Sumo

Chitendero chapashure pekokoroni yeLatin America chinogovera rabhorotari yakapfuma yokunzwisisa kuti mamiriro ezvinhu okutonga anoumba sei miuyo yedemokrasi. Pashure pokusununguka pakutonga kweSpain nePortugal mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 19, marepublic makuru akagarwa nhaka gadziriro dzokutonga dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende, masangano makuru enzanga, uye mari inotsamira pakubudisa kusiiwa kwedzimwe nyika. aya masangano akabatanidzwa nedenho dzorudzi kuti apedze mhatsa yehurumende dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinooneka — kubva kudiescrectorial democracyism inodzorwa kudzokororwazverwa kwehondo negadziriro dzamafashoni. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera zvirongwa zvikuru zvokutonga zvavanhu zvinobuda muLatin America pashure pokuzvimirira, zvinonzvera shanduka shanduka shanduka - shanduka - chitarisiko chawo, uye zvinoyera mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende inodzokorodzanyika dzose, kugadzikana, uye sangano.

Nhoroondo Yokutonga muLatin America

Masangano okuzvimirira akatsvaira Latin America pakati pa 1810 na 1825 akaguma mazana matatu amakore okutonga kwehurumende asi haana kuparira nokukurumidza nyika dzakatsiga. Nyika itsva dzakatarisana nemibvunzo inokosha pamusoro penzira yokuronga nayo simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Aizogamuchira here gadziriro dzehurumende kana kuti dzesangano? Ko vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vaizova vakasimba kana kuti vakaneta here? Ko kurukurirano idzi dzaizova dzakafara kana kuti dzakaganhurirwa? Yakapesana nenzvimbo yakadzika midzi [[FLT:] caudillo [ — kudzora kwavarume vane simba vomunzvimbomo avo vakaunganidza vateveri vane zvombo — uye kuderera kworudzi.

Mabumbiro emitemo apakuvamba mazhinjisa akakwereta zvikuru kuUnited States kana kuti kubva kumifungo yakasununguka yeEurope, asi zvomene zvomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji zvakashatisa iyi mifungo. Vakakwirira vakatanhamara, Chechi yeKaturike, uye mauto vakachengeta pesvedzero huru. Muuyo wakanga uri denderedzwa remitemo yemitemo, hondo yavagari vemo, uye kudzorwa kwesimba kwakapfuurira zvakanaka muzana ramakore rechi 20. Nhaka yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeRoma yapakati, yakabvisa hurumende uye kushayikwa kweboka rapakati rakasimba zvakaita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuvaka masangano ehurumende yehurumende inogarwa munzvimbo iri yose.

Gadziriro Dzehurumende Dzakakurumbira

Nyika dzeLatin America dzakaedza mapoka akafara anoverengeka okudzora. chivako chimwe nechimwe chine revo dzakasiyana - siyana dzokukura kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Gadziriro Dzapurezidhendi

Chimiro chokudzora chakapararira zvikurusa muLatin America i tsika yakajeka, umo mutungamiriri akazvimirira anobatira vose vari vaviri sevakuru vakuru vehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende. Nyika dzakadai seBrazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, uye Colombia dzakashandisa zvimiro zveiyi nzira. Kukwezva kwakanga kuri pachena: mukuru mukuru mukuru ane simba aigona kugovera chinzwano chenyika yose nerunyararo, zvikurukuru munguva dzenjodzi. Zvisinei, gadziriro yapurezidhendi muLatin America kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoisa simba rakakwirira muFacean, zvikurukuru apo yakabatanidzwa nechekero nedzino usimbe. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakataura kuti mashoko akasimba uye kukunda kwadzose kwapurezidhendi wehurumende yakaita kuti ipedzeidzero yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kupukupukupukupukuka, sezvaorwa mukuputsika kwehurumende yehondo murejiri yehondo muBrazil (1973) uye kuderera kwehurumende yehondo yeChile.

