Kudzokorora Kwebazu Rine Chiremera

Bazu guru rehurumende yeUnited States rinopomerwa kupiwa kwokutendeka kwemitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Rakagadzwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Iro ibazu gurusa nerakaoma zvikurusa rehurumende yehurumende, rinoshandisa mamirioni avasiri varwi navashandi vehondo. Bazu rinotungamirirwa naPrezidhendi weUnited States, uyo anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende nomukuru wehurumende, uye anobatanidza Vice Presidenti, Cabine, uye mubatanidzwa mukuru wamasangano ehurumende, masangano, masangano ehurumende, masangano, masangano, uye mabhii. Basa rarongiriro raro guru nderokushandisa, kutungamirira, uye kuendesa mutemo wehurumende, pamwe chete nokutungamirira murairo wokumwe nyika yokumwe nyika nehurumende, uye mauto ehurumende akashongedzera nezvombo.

Bazu razvino uno rakura zvikuru chifo chenhambo yokutanga. Pakutanga, sangano rehurumende rakanga riri duku, Congress yakatanga madhipatimendi matatu bedzi: State, Treasurence, uye War. Mumazana amakore apfuura, boka rechiremera chehurumende rakakura zvinoshamisa kupfurikidza nemutemo wechiratidzo (muchib., New Deal, Great Society), kuchitungamirira kukusikwa kwamasangano ane simba okudzivirira akadai seEcnatical Protection Agency (EPA) uye Sécureties Commission (SEC). Nhasi, bazi guru rinotarisira chinhu chiri chose kubva kudziviriro yorudzi kuutano hwapachena, dzidzo, Great Society), uye dziviriro mhoteredzo. Kunzwisisa chirongwa charo chenyika dzine simba zvakadai seUnited States zvinozvidzora.

Kutungamirira: Simba Nemabasa

Purezidhendi weUnited States ane simba guru nomutoro.Chikamu II chinoisa simba guru muna Purezidhendi, chichipa chiremera chokumanikidzira mitemo, chinogadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, chinotaura zvibvumirano (nezano reDare nebvumirano), uye chinoshanda soMutungamiriri Mukuru wamauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutungamiriri akachinja kuti abatanidze mativi akawanda emabasa anoumba muitiro wenyika nenhau dzenyika yose.

Mukuru Mukuru Anotungamirira

Samukuru mukuru, Purezidhendi anotarisira sangano rose rehurumende, achivimbisa kuti mitemo ino "inoitwa nokutendeka". Ikoku kunobatanidza kugadza vakuru vemasangano ehurumende, kubudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru, uye kutungamirira basa ramamirioni avashandi vehurumende. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vazhinjisa vebazu, kunyange zvazvo kubviswa kwavakuru vakuru vesangano vakazvimirira kunoganhurirwa nomutemo. Kupfurikidza neHofisi yeMasangano eMarime neVran (OMB), Purezidhendi anogadzirira bhajeti regore negore rehurumende uye muteo wokuronga masangano.

Mutungamiriri Mukuru

Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudza Purezidhendi Mutungamiriri weHondo neHondo dzehondo dzeUnited States, uye nezvemauto ehurumende apo anodanwa kupinda mubasa rehurumende. Iri basa rinopa Purezidhendi chiremera chakakwana pamabasa ehondo, kubatanidza mano okutuma mauto, kuraira, uye kugadza zvinangwa. Zvisinei, Congress bedzi inogona kuzivisa hondo, uye Masimba eHondo a1973 anoda Purezidhendi kuzivisa Congress mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto ane zvombo uye kubvisa mauto pashure pamazuva 60 kutoti Congress Congress yakabvumira basa rinopfuurira. Mapurezidhendi azvino anoshandisa chiremera ichi kupinda murwisano muKorea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kazhinji kumutsa gakava pamusoro pedzikano pamusoro pedzikano yehondo.

Mutungamiriri Wezvidhori

Purezidhendi anoumba muitiro wokumwe weAmerica, anogamuchira zvibvumirano, uye anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinoda Dare reSanihedrini ramativi maviri matatu). Zvibvumirano zvinodzora, izvo zvisingadi kudzorwa kwedare, zvakava chishandiso chinozivikanwa navose chokuitisa nhau dzamarudzi ose nokukurumidza. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokuziva hurumende dzokumwe nokuputsa ukama hwemibatanidzwa. Hurumende, inotungamirirwa noMunyori weHurumende, inotsigira Purezidhendi mukushandisa nharidzano dzemiitiro yokumwe nyika, kubva kumibato yebhizimisi yokudzora zvombo.

Mutungamiriri Womutemo

Kunyange zvazvo Purezidhendi asiri mutezo weCongress, bazu guru rinoita basa guru mumuitiro wemitemo. Purezidhendi anogona kukarakadza mutemo, kupa Hurumende yeUnion kero yegore negore, uye kushandisa chikuva chokukwikwidza kukurudzira tsigiro yavose nokuda kwemiitiro. Simba reveto rinopa Purezidhendi chenjero yamasimba paCongress: mutemo unofanira kupfuudzwa nevoruzhinji vari mudzimba mbiri mudzimba dzose dzose kuti vatonge bhishopu yapurezidhendi. Mumato, maererano neizvi, mapurezidhendi anowanzoshandisa kutaura kwechisaini kuti varatidze kutsanangura kwavo mitemo yakaitwa, muitiro wakaparira kurukurirano yemitemo.

