Kudzokorora Kwebazu Rine Chiremera

Bazu ravakuru vakuru ndiro gurusa uye rinooneka zvikurusa pamapazu matatu ehurumende yeUnited States. Rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo yehurumende, kutungamirira gadziriro dzehurumende, kutungamirira mirau yokumwe, uye kutungamirira kudzivirira kworudzi. Bumbiro reMitemo rakavamba mukuru mukuru mumwe kuti ape chinzwano, kutsunga, uye kuzvidavirira mumabasa ehurumende. Nhasi bazi rinotungamirira rinoshandisa vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni mana, kubatanidza mitezo yebasa rehurumende, uye varongedzeri vezvamatongerwe enyika, richiiita mushandirwi mukurusa munyika.

Bazu razvino uno rinotonga rakava nemufungo mukuru zvikuru kubva pamavambo maduku okutarisira kwaGeorge Washington. Kabhineti rokutanga rakaumbwa namadhipatimendi mana bedzi: State, Treasurer, War, uye Atttorney General. Nhasi kune madhipatimendi 15 avakuru vakuru uye mazana amasangano, masangano, uye mabhodhi anoita chinhu chiri chose kubva kuchengeteko yenyika kusvikira kumirano yemhoteredzo. Kunzwisisa gadziriro namabasa ebazu guru kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yehurumende inoshanda sei.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo yeBazu Rinotungamirira

Chikamu II chezvikamu zvesimba rebumbiro reMitemo reU.S. zvinobatira nhambo yegore ramakurukota muna Purezidhendi weUnited States. Vasarira zvose zviri zviviri madzimambo neuteranyiro hweMitemo yeConfederation, vakagadzira mukuru mukuru akasimba asi akanzverwa. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anosarudzwa kupfurikidza neElectoral College, anobatira nhambo yemakore mana, uye anoganhurirwa kumashoko maviri na 22nd Amendement. Bumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba harina kududza Kibitumi, mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti hurumende huru iripo nhasi. Panzvimbo pezvo, akapa Purezidhendi wehurumende chibvumiro chesimba ku [FLT:] kutarisira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka — chitsamagaro chakashandiswa kururamisa mabasa makuru.

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rinopawo Purezidhendi simba rokugadza nhume, vatongi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru veUnited States nezano nemvumo yeDare; kupazve nokukanganwira; kugadza Congress panhambo dzisiri dzenguva; uye kukumbira murangariro wakanyorwa wemisoro yedhipatimendi revakuru vakuru. Vavambi vakaita namaune bazu revakuru vakuru, vachitaurira kuti [[FLT: 0]] mumukuru mukuru wehurumende itsika yakatanhamara murondedzero yehurumende yakanaka [ (FEda puranistryment. 70]).

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwakadzama parugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo nedudziro yarwo, ona Constitution Center yeNational Center yeChikamu II.

Purezidhendi: Mukuru Mukuru uye Musoro Wehurumende

Sakasafanana nemugadziriro dzeparamende, Purezidhendi weU.S. anobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri utungamiriri hwetsika nehunodzora. Mitoro yetsika yaPrezidhendi inobatanidza:

  • Kusaina kana kuti kuisa mutemo unobvumiranwa neDare
  • Kupa vanachiremba, mabasa okushandisa, uye zviziviso
  • Kuisa mazita muvatongi vomuhurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, uye vakuru vakuru venzvimbo yakakwirira
  • Kubatira seNdounda yemauto ane zvombo
  • Kutarisira mitemo yokumwe, kubatanidza kutaurirana zvibvumirano (netendero yeDare) uye kuziva hurumende dzokumwe
  • Kukanganwira uye kutaurirana mhaka dzehurumende

Purezidhendi anopawo Nyika yegore negore yeUnion, anogovera chikarakadzo chemari yokushandisa kuCongress, uye anogadza vakuru vemasangano ehurumende. Chigaro chakagadzwa chakura musimba noukuru mumazana amakore, zvikurukuru mukati menjodzi dzorudzi kufanana neHondo yevagari vemo, Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, uye pashure penhambo ye9 / 11. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anotsamira pavashandi vakuru vakuru veWhite House neHofisi yeMutungamiriri weProfesiti (EOP), yakaitwa muna 1939 kuti ibetsere kutungamirira hurumende inokura.

