Kunzwisisa kuti mwero yakasiana yehurumende inokosha sei mukunzwisisa mufananidzo wakazara wokuita mitemo nehurumende. Federal, hurumende, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo imwe neimwe ine masimba akasiyana nemitoro, asi zviremera zvazvo zvinobatana zvinoita mubatanidzwa wakaoma webatira pamwe nerwisano. Nyaya ino inonzvera ukama hwegadziriro, kusawirirana, kusawirirana, uye gadziriro dzinobvumikiswa dzinorondedzera masimba ehurumende, kukwezva mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika negadziriro dzakatangwa dzehurumende.

Mavambo Ezvinzvimbo zveHurumende

Nyika zhinjisa dzine gadziriro yomubatanidzwa dzinoronga hurumende munenge nhurikidzwa nhatu: nyika (mubatanidzwa) woruwa (ruwa kana kuti ruwa), uye nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo (mubatanidzwa kana kuti nyika). Mwero mumwe nomumwe unobva mubumbiro remitemo kana kuti gadziriro yemitemo iyo inoratidzira mibato chaiyo, masimba anotera, uye nzvimbo dzokudzora.

Hurumende Yenyika

Mwero wehurumende unobata nhau dzorudzi: dziviriro yorudzi, muitiro wokumwe, kutengeserana kwenyika yokumwe, kutama, muitiro wemari, uye mutero wehurumende. Inogadzawo mipimo yakafara yenharaunda dzakadai sedziviriro yemhoteredzo, maruramiro avagari vemo, uye utano hwavanhu. Masangano eFederal, akadai se U.S. web yehurumende yepanzeri yengarava[[, inotungamirira mapurogiramu anotapura vagari vemo munyika yose.

Hurumende yeHurumende

Hurumende dzinoshandisa chinowanzonzi "hurumende simba".() chiremera chokudzora utano, chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yose mukati memiganhu yadzo. Mitoro mikuru yehurumende inobatanidza dzidzo yavose (K-812 nedzidzo yakakwirira), migwagwa mikuru, kudzorwa kwamabasa, kuchengetwa kwemitemo youtsotsi, uye kutarisirwa kwepurogiramu dzehurumende dzakadai seMedicaid. Hurumende, magavhuna, uye matare anodudzira nokudzika mitemo nemiraudzo.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvisikwa zvehurumende, dzinowana chiremera chadzo kubva kubumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti kugonesa mitemo. Dzinodzora mabasa anotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva: kuvaka nokushandisa nzvimbo, migwagwa yomunzvimbomo, mvura netsvina, mapurisa netsvina, kuchengetedzwa kwetsvina, kuunganidzwa kwetsvina, mapaki, uye maraibhurari. Matura, mataundi, maruwa ezvikoro, uye maruwa chaiwo (g., zviremera zvokufambisa) chimwe nechimwe chakarondedzera miganhuro nemibato.

Basa Rokugadzira Zvinhu: Federalism and Intergovernment Relations

Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anorondedzera ukama hwehurumende neresitiriti yehurumende. Dialism yehurumende (yavaraiter-cake)] mifungo yakaparadzana neyakasiana yechiremera. Ubati ushe hwehurumende[[[FLT]] (kachikamu kereke) inoona mitoro inowirirana uye inogoveranwa. New colistism [[ kuedza kudzokera kuzvinhu kupfurikidza nezvibvumikiso nederevo. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinobetsera chikonzero nei batira pamwe chete nerwisano zviri zviviri zviri mukati memiitiro.

Mumuitiro, zviremera zvizhinjisa zvazvino uno zvinoshanda mubatira pamwe yehurumende. Federal inopa mari inopa muyamu yehurumende nemigariro yakati, uye zvivharo zvinopa nokuchinjika kukuru zvikuru(kugadzira zvisungo zvemari zvinobatanidza pamwero pamwe chete. Somuenzaniso, Congational Research Service nguva dzose] inoshuma kuti hurumende dzomubatanidzwa dzinopa mari kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinopfuura mabhiriyoni $700 (mabhiriyoni 700) gore rimwe nerimwe, nharaunda dzakafanana nechokufambisa, dzidzo, uye tarisiro youtano.

Kushandira Pamwe Pakati Pehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nebviro yerwisano, batira pamwe itsika munzvimbo dzakawanda.

Kutarisira Kwekurumidziro Nemhinduro Yengwavaira

Njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga hadziremekedzi miganhu. Stafford Act muUnited States inogadza gadziriro yebetsero yehurumende apo hurumende nezviwanikwa zvomunzvimbomo zvinokurirwa. FEMA inobatana namasangano anotarisira njodzi dzehurumende, ayo anoshandawo nevapinduri vePurnei Harvey muna 2017. Mhinduro kuHurricane muna 2017 yakaratidza kushanda kunoshanda: Kusurumuka kwomunzvimbomo, National Guard Compumements, uye purogiramu dzehurumende dzokunatsiridza njodzi dzinoitwa mutudeme.

