Murangariro woutariri unokosha kukushanda kwehurumende yeUnited States. Vagadziri vebumbiro remitemo, vanoziva zvikuru nezvebviro yeudzvinyiriri, yakaronga tsika yamasimba akaparadzana umo bazi rimwe nerimwe (jekita, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi) rine mitoro yakananga uyewo vane maturusi akananga okunzvera nokunzvera mamwe. Iyi nzira yakaoma yokunzvera nokudzikamisa inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe ringavapo nesimba uye kuti chiito chehurumende chinoramba chine mutoro kuBumbiro remitemo navanhu. Nyaya ino inogovera nzvero huru yemashandire anoita bazi rimwe nerimwe pamusoro perimwe, mashandire enhau namabasa azvinonyorwa nazvino uno.

Bazu Rine Simba Rokutonga Routarisiri

Kutarisira uku hakusi kungogara kwangofungwa chete asi mutoro mukuru webumbiro remitemo unovimbisa kuti hurumende huru inoramba ichizvidavirira kuvamiririri vakasarudzwa. Maitiro acho anoenderana nezvinopiwa nebumbiro remitemo pamaturusi asina kurongwa anotangwa kuburikidza nokushandiswa.

Kusimbiswa Kwezvirongwa Zvokuroorana

“ Basa redare nebvumo” muChikamu II, Chikamu 2, icherekedzo yakananga pamano apurezidhendi okushanda pabazu guru nedare. Munyori mumwe nomumwe wedare, mutongi wehurumende, mumiriri, uye vakuru vakuru vazhinji vesangano vanofanira kusimbiswa nevoruzhinji vavhota muDare. Iyi purogiramu inodzorwa kuti inzvere nokunyanyisa / kunzvera kukuru kwedaviro, dare, uye nharo dzouriri. Somuenzaniso, tsigiro dzinorwisana dzakadai sedzo dzoMutongi Brett Kavaugh kana kuti Munyori weSangano James Mattis inoenzanisira sei Dare ringanonoka kana kuti kuramba zvisarudzo zvapurezidhendi, ichimanikidzira mukuru kusarudza nenzira ine mwero kana kuti inogamuchirika zvikuru. Kusimbisa kunobatirawo senharo nokuda kwezvibvumirano zvavo zvenguva yemberi, kupfurikidza nokusarongeka kwavo.

Kudzora Mari

“ Simba rechikwama” zvichida ichenjero yeCongress yakanyanya. Pasi peChikamu I, Chikamu 8, Congress inodzora mari yose yehurumende. Hapana chiito choutungamiriri chinogona kuitika pasina mari. Kupfurikidza nemari yezvikwereti zvegore negore, Congress inogona kuwedzera, kana kuti kuderedza zvachose mapurogiramu chaiwoiwo. Inogona kubatanidza vatakuri vanoganhurira basa rokutungamirira. Somuenzaniso, kurambidza kushandiswa kwemari kubvisa vasungwa kubva kuGuanámo Bay kuenda kuUnited States. Kutyisidzira kukuru kwokuvakwa kwehurumende, sokuonekwa muna 2013 na2018181819, kunoratidza kuti Dare rePunions Office (GAO), sangano rinoshandira masangano anozvimirira, kutengesa mari uye kunyora zvisarudzo zviri pamutemo pakushandiswa kwemari.

Kuongorora Nokunzwa

Matare eCongregary ane chiremera chakafara chokunzvera nhau ipi neipi iri musimba rawo. Iri simba, rinosimbiswa munhau dzakafanana ne Mcrain v. Daughty (1877), rinobvumira matare kuisa magwaro epepapepa uye kumanikidza uchapupu kubva kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vebazi. Kuongorora kunobatanidza kunzwa kweWatergate (1973/1974), kwakafumura kusazvibata kwapurezidhendi ndokutungamirira kuna Purezidhendi Nixon’s res pest; Iran-Contra kunzvera kwapanhau kwapamberi kwapabupo uye kuisa pachena kutengeswa kwezvombo zvehondo kuIran kuIran kuIragua kuvapanduki; uye January 6 Komiti yeGwadendercial (12010), iyo yakanzvera kudenha Chechiwo bedzi asi kudzongodzosa pfungwa yehurumende yehurumende.

