Kuzvimirira kwedare kunopfuura donzo rakakwirira; iko kusingabvumirwi nemitemo inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunovimbisa kuti vatongi vanosarudza mhaka dzakavakirwa panheyo dzapamutemo nemipimo yebumbiro-mitemo, kwete pafungidziro dzevakuru vakuru kana kuti mirangariro yenyongori. Nzanga dzine miganhu, zvikurukuru LGBTQ+ vanhu, mutongi anozvimirira anowanzobatira somutsetse wokupedzisira wedziviriro mukurwisana nedzinorwisana kana kuti nevakuru vakuru vakuru vanonyengera. Apo matare akasununguka kutsanangura mutemo nenzira isingasarumbidzwi, anogona kurovanisa mitemo yemhosva, kudzivirira maruramiro makuru, uye kuvimbisa kuti kuvimbika hakusati kuri chipikirwawo zvacho papepa asi chinhu chaichoicho.

Kunzwisisa Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Pamavambo azvo, kuzvimirira kwokutonga idzidziso yokuti vatongi vanofanira kuparadzana nemamwe mapazu ehurumende — mukuru mukuru nedare rinotonga. Uku kuparadzana kunomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nedziviriro dzakawanda dzezvivako: upenyu kana kuti kugadzwa kwenguva refu kwavatongi, murairo unovimbisa pamusoro pekuvadziko inoderedzwa, uye dziviriro pamhosva dzehurumende nokuda kwezviito zvokutonga. Idzi dziviriro dzinobvumira vatongi kutonga pahwaro hwomutemo namaidi, pasina kutya kutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kudzorwa kwakakurumbira.

Kuzvimirira kworutongeso kunobatanidzawo kuzvimirira kwesangano (gadziriro yedare yose) uye kuzvimirira kwomunhu oga (rusununguko rwomutongi mumwe nomumwe mupesvedzero yokunze). Mativi ose ari maviri anokosha. Pasina iwo, matare anogona kuva zvishandiso zvedzvinyiriro panzvimbo poutiziro hweruramisiro. Somuenzaniso, apo hurumende inogona kubvisa vatongi avo vanotonga zvisina kururama kana kuti vanoisa matare navatsigiri vakavimbika. Nenzira inopesana, mutemo wakasimba, unozvimirira unogona kuisa mamwe mapazu kuzvidavirira, kuganhuriro dzapamutemo, uye kudzivirira maruramiro mashomanene mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri hukuru.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga LGBTQ+ Kodzero

LGBTQ+ nzanga yakatarisana nechitambudzo chapamutemo munhau — mitemo yevatano yavatana, ganhuriro paroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, ganhuriro pamibereko yokurera mwana, uye rusaruro rwebasa. Iyi mitemo kazhinji kazhinji yakaratidzira fungira mano yakaipa yakakurumbira panzvimbo penheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. matare eependero, akadzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, akakwanisa kupinda ndokuzivisa mitemo yakadaro isiri yemitemo. Murangariro wakananga: kana vatongi vachicherekedzwa kuvoruzhinji kana kuti kuvatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika, havasati vachizowanzodenha rusaruro rwakakurumbira rwakakurumbira. Asi vatongi vakazvimirira vanogona kushandisa chinzwa chibvumirano chemitemo pasina rutyo.

Zviratidzo Zvepasi Zvakachinja Upenyu

Zvisarudzo zvanoverengeka zvenhau zvinoenzanisira ikoku kukuru. MuUnited States, Lawrence v. Texas [2003] yakarova mitemo yesodomay munyika yose, ichitonga kuti mufambiro wevatano wapedyo unodzivirirwa negadziriro yakafanira. Chisarudzo chacho chakatsamira pamugariro wedare wezvamatongerwe enyika panguva iyeyo, apo vakawanda vachiri voruvara rwakapambwa rwoutsotsi rumwe cheterwo. Makore gumi gare gare gare, mu [[FLT:] United States v. Murangariro mukuru [FLT:] (2020) [FL])] uye ipapo [FLT] mukurusaro] zvinogona kuvimbisa , kuti . Hogrofells. [5]

Kupfuura United States, matare akazvimirira akashandura LGBT+ kodzero munyika yose. Muna 2018, Dare reIndia Gurusa reDare mu Navatej Singh Johar v.Union yeIndia yakarova Chikamu 377 cheChikamu cheTsigihe cheIndia, icho chakapinzwa muutsotsi hwevatano yevatano. Dare rakati mutemo wakaputsa kodzero dzinokosha kuva voga, uenzana, uye chiremera. Ruramisiro rwakanga rwakakurumbira nokuda kwokudzivirira kwawo kwakasimba kuzvitonga: vatongi vakataura zvakajeka kuti vakasungwa neBumbiro remitemo, kwete nenhau yakakurumbira kana kuti yemitemo. Nomutoo mukurusa weBotswa waMaruwa yakatonga kuti kurambidza kusangana kwevatano kwakare. “Rudziro rwaMasarusaru rusaruri rwakanyorwa nenzira yakajeka nechisarudzo, kwete nenhauro yenhauro yezvamatongerwe enyika pasineidzo dzakaita zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