Kutambura Kwoutano Hworuzhinji

SAYA yezvoutano yeCHOVAD yakaedzwa pakati pehurumende pamwero usingaenzaniswi. Masangano eFederal seCDC akabudisa nhungamiro ndokuparadzira nhomba nokushandisa mari. Nyika dzakashandisa marobhoti, gadziriro dzokuedza, uye nhomba. Madhipatimendi outano omunharaunda akaita kurongedza dzidzo yavose. Masangano eCooperative akadai sechibvumirano chebatira pamwe chePublic Health Emergency Expleedness (PEP) chakaisa pfuma yehurumende nesangano routano romunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, zvirwere zvakafumurawo zvakafumurawo kundika, zvinosimbisa kuti kubatira pamwe kunogona nokukurumidza sei kuputsika mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuisa Mari Mubhizimisi

Zvirongwa zvikuru zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa (jenas rePurcess) , mabhiriji, kufambiswa kwehurumende, nhandare dzendege, mari inotsigirwa nenhengo dzemari negadziriro. Mipiro yezvifambiso (muchikamu, kupfurikidza neInfractrablic Rescrectal Investicement and Jobs Act) inoitwa neMahofisi eHurumende, iyo panguva iyoyo ibvumirano nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, hurumende DOT ingashandisa mari yehurumende kuwedzera mugwagwa mukuru, nepo guta rinotarisira batano dzomunzvimbomo nezviratidzo zvemigwagwa. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvinoda kurukurirano zvinopfuurira pakati pemitengodzi yose yezvitaro zvinenge zvitatu kuti idzivise kunonoka uye mari inodhura kupfuura.

Muitiro Wedzidzo

Dzidzo zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende neyomunzvimbomo, asi hurumende yehurumende inoita basa rinokosha kupfurikidza nokutsigira nokupa mari uye kuzvidavirira. The All Students Receeds Act (ESA) ya 2015 yakatsiva No Child Lend Behind, ichitaura kuti inochinjika zvikuru apo inoramba ichitarisira mipimo yehurumende nokuedza. Hurumende inovamba zvirongwa zvavo vamene nokuda kwevandudziko yechikoro, zvinofanira kutenderwa neBato reDhipatimendi reDzidzo. Maruwa eruwa enzvimbo dzeko anoshandisa zvirongwa izvozvo, anopinza vadzidzisi, uye anotarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva. Iyi nzira inodzorwa inoda kuti irambe ichiita kuti ive noHAMBA, hurumende yehurumende inoomerera pakuzvidavirira, uye mutsigiridzi womunzvimbomo nokuda kwezvishandiso uye kudzoro.

Kurwisana Pakati Pezvinzvimbo Zvehurumende

Makakatanwa anogona kumuka pachiremera chepamutemo, mari, pfungwa dzezvematongerwe enyika, kana kuti kungodudzira zvakasiyana - siyana zvinangwa.

Makakatanwa Okutungamirira

Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, Supremacy Claus yeBumbiro reMitemo inowanzopa nzvimbo yokutanga yomutemo wehurumende. Asi dzimwe nguva inodenha mirau yehurumende yainoona seyakanyengerwa. Somuenzaniso, mirau yemhoteredzo . yakadai seChrease Water Act kana kuti mipimo inobudiswa.Ndokwara ingapa mirau inopesana zvakananga nemitemo yehurumende, yakadai semirau yapanzvimbo tsvene inoganhurira batira pamwe nemitemo yehurumende yokunyoresa vatami vehurumende. Iyi miraudzo inowanzoguma mumatare ehurumende, iyo inofanira kusarudza kana mutemo wehurumende uchibviswa.

Kupesana Nemari uye Kuchinja Kusina Kurongwa

Hurumende yehurumende inowanzoisa zvinodikanwa munyika nenharaunda pasina kugovera mari yakazara. Zvinobatanidza ID (zvinonatsiridza mipimo yerezinesi rokutyaira), ADA (American ine Chiratidzo chehurema), uye zvikamu zveChild Child Lend Behind Act. Hurumende navatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo zvinopikisa kuti ganhurira ganhuriro dzakadaro dzemari yavo ndokuderedza kuchinjika.