Kurayira

Chikamu I chinopa House of Declarations simba rimwe chete kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, uye Dare simba rimwe chete rokuedza kuputsa. Impeach icherekedzo yokupedzisira yewiduration(mushonga wemitemo we “chishuvo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru.” Mapurezidhendi matatu akapinzwa neImba: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (196), uye Donald Trump (wace, 2019 ne201). Hapana akapomerwa neDare remitemo, asi muitiro wacho umene unonzwa, ufakazi, uye vhoti yehurumende inodzorwa zvakakomba uye inogona kushatisa tyisidziro. Chityisidziro chepesvedzero chapurezidhendi chinonyandura, mukunyevera.

Kutarisira Kwebazu Ravakuru Vakuru

Kunyange zvazvo bazu guru rinowanzoonekwa sechinhu chokutarisira, rinoshandisa maturusi anokosha kuti ritarisire, ripesvedzere, uye pane dzimwe nguva risarudze zvokuita neDare.

Simba reVeto

Muteveri anogona kupfuudza musengwa upi noupi unopiwa neCongress. Pasi peChikamu I, Chikamu 7, zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri zvinodikanirwa kukurira vhato, iyo munhau inoitika kashoma zvikuru (kungova 4% yezvikwereti zvenguva dzose zvavetoes zvavetuka. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Rooselt yakapa mari 635; misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Purezidhendi Donald Trump vhetote gumi. Chishandiso chine simba: purezidhendi anogona kutyisidzira kumanikidza chinjo mumutemo, kana kuti kushandisa tsvina yetoto (kufamba kwemazuva gumi apo Congresssssss) kuuraya mutero pasina kurambwa.

Nhevedzo Dzine Varairidzi Nemirairidzo

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inobvumira purezidhendi kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende pasina mvumo yesangano. Nepo isingagoni kugadza zvinhu zvokutanga zvakafanira kana kuti kuchinja mutemo, izvo zvinogona kuumba mitemo iripo kuiswe. Mienzaniso yeMitemo yeChiteshi Inobatanidza Utevedzeri Yomutemo 9066 (Vatambi veJapan mukati me WWII), Dhession Order 13769 (kurambidza kwechitima” muna 2017), uye mirairo mizhinji inoshandisa miraudzo yemhoteredzo. Dare rinogona kupfuudza mutemo kubvisa nhevedzano yehurumende, asi purezidhendi anogona kupfuudzira mutemo iwoyo, kumanikidza mukwidzano mukuru wemagesa. Uyezve, miraudzo yedare inodzoro yokuhwirusa kuhwiruso rwebazu.

Hurumende yeMubatanidzwa uye Kudzora Vanhu

Hurukuro yegore negore yapurezidhendi weUnion yakarairwa nemitemo (Article II, Chikamu 3) asi yakashanduka kuva nzvimbo yepamusoro yemisi inotangira nokuda kwokugadza mitemo. Kupfurikidza nokusimbisa zvinokosha zvokutanga zvokutanga.(-alth reconficiation, gadziriro yokubuda munyika, gadziriro dzinoshandiswa nejeriss (mutengi anotsvaka kubudisa pfungwa dzavose uye kumanikidza nhengo dzeCongress. White House inoshandawo Office yeLegislative Affairs iyo inogadzira mutemo zuva nezuva: kuronga mutauro wemitezo, kuverenga mavhoti, uye kugovera kubvumirana. Chibvumirano chinopfuurira chinobvumira mufambiro kuva nechimiro chenhau kubva pamatanho apakuvamba zvikuru echibvumirano.