Masangano eParamende Nemapeteji

Miitiro yeParamende, umo mukuru mukuru anowana maruramiro ayo kubva kudare remitemo, yakanga iri yakarovedzeka zvishoma muLatin America. Uruguay yakaedza nokupfupikisa namukuru mukuru mukuru wecollegial (National Council of Government) kuvambira muna 1952 kusvikira muna 1967, achivavarira kuparadzira simba nokudzivisa ngozi dzechaudillismo. Peru yakagamuchira tsika yakavhengana, yakavhengana, kaviri yetsika yapamberi pashure pebumbiro remitemo ra 1993. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuedza kuzhinjisa kwehurumende dzeparamende kwaindey kwakanga kuri kupfupi kana kuti kuganhurirwa. Muenzanisiro wapurezidhendi akaramba ari akakwana, murutivi nemhaka yenhaka ine simba yetsika yetsika yeSpain yokuregeredzoso.

Vadzori Vehondo Nechinzvimbo Chokuva Mutongi

Utongi hwehondo hwakanga huri gadziriro inodzokororwazve munenge muzana ramakore rechi 20. Ma 1960 kusvikira kuma 1980 akaona fungu rehurumende dzehurumende dzechiBureaucratist muBrazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, uye kune imwe nzvimbo. Idzi hurumende dzakadzvinyirira masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, dzakabvisa kusarudzwa, uye dzakashandisa tyisidziro yehurumende kumanikidza — kazhinji kazhinji netsigiro inobva kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende dzehurumende dzechinyakare namasimba okumwe akafanana neUnited States mukati meHondo yeDeumaretainment. Kutonga kwehondo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kune chokuita nereginoraviti yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yavanhu, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe hurumende (g. Chile, pasi pePinochemet) dzakaita chinjo dzezveripo dzemari kuti hurumende dzapashure dzisadzosadzosa. Hurumende dzehurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzehurumende dzinotonga hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeseromatongedzero — matare avanhu, kodzero dzavanhu, uye kudzorwa kuchengetedzwa kwehurumende dzinotonga vanhu vose dzakaresa kwenguva refu pashure pokuchinja.

Vanobudisa Zvombo Nehurumende Dzemhindumupindu

Latin America yakabudisawo gamuchidzanwa rakasiana ra pupulist udzori hwe , kubva kuJuan Perón muArgentina (46-9555, 19731974) kuenda Hugo Chávez muVenezuela (1999-2013). Vatungamiriri vePopulist vaiisa simba rakatanhamara mumukuru, vachifuratira masangano akagadzwa, uye vaikurudzira kutsigira kupfurikidza nokukurudzira zvakananga varombo uye kubvisa upfumi. Padzimwe nguva kukura kutora rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika munguva pfupi, populalism kazhinji kazhinji inoshatsa dziviriro dzedemocracy — matare akasununguka, akasununguka, mapepanhau, uye masangano ehurumende anodzorwa — achitungamirira kuhurumende dzechiwiriranwa kana kuti dzoumbiso. Venezuela inosimudzira kupfuudzo dzinobva kupfumisa chiZro mukurumbira chamato yechamutenzi Chvéro.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kuvapo Kwemasangano Echiuto

Zvisinei, zvinhu zvoga hazviiti kuti pave nemigumisiro; zvinobatana nemamiriro ezvinhu enzanga, mamiriro ezveupfumi, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwenyika dzakawanda.

Simba Romusangano Nokusimbisa Kunoita Zvehurumende

Nyika dzakavaka masangano akasimba, anozvitonga anozvimirira — majekiseni ehurumende anozvimirira, masangano ezvirongwa zvehurumende, mabasa evagari vemo anobudirira, uye manyuko akasununguka — dzakanga dzine bviro huru yokuchengeta hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatsiga. Colta Rica inowanzodudzwa senhau yenharaunda inobudirira zvikurusa: pashure pokuparadza hondo yayo muna 1948, nyika yakakudziridza nyika yegarikano yakabudirira, gadziriro yemakwikwikwikwi, uye mwero yakakwirira yechivimbo chehurumende. [[FLTF:]] [FLT:] Uruguay[[FLT: 3], pasinei udzori hupfupi mu 1970s-80, yakakwezva upfumi hwehurumende yenzanga dzakarevesaidzika. [FT] [FFF], 1990]

