzo mu Inguagition[] . . . . . , Constitution Transformation