Simba Rapurezidhendi Muudzame

Masimba aPurezidhendi, ose ari maviri ebumbiro remitemo nerapamutemo, anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvikuru zvinoverengeka:

Kugadzwa uye Simba Rokubviswa

Purezidhendi anogadza vakuru vakuru veUnited States, kubatanidza vanyori vakuru veCabinet, nhume, uye vatongi vehurumende. Uku kugadza kunoda kusimbiswa kweDare, cheki inogona kumisa kana kuti kunonotsa purogiramu yaPurezidhendi. Nokuda vakuru vakuru vakuru , Congress ingaisa simba rokugadza muna Purezidhendi oga, mumatare, kana kuti muvakuru vemadhipati. Simba rinobviswa, nepo risina kududzwa zvakajeka, rakasimbiswa neDare rapamusorosoro sorutivi runokosha rwechiremera chavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende — Purezidhendi angabvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu pasina donzo, kunyange zvazvo masangano akazvimiriri ane dziviriro zvakati.

Simba reVeto

Purezidhendi anogona kuramba mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, achidzorera nezvirambidzo. Congress inogona kudzora chikwereti nembiri-tatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, chinoitika chisingawanzowaniki. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anewo pedocket vento: kana Congress ichiita mumazuva gumi okupa chibvumirano, Purezidhendi haagoni kungochisaina, achiuraya nenzira inobudirira pasina chiteshi chetsika, uye purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa chishandiso chetyisidziro kubvumiranisa.

Nhevedzo Yavatarisiri Neziviso

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inotungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye ine simba romutemo, asi haigoni kupokanidza mitemo iripo kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo. Mapurezidhendi anoishandisa kutarisira bazu guru, kushandisa mitemo, uye kuita chimwe chinhu. Nepo zvirango zvavakuru vakuru zvisingadudzwi muBumbiro remitemo, vanobva musimba guru raPrezidhendi. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Emancipration Proclation progation, Order 9066 (Magartimendime), uye mirayiro yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pokutama, mamiriro okunze, uye mamiriro okunze. Nokuda kwendazarudzo yemirayiro yezvokudzora yenhau yaMakuru, shanyo yeNational Archivedciography Orderstions [FLT:]

Chiremera Chenhau Dzemauto Nedzedzimwe Nyika

SeMutungamiriri weGuta-murwi, Purezidhendi anoraira mauto eU.S. uye anogona kutumira mauto kune imwe nyika, asi Congress bedzi ine simba rokuzivisa hondo. Masimba eHondo ehondo a 1973 anoda kuti Purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati memaawa 48 okuita mauto neganhuriro kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo yedare. Mune dzimwe nyika, Purezidhendi anomirira nyika, anowirirana, uye anopinda muzvibvumirano zvechiremera (zvisati zvichida tendero yeDare reSangano). Dare rapamusorosoro rina Dare rakachengetwa mu [[FLT: 0] United States. Curtles-gner [193] [196] kuti mubatanidzwa wehurumende yenyika yokumwe.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende Aiva Mutongi

Mutungamiriri weSanihesa mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wechipiri mubazu guru uye wokutanga mumutsetse wapurezidhendi wenhevedzano. Kusafanana naPrezidhendi, Purezidhendi Mutungamiriri ane mabasa maviri akasiana ebumbiro remitemo: mukuru mukuru napamutemo. SaPrezidhendi weDare, Mutungamiriri weSanihedheni anotungamirira pamarusando eDare, asi anongovhota bedzi kana dai dare rapamberi. Semutenzi mukuru webazi, Purezidhendi anopa zano Purezidhendi, anotanga mabasa okukurukurirana, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anotungamirira miitiro. Mutevengi wePurezidhendi wazvino unova akura muukoshi, zvikurukuru chibviro chaWalter Mondidale, uyo akatanga muenzaniso woukama hwepedyo napurezidhendi.

Musangano wePurezidhendi wePurezidhendi uri muWhite House, uye Mutungamiriri weHurumende anewo nzvimbo yapamutemo yokugara paNaval Observatory.

Mahofisi Edare Neanotungamirira

Dare idare rinoronga zvinoumbwa nemisoro yemadhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira. Mitezo yeCabinet inosarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Vane Munyori wezita rokuremekedza, kunze kweAttorney General (Justice) naPostner General (kunyange zvazvo Postal Service iri zvino sangano razvimirira). Basa reKebita yacho nderokupa zano Purezidhendi panhau mukati menzvimbo dzavo dzakatsaukana. Misangano yeCabineman inoitirwa pachisarudzo chaPurezilla. Nepo vakuru vakuru veCabinet vane chiremera chinokosha, ivo pakupedzisira vanobatira pafaro yaPrezidhenti uye vanogona kubviswa panguva ipi neipi.

Madhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira ndeaya:

  • Department of Agriculture
  • Bazi Rokutengeserana
  • Department of Defense
  • Department of dzidzo
  • Department of Energy
  • Department of Health and Human Services
  • Department of Home Security
  • Department of Home Nekubudirira Kwemataundi
  • Bazi Remukati
  • Department of Justice
  • Department of Baby
  • Department of State
  • Department of Troads
  • Dhipatimendi Reveimba
  • Department of Veterans Affairs

Bazi rimwe nerimwe rine basa chairo uye rakakamurwazve kuva masangano, mabhureau, mahofisi, uye mabasa. Somuenzaniso, Department of Justice inobatanidza FBI, Dhipatimendi reDrug Inforcement Administration, uye Bureaunt of Prices. Department of Health and Human Services inotarisira FDA, CDC, uye NIH.

Hofisi Yakananga yaPurezidhendi (EOP)

EOP yakatangwa naFranklin D. Roosevelt kugovera Purezidhendi tsigiro navashandi. Inobatanidza mahofisi makuru anoverengeka:

  • Hofisi yeImba Yechena (WHO):[[FLT: 1] Inobatanidza Mukuru weStaff, Munyori wePress, National Security Advisor, uye dzimwe yamuro huru.
  • Office of Management and Bactal (OMB): Anobetsera Purezidhendi mukugadzirira bhajeti yesangano remubatanidzwa nokutarisira kushanda kwesangano.
  • [ Dare reNSANGA reNSANGA yeNUT): inobatanidza gadziriro yokunze nedziviriro.
  • [ Conuncil of Economic Advisers (CEA): Inopa kunzvera kwemari uye zano.
  • Office yeUnited States Trade Messagement (USTR): inotungamirira kurukurirano dzezvokutengeserana.

EOP yakura kuva mitezo inopfuura 2 000 yavashandi uye chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwoutungamiriri hwapurezidhendi, kuchibvumira Purezidhendi kutungamirira muitiro pasina kupinda mumadhipatimendi makuru zvikuru.

Kuzvimirira Kwezvirongwa Nemasangano

Hachisi sangano rose rehurumende rinokodzera zvakanaka mukati medhipatimendi. Congress yakaita masangano akawanda asingazvimiriri [[FLT: 1] anoshanda kunze kwedhipatimendi guru kuti avadzivirire mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Masangano iwaya kazhinji kazhinji ane wirirano, jasi-jectal, kana kuti mibato yokutarisira. Mienzaniso inobatanidza:

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  • Federal Reserve System (Nyanza)
  • Ubati Ushe uye Basa Rokuchinjana (SEC)
  • Komisheni Yekurukurirano Yamatunhu (FCC)
  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
  • Nyika Yezvokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kutarisira Pandege (NASA)
  • Vanotarisira Chengeteko Yenzanga (SSA)

Masangano anozvimirira anotungamirirwa namabhodhi kana kuti vatarisiri vamwe avo vanowanzobatira mashoko akatsiga uye havagoni kubviswa pasina chikonzero. Ichi chivako chinoitirwa kubvumira kuita chisarudzo chenyanzvi mukusasarura matongerwe enyika zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nomuitiro wemari nemirairo yokudzivirira kukuvadziko. Bva ivo vanoramba vari rutivi rwebazu guru, vadzorwa nokutarisira kwapurezidhendi nemari yedare.

Guru Rehurumende Rinotonga: Basa Rokushandira Vagari Vemo

Vashandi vazhinjisa vehurumende vanoshanda vapabasa vapamberi vakavakirwa pahwaro kupfurikidza nomuitiro wamakwikwi wakatangwa nePendleton Act ya1883. Vanogovera kupfuurira muudzori nokuziva kwesangano. Hofisi yeBasa (OPM) inotarisira kurovha, mitemo, uye betsero. Boka rebasa rinowanzonzi bazi rechina rehurumende [ nemhaka youkuru nokupesvedzera kwayo. Nepo varongedzeri vezvamatongerwe enyika varo, vashandi vanoshandisa zvirongwa zvebasa uye vanotarisira kushanda zuva nezuva.

Kuongorora uye Kudzikama Pasimba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Bazu guru rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yakasanogadzirwa yecheki nedzikamo.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Nevarwi

Congress ine zvishandiso zvine simba zvokutarisira bazu guru. Rinogona kuita kuti zvinzwisiswe, nhau, zvipupuriro, uye kunzvera zviito zvavatungamiriri. Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kweboka rapamusoro ndokuita kuti zvibvumirano zvive zvapamutemo. Imba yoga inovamba zvirongwa zvokuranga. Congress inodzora bhajeti — simba rechikwama — rinochipa purojeka hurusa pamapurogiramu esangano. Kuwedzera, Congress inogona kuronga kana kubvisa masangano ehurumende uye kudzora.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Matare ehurumende, zvikurukuru Dare rapamusorosoro, anogona kuzivisa zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisingawirirani nemitemo. Nhau dzepasi dzinoratidzira dzakadai se Protown Sheep & Tube Co. Sawyer (1952) simba rapabumbiro rapurezidhendi rakaganhurirwa, nepo United States v. Nixton [77])) yakamanikidzira Purezidhendi kuwirirana nesumo yemirayiro yebumbiro remitemo nemiraukuru. Matare anohwishinaidhia anonzverawo simba remitemo yebumbiro rehurumende nemiraukuru.