Kupandukira Nokuputsika Kwehurumende

Nenzira yakapesana, nyika dzine masangano asina simba nesimba rapamusoro rapurezidhendi dzakawana kuputsika kwehurumende yedemokrasi kwadzokororwazve. Argentina, somuenzaniso, yakatenderera pakati pomutemo wehurumende nehondo katanhatu pakati pa1930 na 1983. Kuiswa kwesimba muutungamiriri, kwakabatanidzwa negadziriro yokutsigira nokushaikwa kwezvokunzvera zvinobudirira, kwakaita kuti gadziriro yacho ive ine ngozi kuzvinetso zvemari uye kudzorwa kwapundasiti. Venezuela, yakamborangarirwa kuva muenzaniso wedemokramende, yakaona utongi hwayo huchishandurwa zvishoma nezvishoma muChávez: Bumbiro reconfation, neaterramentiverist, uye yakaita kuti ive nerumbidzo yemari inodzo ishake. Pakazosvika 2020, nyika yacho yakanga yapinda munjodzi yomutsa vanhu uye makwikwikwi makuru zvikuru munyika yose.

Basa Remauto Mumatongerwe Enyika

Basa rebumbiro remitemo rehondo imhatsa inodenha. Munyika dzinoverengeka dzeLatin America, mauto akachengeta masimba makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika kunyange pashure pokuchinja kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu — mabasa echengeteko yomukati, bhajeti, uye kukanganwirwa nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwekodzero dzevanhu. Idzi “kuchinja kwakabvumiranwa” (mhiko, Brazil, Chile) dzakatengesa kuzvidavirira kwakazara nokuda kwetsigiro, asi dzakasiya hurumende dzoutongi dziri nyore kupesvedzero yehondo. Mukupesana, kubviswa kwehondo semutambi wezvamatongerwe enyika chose chose, kuchishandura kukura kwehurumende yedemocracy.

Masangano Ezvehondo Nematongerwe Enyika Epachikwata

Gadziriro yemiitiro yevhota yakaumbawo rudzi rwedemocracy. Gadziriro dzemipimo yehurumende, seyakashandiswa muUruguay neCosta Rica, yakakurudzira makwikwi akasiana--- siyana nechivako chakafanana. Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa gadziriro huru kana kuti dzakavhengana idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinokamuranisa masangano omutemo ehurumende uye dzakakurudzira matongerwe enyika omunhu oga. Brazil’s yakaparira mwero yakakwirira yemipimo yemipimo yemipimo yemibatanidzwa, yakabatanidzwa nenzvimbo dzakawanda nechirango chebato, zvakatungamirira munhau kuputsanyadzano pakati pamapatunhu mazhinji, kuchimanikidzira purezidhendi kuunganidza mabhiringi akapararira uye kazhinji kazhinji masangano kuti ashate.

Kuongorora Vara

Chile: Kubva Pakudzvinyirirwa Kuenda Kuhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Inodzorwa

Chile chirongwa chezvamatongerwe enyika chinotungamirirwa naGeneral Augusto Pinochet ifundo iri mukupesana. Kuvambira muna 1833 kusvikira muna 1973, yakachengeta kutonga kwapamutemo kwakatsiga zvikuru, negadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yaapoka nechepakati pezana ramakore rechi20. Kudzora kwehondo kwa 1973 kwakatungamirirwa naGeneral Augusto Pinochet kwakagadza hurumende ine utsinye yakagadza hurumende ine utsinye yakagadza idzorererere rezve remari yemari yemiitiro yezve yemari yebhizimisi ndokudzoronzerera mitemo yebumbiro remitemo yemitemo yapamutemo muna 1980. Bumbiro remitemo remitemo yehurumende rinosimbiswa nesimba rapamutemo rakaumbwa namasimba ose ramakurusa masimba makuru, zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvezvikwadiapurendi zvechisvolson anoshanda mumitezo yenzanga nero yezvemari ya 2000, yakava nezvinodzivirira nokuda kwenzvimbo dzamatongedzero yehondo huru zvikuru. Aposerosero inopfudzwa kudzo inopfudzwa zvikuru mugadziriro yechisiro inopfuudzo inopfumisa kudzo

Venezuela: Kurwisa Kunoitwa Nehurumende

Venezuela yakarumbidzwa kwenguva refu sechisiidzo chemisikanzwa yeLatin America. Kuvambira muna 1958 zvichienda mberi, Punto Fijo chibvumirano pakati pamapoka makuru chakagadza democracy yakadzikama nenzvimbo inovhota yakakwirira uye gadziriro dzegarikano dzakasimba namafuta. Gadziro yokudzora yakaratidzira gadziriro yapurezidhendi yakasimba, asi necherekedzo nedzinongedzero dzakashanda zvakanaka. Zvisinei, kuputsika kwemitengo yeoiri muma 1980 na 1990, yakabatanidzwa nokukwira kwouori uye gadziriro yebato yakaputsika, yakazarukira musuo waHugo Chávez, aichimbova mutungamiriri wehurumende wesimba rinokwezva. 1999 akakudziridza zvinoshamisa masimba apurezidhendi akakudziridza, akatambanurira makore matanhatu nakare (muteverwa) uye akapiwa simba rehurumende reUnited States reUnited States kuti adzorerwe nesimba renyika yose.