Kusaina Kutaura

Mapurezidhendi akashandisa nenzira inowedzera kutaura kwokusaina kwakabudiswa pakusaina mutemo wegweta , kana kuti kuzivisa kuti zvikamu zvingava zvisingawirirani nemitemo. Nepo zvichimutsa nharo, aya mashoko anobatira soutariri kupfurikidza nehofisi yebazu yechiito chesangano. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi George W. Bush akabudisa mashoko okusaina achiramba gadziriro dzinopfuura 750 dzinopesana namasimba apurezidhendi, zvakadai seganhuriro pakushandiswa kwechiuto. Congress inogona kupindura kupfurikidza nokugadziridza mutemo womunguva yemberi, asi kutaura kwokusaina kwacho kunoshanda sechekero yapapo kuzivisa kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoshandisa sei (kana kuti asashandise) mutemo.

Kutarisira Kwebazu Rokutonga Kwose Kuri Kuviri Mapazi Ane Simba Navakuru

Dare redare reSangano reMitemo rinotungamirirwa neDare Gurusa, rinobatira somupikisi wokupedzisira wedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Kutarisira kwaro zvikurukuru kunowirirana nechinhu charo (icho ibasa bedzi apo mhaka kana kuti gakava rinounzwa pamberi paro rinenge richisungirwa uye rokupedzisira. Chiremera ichi chinovimbisa kuti hapana Dare kana kuti purezidhendi anogona kudarika miganhu yakagadzwa neBumbiro reMitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Simba rehwirudzuro yedare (kutozivisa mitemo yehurumende kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisina kutenderwa) rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1895]]. Chifo cheDare guru rakaputsa mitemo 170 yehurumende nemitemo yehurumende isingaverengeki. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT:] United States v. Lopez[[FLT]] [195], Dare rakatonga kuti Gun-Free Schools Country Act ipfuure recons reconves congress recurentry, reas resignorence pault recons pertives. [FLD] rhect yemitemo yeSangano reRemoguences] muhondo rehondo rehondo rehondo rehondo renyika dzehondo. [FGene]

Kududzirwa Kwemitemo

Matare anorondedzera revo yemirau seinoitwa neCongress. Kana kuoma kunzwisisa kuripo, kududzira kwedare kunogona kuchinja zvikuru simba romutemo. Somuenzaniso, mu Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council[[FLL:1] [19984], Dare rakatanga gadziriro yokuregerera kududzira mitemo isina kujeka. [FLT:] Chisarudzo icho chazova chekunzvera mano eCongress comment commontration yokudzora chibvumirano. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakaderedzazve kutarisirwa kwomutemo. Kududzira basa racho rinochengeta mapazu ose ari maviri pamusoro pezvirongwa zvokuronga.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Bill of Rights nedzinogadziriswa dzinovimbisa rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukurwisana nechiito chehurumende. Vatongi vanoraira iyi ganhuriro pazvose zviri zviviri mapazu ehurumende neanotonga. Somuenzaniso, Dare rakatonga mu Brown v. Board of Education[ [1954] [54] kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende kwakanga kusingawiriraniswi, nenzira inobudirira kubvumira kwapakuvamba kwechibvumirano nomutemo mukuru wakwo. Mu [FLT:] Roev. v.] [12] [7] [7]), Dare rakarova mugariro womugariro wokwano nemirano yokubvisa mimba, kuvamba kwemitemo yemitemo inodzorongedzero yemitemo yehurumende. Kunyange apo rinoisa murangariro wavose kudzorwa kukodzero dzehurumende.

Nzvero Pagadziriro YeCongress

Dare rinonzverawo kana Congress imene yakaputsa miitiro yebumbiro-mitemo. Somuenzaniso, mu S v. Chadha (1903), Dare Gurusa raikurira chibvumirano chemitemo , raishandiswa kubvisa zvisarudzo zvesangano rehurumende. (a) sokuputsa zvinodikanwa zveBidaralism uye kupa chibvumirano cheChikamu I. Iyi dare rinomanikidzira kutsamira pamitemo yetsika yokubvisa zviito zvechiremera, nokudaro ichisimbisa kuchinjika kwechiremera. Nenzira yakafanana, mu Clinton. muNew York City of [[FLT][FG:3], Dare rakashayisa simba reLinentoto, iro rakapa purezidhendi akanga rapa risati rapa chigaro chokushandisa; Chisarudzoro chakaitwa kuti chishayise chiteshiviso chaPro chaPuniciuston chishatirwe neChisarumbiso chaPututicieto.