Kusawirirana Kwemitemo Nokupesana

Kuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakawedzera pakati perwisano yehurumende. Mitemo inodzorwa nebato rakasiana kupfuura hurumende yehurumende inowanzodzivisa nhano dzehurumende kupfurikidza nokukwirira mhaka, kuramba kushandisa zvirongwa, kana kuti kupfuudzwa kwe "kubatanidza" zvisarudzo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza denho dzehurumende kuMutemo weMedicaid, Pealonce Plan, uye Covid jajinic rejekiseni. Njodzi rehurumende pari inowirirana zvikuru nezvinzvimbo zvakati zvehurumende, batira pamwero inova inova inova inova inorerutsa. Uku kupesana kwemibatanidzwa kwehurumende kunosimbisa kuti ukama hwehurumende hahungori bedzi hwapamutemo asi hwezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru.

Kunyanyisa Kwehondo Nehondo Dzechitima

Munzvimbo imwe chete, mwero yakawanda yehurumende ingataura chiremera. Somuenzaniso, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunobatanidza masangano ehurumende (FBI, DEA, ATF), mapurisa ehurumende, uye mapato emapurisa omunzvimbomo. Masimba ebasa ehurumende aripo, asi hondo dzechimbichimbi pamusoro poutungamiriri, pfuma, uye chikwereti zvinogona kushayisa simba. Nenzira yakafanana, mukutarisira nyika, masangano ehurumende akadai seBureauer of Land Management anodzora maturakiti makuru, nepo nyika dzinodzora nyika nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzichimanikidzira kuronga kugadzira zvinhu, kuparira rwisano pamusoro pezvishandiso, chengetedzo, uye kubudirira.

Fundo Dzapanhau Dzebatira Pamwe Nerwisano

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inojekesa zvinhu zvine simba zvakarondedzerwa pamusoro apa. Pasi apa pane mienzaniso mitatu ine udzame iyo inoenzanisira zvose zviri zviviri kushanda pamwe chete kunobudirira nokusawirirana kunooneka.

Fundo 1: Hurricane Katrina (2005) Kukundikana uye Chidzidzo

Hurricane Katrina inowanzotaurwa senjodzi yekuputsika kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende (FEMA) yakanga ichinonoka kupindura, vakuru vakuru vehurumende (Louisiana) uye vatungamiriri vemo (New Orleans) vaiva nemirairo inopesana yokubuda, uye kukundikana kwekurukurirano kwakatungamirira kunonozetsa nhamburiko dzokununura. Zvakaitika zvakaparira chinjo huru: Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reformation Act ye 2006 yakasimbisa basa reFEMA, uye mitemo mitsva yokubatanidza nokukurukurirana. Madutunhu akaitwa.

Fundo Yenhau 2: Kunyoreswa Kwapamutemo kweMarjuana – Basa Repamutemo

Pakasvika 2025, nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa pamutemo mishonga nembanje, bva mutemo wehurumende uchiri kuisa zvikwata zvechikwata sechirongwa chandinodzora. Iyi rwisano inoparira kusaziva kwapamutemo nokuda kwamabhizimisi, mabhangi, uye vatengi. Hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa kungwanwa kwemuchuchisi (*Via Cole Meyamrandum nenhungamiro yakatevera inoita kuti kudzoresa kutevedzerwa kwemitemo mumigariro inowirirana nemigariro yakati. Zvisinei, rwisano yacho inoenderera mberi: matura ehurumende anoshanda asingagoni kushandisa mibato yebhangi rehurumende, uye vashandi vangatarisana nemhosva yehurumende. Mhaka iyi inoenzanisira zvakakwana sei kuti mavandudziko emitemo pamitengo yakasiana-nji ingaita mhindu inoda kutemo yokutonga kana kuti ipfuurire kudzosera.

Fundo 3: Kukura Kwemabhedhi MuACA

Affordble Care Act (ACA) yakaisa mumurangariro wewedzero munyika yose yeMedicaid, yakatsigirwa zvikuru nehurumende yehurumende. Apo Dare rapamusoro reHurumende rakatonga kuti nyika hadzingagoni kumanikidzwa kufutunurwa, kukamuka: nyika zhinjisa dzakakudzwa, asi dzinoverengeka (zvikurukurukuru muSouth) dzakaramba. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuwedzero yenhau yenhau yemari yakakurumbira yehurumende yeMedicaid, inotsigirwa nehurumende dzisati dziri dzechipfuvuno. Nemhaka iyi inoratidzira kuti pesvedzero dzemari dzinogona sei kuparira batira pamwe chete asi kuti hurumende yourongwa hwehurumende neyezvematongerwe enyika inoita rwisano inopfuurira. Nokufamba kwenguva, dzimwe nyika dzinoramba dzichiwedzera, kazhinji pashure pekuchinja kana kuti kukurukurirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Michina Yokugadzirisa Kusawirirana uye Yokubatsira Kushandira Pamwe

Tichifunga nezvokusawirirana kwakagarwa nhaka muukama hwehurumende, masangano nemiitiro zvakatanga kuti zvitarisire zvose zviri zviviri batira pamwe nerwisano.