Brazil: Kutonga saPrezidhendi uye Uori

Chimiro chokudzora cheBrazil chinobatanidza gadziriro yapurezidhendi yakasimba nesangano ramasangano akawanda akakamuraniswa, vatongi vehurumende vane simba, uye gadziriro yemitemo yakakurumbira yakakurumbira. Pashure perumbidzo rwa 1988, Brazil yakabuda sehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nesimba, asi zvinetso zvinopfuurira zvouori hwezvamatongerwe enyika, ruvimbiko rusina simba, uye kusaenzana kwakaparira basa rayo rokurongeka. Sangano rapurezidhendi rakakurudzira vakuru vakuru kuvaka mibatanidzwa mikuru, vamasangano avamiririri vayoni kupfurikidza nokushandisa mutengiri — kutsinhanhamisa nzvimbo netsanyo nokuda kwetsigiro yemitemo yehurumende. Izvo “kudzora kwoupurezidhendi webato” zvakaita kuti kuve kunobvira, asi zvakaparirawo nzvimbo yokuwedzera yokuumbwa kwaronga, sokugovera kwokushanda kwechiuto kukuru kwechiLava Jato Jato Jato, kunyange kupfurikidza nokudzokororwa kwechitoromedzokororwa kwechiso yehurumende zvakashata zvikuru muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yapasi pevhundi kupfurikidza nokubudisa kuzivisa kupfurikidza nechirongwa chapamutemo kuti chipfumerero chikuru zvikuru mu2016 mu2016.

Mexico: Chikamu chimwe cheDomithance uye Kushandurwa

Chimiro chokudzora cheMexico nokuda kwezhinjisa yezana ramakore rechi 20 chakanga chiri chishava: gadziriro yapurezidhendi wedemokrati yapamutemo yaidzorwa neInstitutional Revolution Party (PRI), iyo yakava nesimba kuvambira muna 1929 kusvikira muna 2000, PRI yakachengeta udzori kupfurikidza nomuvhenganiswa wevatengi, kudzora nokubatana kwevavengi, panzvimbo pokuva nomubatanidzwa wevarwi, panzvimbo pesimba rehondo. Purezidhendi akashandisa simba guru rapamutemo rapamutemo — kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inonzi “systenio" system, sezvo purezidhendi vakashanda gore rimwe retanhatu pasina kukunda, asi vaigona kudzosa mutsivi wavo. Chiva chinopa nhambo yaresa zvikuru yokubudirira yezvamatongerwe enyika yezvamatongerwe enyika inoparira migariro pamutemo yamasimba masimba makuru echienzi. Chipomendemugosero chikuru chinoparira pamutemo chaAndmoccuptic chikashatsa kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa kukuru kwemitemo waAndXhoccuptuken, asi chikangova chikatongeteshi chamasimba masimba chikuru. Chipoka

Argentina: Kuda Kuzvinyima uye Kusakwanisa

Nhau yokutonga yeArgentina inoratidzirwa nokuchinja kukuru pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu noudzvinyiriri hwehondo, kwakasundwa murutivi rukuru nechiverengero chinopesana cheboka raJuan Perón nesangano rinogara raakatanga. Nyika yacho yakagamuchira gadziriro yapurezidhendi, asi simba guru raiwanzoshandiswa nomutoo wakanyongana: mapoka ane simba, madhipatimendi ane masimba pakati pevaPeronist navarwi vehurumende, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mauto anokanganisa kupfuurira kwesangano. Kuvambira muna 1930 kusvikira muna 1983, hapana purezidhendi akasarudzwa akapedza shoko rose pasina kuparadzwa kana kuti kubviswa. Nyika inodzokera kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muna 1983, uye sezvo Argentina yachengeta democracycy, asi kunyange pashure pere mamiriro ezvinhu anodzora mumugariro wakaderera zvikuru. Simba inodzorwa nesimba renyika yose rinodzorwa nemigariro yezvemari yapasi pese. Simba inodzorwa nesimba renyika yose yagara iripo nenhamo (kudzorwa, kupfurikidza nahudzoro yemari yakarongwa, kudzongonyekedzodzodzodzodzo yakakurumbira zvikuru, kupfurikidza naMarserorsero, anokundikana zvikuru.