MuCaribbean neAfrica, matare akaitawo basa rinokosha. Dare repamusoro reKenya, muna 2019, rakatsigira kunyoreswa kwepfungwa yeLGBTQ, richisimbisa kuti kodzero yokubatanidza vanhu vose. Kutonga ikoko kwakavapo pasinei zvapo nemashoko akaipa akataurwa nevakuru vezvematongerwe enyika. Uye muSouth America, Dare reAmerica rekodzero dzevanhu — dare redare rinotonga razvimirira — rakabudisa pfungwa muna 2018 inoda kuti nhengo dzenhengo dzizive kuti dzive nekodzero dzehurumende dzakafanana dzevagari vemo. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoratidza kuti matare anozvimirira, nharaunda uye nyika, zvinokosha kushandura kodzero dzevanhu kuti dzishandiswe.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa Pamusoro Porusununguko Rwokutonga

Ukama pakati pekuzvimirira kwokutonga neLGBTQ + hahuna kufanana munyika dzose. Munyika umo vatongi vanozvimirira zvikuru — zvakadai seCanada, South Africa, nenyika dzakawanda dzeEurope — matare ave ari shasha uye anobudirira pakuenzana. Somuenzaniso, Dare reSouth African Constitutional Court, rakanga riri rimwe rekutanga munyika kutonga kuti kodzero yokuenzana inorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwechimiro chevatano, kunyange pamberi pokuguma kworusaruraganda. MuCanada, Dare repamusorosoro renhau yemubatanidzwa wemitemo ya2004 rakava nzira yokuchinja.

Nenzira yakapesana, munyika umo kuzvitonga kwekutonga kusina kusimba kana kuti kuri kurwiswa, LGBTQ+ kodzero dzinowanzova dzisina kusimba kana kuti dzinodzokera shure. MuPoland neHungary, zviito zvehurumende zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakasekesa kuzvitonga kwekutonga — kubatanidza kumanikidza vatongi vapakuvamba uye kugadzira gadziriro itsva dzokudzora zvamatongerwe enyika. Munyika dzimwe chetedzo, LGBTQ+ kodzero dzakadzorwa, ne “LGBBT - refrect" uye ganhuriro dzinozivikanwa napamutemo. matare paanotyisidzirwa kana kuti kurongedzwa, hadzigonizve kushanda sedzoro revo.

Chidzidzo chacho chakajeka: dare rinozvitonga rinodiwa (kunyange zvazvo risina kukwana) kuti rifambire mberi zvinogutsa muLGBTQ+ kodzero.

Zvinetso Zvokuzvitonga

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwayo, kuzvimirira kwokutonga kunotarisana netyisidziro dzinopfuurira munyika yose.

  • Kudzongonyedza kwechiPolish Constitution nokurongedza matare. Hurumende painogona kugadza nhamba isina kuganhurirwa yavatongi vakavimbika, dzikamo yepfungwa dzedare. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kukura kuchangobva kupfuura kweBumbiro reMitemo rePolish reTribunal neDare reMitemo reHungarian, izvo zvazova zvishandiso zvebato rinodzora.
  • Kuparadza vatongi nokuda kwemitemo isingadikanwi. Munyika dzakawanda, vatongi vanotonga mukurwisana nefariro dzehurumende vanotarisana nerangano, mubhadharo unochekwa, kana kuti kumanikidzirwa kurega basa. Ikoku kunoparira tapuro inotyisa inogona kudzivisa vatongi kudzivirira maruramiro maduku.
  • [ kudyira nokuitira mhirizhonga vatongi. Mune dzimwe nyika, vatongi vanonzwa LGBTQ+ mhosva dzinogamuchira tyisidziro dzorufu. Pasina chengeteko yakakwana nedziviriro youchapupu, vatongi vangazengurira kutonga nokuda kwokuenzana.
  • shoshari. Gadziriro yedare iyo yakaiswa pasi haigoni kushanda nenzira inobudirira. Kunonoka kweruramisiro, mabutiro akazara, uye kushaikwa kwezviwanikwa zvokunzvera zvinogona kusekesa kuita zvisarudzo kusina chizivano.
  • Dzvinyiriro yePubilic nechekudzorwa kwenzanga. Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, matare anozvimirira anogona kudzvinyirirwa nokuramba kukuru kana kuti nhimbe dzezvematongerwe enyika. Kudzosa mirangariro ku Obergefell[ chisarudzo muUnited States uye kuIndia [[FLT:]] NAVTEj Singhar kutonga kuti zvisarudzo zvokutonga hazviiti mupedzero. Kuzvimirira kunotongei kunoda tsika dzakasimba dzesangano nenzwisiso yavose.