Chiremera Chomukati Chinonzvera

Office of Legal Counser inotsanangura mutemo webazi guru. Government Accounting Office (GAO), ruoko rweCongress, mari inoshandiswa nesangano rehurumende pakushanda kwesangano.

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Purezidhendi, Muvindi, navakuru vakuru vose vehurumende veUnited States vanogona kushuviwa nokuda kwe kwerangariro, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye zvikanganiso. Imba inotemwa navazhinjiwo zvavo; Dare rinotonga uye rinogona kubvisa nevhoti mbiri. Mapurezidhendi — Andrew Johnson naBill Clinton — vakapinzwa noMusha asi havana kubviswa. Richard Nixon airega pamberi pezvibvumirano zvaigona kugumisa. Chityisidziro chedare rinotonga chinoshanda secherekedzo ine simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Simba Rehondo Neganhuriro Dzenhau Dzokumwe

Nepo Purezidhendi ari Mutungamiriri wePuerce-in-Chief, Congress bedzi inogona kuzivisa hondo ndokutsigira hondo. Chisarudzo cheWar Powers chinoda kushuma kwapurezidhendi nemirairo yemauto pasina tendero yedare. Dare Gurusa rinozivawo kuti masimba enhau dzaPurezidhendi haana kuganhurirwa — somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi haagoni kuzivisa zvibvumirano zvinobatanidzwa pasina kubvumirana kwedare.

Ropafadzo Yakananga

Ropafadzo yapanzvimbo inotungamirirwa ikodzero yaPurezidhendi yokunyima mashoko kuDare kana kuti matare kudzivirira kuvandika kwokuita chisarudzo. Hakusi kwakakwana uye kwakaganhurirwa neDare rapamusoro-soro. Dare mu United States v. Nixon rairangarira kuti ropafadzo yechiremera inofanira kutera kuzvinodikanwa zvomutongo weutsotsi. Chiremera chinodzorwa inharaunda inokwikwidzwa nomutemo, inowanzokumbirwa mukati mekunzvera.

Kubudirira Kwapurezidhendi Nokusagadzikana

Chikamu 25 Pramente, chakasimbiswa muna 1967, chakajekeswa kutevedzana kwapurezidhendi. Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi anobudirira kana Purezidhendi akafa, akarega basa, kana kuti akabviswa. Kana Mutungamiriri wenyika akava asina munhu, Purezidhendi anotsiva mutsivi anofanira kusimbiswa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress. Kugadziriswa kunogoverawo miitiro yokutamisirwa kwechinguvana kwesimba apo Purezidhendi anorererwa, zvakadai somutoo wokurapa. Ikoku kunovimbisa kupfuurira kwomurairo mubazu guru.

Mutsetse wenhevedzano kupfuura Purezidhendi weVice Securial Explorion Act ya1947: Mutauri weImba, Mumiriri weSanihedrini, uye ipapo vakuru vakuru veKabhinati mukurayira kusikwa kwedhipatimendi. Uyu mutsetse hauna kutongoedzwa kupfuura Purezidhendi Mukuru.

Bazu Rine Chiremera Muzana Ramakore rechi 21

Mazuva ano, hofisi yebazi iri kutungamirira zvivako zvehurumende inoona nezvemasangano ehurumende, matare eNational Security Council, uye White House, zviri kunetsa: Kutyisidzirwa kwemakombiyuta, kupararira kwezvirwere munyika, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kuwedzera kwesimba rehurumende.

Kunzwisisa bazu ravakuru vakuru kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anodzidza hurumende yeAmerica, magariro, kana kuti mutemo. Kuoma kwebazu kunoratidzira mwero nemhatsa yenyika yairi kubatira. Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera rondedzero ye yeGwaro reWhite yebazu guru re[ kana kuti bvunza USA.gov kurangarirwa kwamapazu matatu ehurumende .

mhedziso

Bazu ravakuru vakuru rinopfuura zvikuru Purezidhendi neKibitain. Iro isangano rakawanda ramadhipatimendi, masangano, masangano, uye vashandi izvo pamwe chete zvinomanikidzira mitemo, kupa mabasa, uye kudzivirira rudzi. Kuvambira paOval Office kusvikira kuhofisi dukusa yemunda, bazu rinotungamirira rinoisa mitemo yehurumende yehurumende muchiito. Gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo zvinovimbisa kuti simba guru iri rinoramba richizvidavirira kumamwe mapazu uye kuvanhu veAmerica.