Matambudziko Nekariro Dzenguva Yemberi

Pasinei zvapo nokubatanidzwa kwose kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muLatin America chifo cha 1990 (nomusi wechienzi chakatanhamara cheVenezuela, Nicaragua, uye Cuba), nyika zhinji dzinotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzinobva mugadziriro dzadzo dzokutonga dzakagarwa nhaka. Kudzora kunoramba kuri nhau huru: kunyange apo hurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dziripo, purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinorega mitemo inosarudzwa, kutonga nemitemo nenyanzvi dzakavimbika. Masangano esangano mudzimba dzamasangano, mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye majeri anoramba ari pakati penzvimbo dzakaderera zvikurusa dzenyika ipi neipi yenyika yose. Kukwira kwenhau kwe chengeteko yechengeteko yehurumende dzehurumende, utsotsi, hwakarongwa, uye kutengeswa kwemirimo yemirimo yakasundazve hurumende, kudzoro yehurumende dzehondo, kudzokororokazve.

Chimwe chinetso chezvivako kuoma kwe kuoma kwemitemo nokukamukana kwakawanda. Sezvinoonwa muBrazil, Chile, Ecuador, uye Peru, purezidhendi vakasarudzwa nezvikamu zviduku zvinofanira kuvaka zvibvumirano zvakakamukana zvikuru. Izvi kazhinji zvinotungamirira kutsika nokusashanda kwemitemo nenhamburiko — Peru yoga yakaona purezidhendi vana vachibviswa kana kuti kubviswa pakati pa2016 na 2022. Dzimwe nyika dzinoongorora kuchinja: Bolivia yakasundwa ku “hurumende yeparamendero yeparamende yakakamu kuti ive pakati pedare guru renyika nerevoruzhinji, nepo kuedza kunyoreswa kwemitemo itsva yeChile (kuramba nenzira inowirirana muna 2022) yakakarakadzwa kuti ive simba renguva inopfuumbirira mberi kupararira. Asi sangano rinopesana nero rinopesana nero rinodzokorodzadzodzoka kazhinji.

Zvisakiso zvokunze — zvikurukuru pesvedzero inokura yezvemari yeChina nemisika yokumwe yeUS — zvinotapurawo zvirongwa zvokudzora. vatungamiriri vehurumende muVenezuela, Nicaragua, uye Cuba vakavimba nokukweretesa tsigiro yehondo yeChina neyavaRussia kuti vadzivise dzvinyiriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

mhedziso

Kuenzanisa kwezvirongwa zvokutonga pashure penzvimbo dzinodzorwa neLatin America kunozivisa kuti kunyange zvazvo nhau dzebumbiro-mitemo dzichivakwa, hakusati kuri kufanosarudzirwa. Nyika dzine masangano akasimba, nzanga dzinozvitonga seCosta Rica, Uruguay, uye pashure pe19990 Chile yakakwanisazve kufambisa simba rapurezidhendi kumagumo edemokrasi, kunyange apo zvivako zvavo zvepamutemo zvakafanana neizvo zvevavakidzani vasingabudiriri kubudirira. Njodzi, kuvapo kwechipo chedare rakasimba mumugariro wapasi mumativi akasimba ebato, kusaenzana kwakakwirira, uye nzanga yakazvikamu zvakakwirira — semuVenezuela kana kuti muArgentina — zvakatungamirirazve kuparadzwa kwenhau yazvo. Chiuto chinoda kupfuutsa kupfuudzira kusingakwa. Chikaro chehurumende chinoda kupfuurira kugadzirwa, uye chikaro chekushanda zvakanaka, uye kuvapo kwezvinotsamira panzira dzinodzorwa zvikuru.[10]

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona V-Democracy Institute mishumo yegore negore yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, [[FLT:] Freedom House [ mirangariro yeruwa, uye mabasa edzidzo akadai se “Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America" naScott Mainwaring naMat Shugart ([[FLT: 4.] Cambridge University Press[[FFF:5]]).