Kutyisidzira Kwokunyanyodzora

Zvichida ngozi hurusa kukuzvimirira kwokutonga ndeyekunyengerwa. Apo purezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende anofuratira mirairo yedare, vatongi vanorasikirwa nechiremera chavo. Mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seVenezuela neTurkey, kupindira kwevakuru kwakaparadza kuzvitonga kwehurumende. Muidzi nzvimbo, LGBTQ+ vanhu vanotarisana nerusaruro runotyisa pasina kubvumirwa nemutemo. Nenzira inopesana, munyika dzakadai seColombia neBrazil, umo matare akadzivisa dzvinyiriro yechiremera, LGBTQ+ kodzero dzakakwirira kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvemitemo yedare reColombiant Constitution yakaita kuti 2016 abvumire roorano imwe cheteyo yetejinga.

Kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwokutonga, ipapoka, hakusati kuri itiro hanyawo zvayo yebumbiro remitemo, inhau youpenyu kana kuti rufu nokuda kwenzanga dzine dziviriro. Apo matare anotonga anowa, dziviriro dzamaruramiro avanhu dzinova pamwe chete naro.

Kusimbisa Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Kana tichifunga nezvemhando dzacho, zvinokosha kusimbisa kuzvitonga kwokutonga kuburikidza nemazano akawanda:

  • [ Mirit miitiro yokugadza iri pachena, isingatori rutivi yokusarudza vatongi — zvakadai semibato yedare inobatanidza vamiriri vanobva munzanga yevagari vemo nebhawa — inoderedza ngozi yokusazivikanwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [ dziviriro. Vatongi vanofanira kuva nechengeteko yokuzvidzora, inotakurwa bedzi nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata zvikuru kupfurikidza nomuviri usingasaruri. Upenyu kana kuti mashoko akatsiga anobetsera kuvadzivirira pakutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [ Mari inokwana. Matare anofanira kuva nebhajeti dzakaringana kuti ashande zvakanaka. Kutengesa mutongi irudzi rwokudzora zvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [ Kutarisira kwenyika yose. Masangano eruwa akafanana neEuropean Court of Human Rights neInter-American Court of Human Rights zvinogona kudzosa kana matare enyika akakundikana. Zvisarudzo zvawo zvine ukoshi hwetsika nehwepamutemo.
  • Kuzivisa kuvimbisana kwenzanga. Masangano enjere, masangano ebhawa, uye mapoka ekodzero dzavanhu anogona kunzvera tyisidziro kukuzvimirira kwokutonga ndokusimudzira tsigiro yavose. Mibato yedzidzo inobetsera vanhu kunzwisisa chikonzero nei dare remitemo rakasununguka richibetsera munhu ari wose, kubatanidza mapoka akaderedzwa.
  • [ Purani yeCunititution. inobatira kuzvimirira kwokutonga mubumbiro remitemo — ine gadziriro pakugadza, kurota, uye mubhadharo — zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti hurumende dzikuparadze.

Kushanda Kwomutemo Wenyika Dzose

Mutemo wamarudzi ose wekodzero dzevanhu unosimbisawo kuzvitonga kwokutonga. UN Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary (1985) inogovera gadziriro yakafara. Vanoti “vatongi vachasarudza zvinhu pamberi pavo pasina rusaruro, vakavakirwa pamaidi uye maererano nomutemo, pasina ganhuriro dzipi nedzipi, pesvedzero dzisina kufanira, dzvinyiriro, tyisidziro kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa.” Nyika idzo dzinoisa nheyo idzi mumutemo wemhuri dzinoumba mhoteredzo yakasimba zvikuru yokudzivirira LGBTQ+. Dare rekodzero dzavanhu ragara richirangarira kuti matare anozvimirira anokosha kuti achengetedze kodzero dzeSangano yeNyika Yose pamusoro peChivivi uye Hurumende, kubatanidza kodzero dzokuenzana nedzisiri dzomutemo.

Nokuda kwevatsigiri veLGBTQ+, kushanda kwemarudzi akawanda kwakasimba — kwakadai seUniversal Peace Review yeUN kana kuti kunyunyuta kwedare kwechibvumirano — kunogona kuisa dzvinyiriro pahurumende dzinobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kuzvimirira kwokutonga.