Gadziriro Nokusimbisa

Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa naDare, asi kana vangogara, vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu, vachivimbisa kuzvimirira. Uyu muitiro umene unobatira somuitiro woutarisiri: vapurezidhendi vanogona kuumba mutongo wedare kwamakumi amakore, nepo Dare rinogona kumisa vazivi vane uzivi hwapamutemo hwakanyanyisa. Kuumbwa kwazvino uno kweDare racho nemitemo mitanhatu inochengeta tsika dzakagadzwa napurezidhendi veRepublican uye ruramisiro nhatu dzemitemo dzakasununguka dzakagadzwa naDemocrates /rects iyi nhepfekero refu. Upenyu gumi hunobvumira vatongi kushora zvose zviri zviviri pfungwa dzakakurumbira namapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika, kusimbisa basa ravo sechekerero.

Kunetseka Mupfungwa uye Mienzaniso Yamazuva Ano

Kutarisira kwacho kunobva pakurwisana kunoongorora miganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

  • Conrenoral subpoenas vs. ropafadzo youkuru: Mukati moutarisiri hweTrump, House yakapa zvipenasi kuti zvipupuriro nezvinyorwa, asi Purezidhendi akaraira vakuru vakuru kusabatira pamwe, kududza ropafadzo yehurumende. Gakava rakasvika matare, nedare reSupreme Court mu [FLT:] Trump v. Mazars (20) kuti simba reProsacess pocena harina kutongorina kurangarirwa uye rinofanira kuyerererwa mukurwisana nefariro dzapurezidhendi. Iyi mhaka yakajekeswa asi haina kupedza kusawirirana.
  • Chiito chinoshanda pakutama: Purezidenti Obama’s Defection for Childing Applications (DACA) yakadenhwa semukunyengedzeri. Dare Gurusa mu Kumira kweHomeland Security v. Regets dzeUniversity yeCalifornia[[FLT][FLT]] [200]] [20]) rakatonga kuti utarisiri hwakanga husina kutevera muitiro wakafanira mukugumisa DCA(*) asi rakasiya suo rakazaruka nokuda kwechiito chomunguva yemberi. Purezidhendi weTrum akatarisana nenzira yakafanana nehwirudzo yedare uye akatsigirwa pakupedzisira mu [[FLT] trum] v [FFFF]
  • Kupa simba nokurevererwa: Purezidhendi Trump (kushandiswa kwesimba nokudzongonyedzwa kweCongress) uye kusatenderwa kwechipiri (kudzorwa kwechinjo) zvakasimbisa ganhuriro dzesimba redare apo Dare risingapiwi mhaka. Kuzvinyimwa kwakasimbisa kuti kufunda ibasa rezvamatongerwe enyika semuitiro wapamutemo, uye kuti kunzvera kwechibvumirano kunogona kukundikana kana mapoka echibvumirano akadzika.
  • Hurumende inodzima: Kudzimwa kwemari pamusoro pemadziro emuganhu kwakaratidzira miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika yesimba rebhajeti: 800 000 vashandi vehurumende vakashatiswa kana kuti vanoshanda pasina muripo, kudzongonyedzwa kwemibato inokosha, uye pakupedzisira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kwakaratidza kuti mapazi ose ari maviri anogona kuparira marwadzo pamumwe nomumwe, uye paruzhinji kupfurikidza nemiripo yokutarisira.