Misangano Yehurumende Nemasangano

Misangano yeSangano reNational Gavanants, National League of Cities, uye National Association of Councilies inoita kuti kurukurirano ive nyore uye ikurumidze kudzorwa. Dare reAdvisory on Intergovernmentalion Relations (ACIR), kunyange zvazvo rambobviswa, rakambopiwa kutsvakurudza uye kurumbidza. Nhasi, masangano ehurumende anowanzova nemapurogiramu okuteerera uye anopa mashopu kuti awirirane nehurumende uye vamwe vemo.

Mapeyi Nezvokushandisa

Kopa mari inosara chishandiso chikuru chokusimudzira batira pamwe. (inowirirana namadonzo akati) inopa udzori hwehurumende yehurumende, nepo blocks inogovera [[ (madonzo ane nsinga shoma) anogovera kuchinjika kwemamiriro ezvinhu. kugoverana[[[FT:5]] nhasi, kunyange zvazvo zvisingawanzoitiki, zvakashandiswa muma 1970. [FT:6]] Wais inobvumira kutaura nokusvika kwapa purogiramu dzenyika (g., MEdica] mapurogiramu ebasa kana kuti ashandurwe. Izvi zvikwaro zvinoda kugadziridzwa.

Kureverera uye Kuongorora

Apo kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika inokundikana, matare kazhinji kazhinji anogadzikisa nharo dzehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa ragara richirondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende nerehurumende (somuenzaniso, mu Pretz v. United States) (1997) achiparadza mutemo wehurumende wakaraira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kutungamirira kunzvera mugariro wekare, uye mu NFIB v. Selius (20) (20) simba rehurumende rokusunda kufutunukira Hurumende Médicaid. Litigtion inodrosakisa nguva neinodzosarusarusarusa apo kunoratidzika kuva kusingabviri.

Masimba Ebasa Akabatana Nezvibvumirano Zvokupindirana

Nokuda kwezvinetso chaizvo, hurumende dziri pamwero wakasiyana dzinoumba masimba akabatana ebasa. Somuenzaniso, Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTFs) dzinobatanidza vamiririri veFBI nehurumende uye kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo. Nenzira yakafanana, zvirongwa zvenharaunda dzakawanda seRegional Greenhouse Gas Initivection (RGGI) zvinobatanidza kubatira pamwe pakati penyika, nekurudziro yehurumende. Masangano aya mahoc anogona kuita kuti pave nemigumisiro isingagoni kuitwa pamwero mumwe chete.

Kudzikamisa Chinoitika Nechinzwano: Denho Rechori

Gakava guru riri mugadziriro ipi neipi yehurumende riri pakati pechishuvo chezvigaro zvomunzvimbomo nokudikanwa kwechinzwano chorudzi.

Kudzikamisa kwakarurama hakuna kumira pamwe; kunochinja nechinjo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzenzanga, uye dzezvemari. Somuenzaniso, sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rakatsinhana simba kuhurumende yehurumende kuti rikurire mitemo yehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, kugadziridzwa kwegarikano yechiremera cha1996 chinobviswa panzvimbo pehurumende. Nhasi, nharo pamusoro pomutemo wemamiriro okunze, kodzero dzokuvhota, uye tarisiro youtano zvinopfuurira kuedza iri dzikamo. Kutonga kunobudirira kunowanzoitika apo mwero mumwe nomumwe unoremekedza mabasa epamutemo evamwe namabasa mukati mezvirongwa zvakatangwa panzvimbo pokudarika chiremera chawo chemitemo.

mhedziso

Mashandire pamwero wehurumende inhau yezvose zviri zviviri batira pamwe nerwisano, yevavariro dzinowiriranwa nefariro dzinokwikwidzana. Gadziriro yehurumende, hurumende, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoparira kusawirirana kusingadzivisiki, asi dzinogonesawo kuchinjika nokuvandudza. Ukama hwehurumende hunobudirira hunoda kurukurirano yakajeka, ruremekedzo, uye gadziriro dzesangano dzokupedza. Kufunda mitoo yebatira pamwe nenhamo. Kubva padavidzo yengwavaira kuutano hwavose kudzidzo yavose (jeregi navagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuvandudza kudzora mugadziriro yakakwirira, yakakwirira. Rubudiriro rwehurumende ipi neipi inotsamira parutivi rukuru sei zvikuru rwedzikano yehurumende nechinzwano nechinzwano, kushandura rwisano inobvira kuva dzidzo inobudirira.