Kurwisa Kunopfuurira

Nepo matare akazvimirira akaita rukundo rwakawanda, kurwa kuchiri kure. MuUnited States, kugadzwa kwavatongi vasingachinji uye vatongi vane maruramiro kwave kuchimutsa funganyo pakati peLGBTQ+ revatsigiri vekodzero. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakadai se Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[[FLLT:1] [2022] — izvo zvakachinja kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokubvisa pamuviri — zvakatungamirira kufungidziro yokuti maruramiro eroorano kana kuti ezve ukama hwesimba rimwe chetehwo zvingarangarirwawo. Uku kutya kunosimbisa kuti kuzvitonga hakuna kukwana; kunyora nokunyora nhau yedare redare renyika dzakaregwanwa zvakanaka. Asi kunyange mudare renyika inotonga, kuzvimirira kunoreva kuti kutevera kutongwa uye kusatonga kwepamutemo.

MuEastern Europe, kuderera kwokuzvimirira kwokutonga kwakakuvadza zvakananga LGBTQ+ nzanga. MuPoland, hurumende yakashandisa zvikamu zvinoranga kubvumira vatongi vanopa chivhozhokero chokudzivirira LGBTQ+ kodzero. MuHungary, mutemo unorambidza “kuzvidzora kwoungochani” kuvaduku wakatsigirwa nedare rakanga rakazadzwa navakavimbika. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti apo kuzvitonga kunodzikiswa, mitemo yokupa mhosva inodzorwa kwemitemo inopukunyuka uye inowanda.

Zvisinei, kune zviratidzo zvinokurudzirawo zvokuzvitsiridza. muIndia, pasinei zvapo nokudzvinyirirwa kwevakuru vakuru mudare mudzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, Dare Gurusa rakachengeta kuzvimirira kwaro panhau dzenzanga. MuBotswana neKenya, matare akasimba mukudzivisa kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. MuEuropean Union, Dare reRuramisiro reEuropean Union (CJEU) rakatonga kuti mutemo weEU unoda kuti nyika dzizive kodzero dzevakaroorana vezvechisimba kunyange kana mitemo yenyika iri youorivhi — mutongo wakadenha zvakananga mitemo yeHungary nePoland. CJEU’s CHEU inobvumira kuti dzitongedze kodzero dzinokosha.

Nokuda kwesangano renyika yose reLGBTQ+, chidzidzo chakajeka: kutsigira nhau yedare rakasununguka haisati iri chinhu chikuru chinonyanyodiwa. Kupomera mhaka, kukwirira mhaka, uye kupfupikisa zvose zvishandiso zvinotsamira pamatare zvakasununguka kushandisa mutemo. Pasina rusununguko irworwo, nharo dzakanakisisa dzapamutemo dzichawira panzeve dzisina kujeka.

mhedziso

Kuzvimirira mukutonga hakusati kuri kwoumbozha nokuda kwehurumende dzinotonga idzo dzakatova namasangano akasimba. Iko ishongwe inokosha yokudzivirira maruramiro avane ngozi zvikurusa. Nokuda kweLGBTQ+ nzanga, matare anozvimirira ave ari mavambo okukunda kukurusa — kubva pakuzvidzwa kwemhosva kusvikira kukuenzana kweroorano nedziviriro dzebasa. Asi idzi fambiro mberi dzinoramba dzisina kusimba. Kudenha kwezvamatongerwe enyika pavatongi, zvirongwa zvedare rinopesana, uye kusaremekedza dare kutyisidzira kupedza makumi amakore efambiro mberi.

Kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwokutonga kunoreva kudzivirira mutemo. Kunoreva kuva nechokwadi chokuti munhu ari wose, pasinei zvapo nechimiro chake chevatano kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwake, anogona kuenda kudare ndokukarira kutonga kwakarurama kwakavakirwa pamipimo yebumbiro-mitemo. Ihondo iyo magweta, vanorwira, uye vagari vemowo zvavo vanofanira kubatana. judicari yakazvimirira ndiyo vimbiso yakanakisisa yokuti kodzero dzavanhu hadzisati dzichizobayirwa paatari yefungira mano akaipa akakurumbira kana kuti simba ravakuru vakuru.

nokuda kwokuravazve: Utongi hweMutemo noKuzvimirira kwoMutongi , LGLU LGTQ+ Kodzero dzekodzero[[[FLT:]], uye [FLT] Kodzero dzeHuman Watch – LGBT+ dd + Kodzero[FLT:].[FLT]