Kukosha Kwoutarisiri Munzanga Yedemocratic Society

Kutarisira pakati pamapazu matatu hakusati kuri chinhu chakanaka chokufungidzira asi chinodikanwa chinoshanda. ukoshi hwawo hunogona kuiswa munzvimbo huru dzinoverengeka:

Kuzvidavirira

Mukuru mukuru mumwe nomumwe, kubva papurezidhendi kusvikira kumukuru wesangano rinotonga, anofanira kupindura rimwe bazi.Purofesa, kuongorora kutonga, uye kunyange vaiti vesimba revhoriyamu kuti varuramise zviito zvavo pachena uye mubumbiro remitemo. Pasina utarisiri, vakuru vakuru vaigona kushanda pachivande uye vasingarangwi.

Kudzivirirwa Kwokushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira Kwesimba

Vatongi vaitya kuiswa kwesimba kupi nokupi. Sarudzo dzinokatyamadzwa, upenyu hwavatongi, uye chigaro chemitemo chebhiharal zvakagadzirirwa kunonotsa chiito chehurumende. Miitiro yokudzora inoshanda sechinodzorwa, ichidzivisa zviito zvekurumidzi kana kuti zvekusangwarira zvinoitwa nebazu rimwe. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi haagoni kuzivisa hondo pasina Congress; Congress haagoni kupomera munhu mhaka pasina kutonga; Dare harigoni kutanga muitiro pasina mhaka. Uku kudzora inyanzvi yetsika.

Kudzivirirwa Kwokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinova dzinotapurwa zvikurusa apo hurumende inoshanda sesimba rimwe chete. Kunzvera nedzikamo zvinovimbisa kuti kana bazu rimwe rikapinda murusununguko(chaizvo, kupfurikidza nokuisa mutemo unoganhurira kutaura() mamwe mapazu anogona kupindira. Dare, zvikurukuru, rinorinda udzvinyiriri hwavatongi kupfurikidza nokuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bill of Rights, kunyange apo mitemo iyoyo yakakurumbira.

Kuziva Vagari Vemo uye Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Mibato inodzorwa nejeresa yakadai sekutongwa kwedare, mishumo yedare, mifungo yedare. “Kana muitiro wacho ukavhura zvikuru mashoko avose. Kana vagari vemo vakawanda vachigona kuita kuti vamiririri vavo vazvidavirire. Hurumende muSunshi Act and Freedom of Information Act inoita kuti iyi mitongo iwirirane nokupa vanhu vose mukana wekuwana magwaro ebazi makuru. Mutengi anoziviswa ndiyo nzvero yokupedzisira pamapazu ose.

Kuchinja - chinja Masangano Ehurumende

Kudzora kunoumbawo tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Tariro yokuti mapazi acharangarirana inokurudzira kuremekedzwa kwemiitiro yapamutemo uye inoodza mwoyo chiito chomuraudzo. Kunyange apo utariri hunokundikana kushanda (apo boka rimwe rinodzora zvose zviri zviviri White House neCongress) kuvapo inochengeta mupimo wetsika. Nokufamba kwenguva, mipimo yakafanana ne “mutemo” unova wakaiswa mutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchideredza ngozi yokukuparadza.

mhedziso

Miitiro yakaoma kudzikamiswa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inopfuura rondedzero dzenhau; zvinorarama, miitiro inoshamisa inorondedzera kushanda kwezuva nezuva rehurumende. Bazu remitemo rinobata simba rechikwama netyisidziro yokusataura; mukuru mukuru anoshandisa miganhu yechiremera nedare rinokwikwidza; mutongi anodudzira mutemo uye anohwirudzura mabasa ezvose zviri zviviri. Zvizhinji, izvi zvinonzvera zvinoumba gadziriro yakasimba inodzivirira simba, inodzivirira kodzero dzavanhu, uye inoda kuzvidavirira. Sezvo vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoedza miganhuro yavo yechiremera, kana kuti dare rinodenha. Kunzwisisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinonzvera sei zviito zvedzidzo yavose hachisi madikanwa nokuda kwedzidzo yenzanga asi kugonawo kuyera utano hweAmerica.

nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[[FT:1] Chibvumirano chakanyorwa[, Office yeKuzvidavirira[, uye basa reDare rapamusoro-soro [.]