Mamwe Mabasa: Mutungamiriri Weboka uye Mukuru Wehurumende

Purezidhendi anoshandawo somutungamiriri webato ravo rezvamatongerwe enyika, achibetsera kuunganidza mari, nhimbe yavanoda kutora mubato, uye kuumba chikuva. Mukuwedzera, Purezidhendi anobatira somutungamiriri wetsika wenyika, achimirira rudzi pazvinoitika zvakadai samariro ehurumende, mazororo enyika, uye mativi makuru enyika.

Masimba Ebumbiro remitemo Neganhuriro

Masimba aPurezidhendi haana kuzara. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoparadzira simba mumapazu matatu, nenzvero dzakananga pachiremera chikuru. Masimba makuru ebumbiro remitemo raPurezidhendi anobatanidza:

  • Simba rokugadza: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoisa vatongi vehurumende, vanyori veCabinet, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogadza nzvimbo, vanopiwa dare. Simba iri rinoumba mutongi nebazi guru kwemakore anouya.
  • Mirairo inodzorwa: Vatungamiriri vamapurezidhendi vanopa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende pasina kufamba kupfurikidza neCongress. Nepo iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo, inogona kuputswa napurezidhendi anotevera kana kuti kuparadzwa nematare kana vakapfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Purezidhendi Truman's desex rehondo (Edect Programme 9981) naPrezidenti Biden zviito zvechinjo yomugariro wokunze.
  • Simba rePurezidhendi rinogona kukanganwira nokudzorera mhosva dzehurumende, kunze kwemhaka dzekusatendeseka. Simba iri rinobatanidza kudzosa mitsetse nefiresi. Rave richiitirwa nharo, zvakadai sereruvaro yaRichard Nixon naPrezidhendi Trump.
  • Simba reVeto: Mutungamiriri wehurumende angapa mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress. Congress inogona kudzora kutora nevhoti yetatu mbiri, asi ikoku hakuwanzoitika. Kutyisidzira kweveto kazhinji kazhinji kunomanikidza kubvumirana kwemitemo.

Aya masimba adzikamiswa neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Masangano anodzora kupiwa mari kwezviito zvavakuru kupfurikidza nesimba rechikwama, uye Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwakawanda nezvibvumirano. judiary inogona kuhwirudzura zviito zvavakuru nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo munheyo yokutonga yakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [18]. Kupfuurirazve, Purezidhendi anodzoswa nokusatenderwa neImba nokubviswa neDare nokuda kwe "Chishuvo, chioko, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye utsotsi husina kururama."

Mutungamiriri weHurumende neDare

Vice Purezidhendi mukuru mukuru mukuru wechipiri, nebasa guru rebumbiro remitemo rokutungamirira Dare nokuputsa mavhota. Mutungamiriri weSangano anomirawo mumutsara woupurezidhendi, achifungidzira kuti kana Purezidhendi akafa, akarega, kana kuti akabviswa. Munguva dzazvino uno, vatungamiriri vepindere vakatora mabasa makuru emitemo, zvakadai sevatungamiriri vebasa chairo kana kuti kumirira vadzori mumishoni yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yehurumende. Gadziriro ye25th (1967) yakatanga miitiro yokuzadza mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi uye kuti Purezidhendi adzo aparadze masimba anotuma vamiriri kwenguva pfupi.

Kabhini iboka ravakuru vakuru 15 vemadhipatimendi makuru. (ndangoni dzeHurumende, Treasure, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Labor, Health and Urban Development, Hospital, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, uye Homeland Security. Mabhineti anogadzwa naPrezidhendi reSangano. Vanopa zano Purezidhendi panhau dziri mukati moudzoro hwavo uye vanotarisira masangano makuru edhipatimendi avo. Chiteshi chinobatanidzawo vamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, vakadai seWhite House of Staff, Mutungamiriri weNational Intelligence, uye Mumiririri weU.

Masangano Nemadhipatimendi

Bazu guru rakarongwa kuva masangano namadhipatimendi anoita basa rezuva nezuva rokutonga. Bazi rimwe nerimwe rine basa rakati uye rinoshanda pasi pechiremera. Somuenzaniso, Department of Justice (DOJ) rinoisa mitemo yehurumende, inotonga mhaka dzoutsotsi, uye inomirira United States munhau dzepamutemo. Dhipatimendi reUtano neHS (HS) rinotarisira zvirongwa zvoutano hwavanhu vose, kubatanidza Medicare, Medicaid, Foo and Drug Administration (DA), uye Centers for Desection and Department (CDC). Department of Defecificial (DoD) rinotarisira mauto, rinoshandisa vanhu vanodokusvika mamiriyoni 3, uye basa gurusa remari yemari yemari yemari yemari.

Mukuwedzera kumadhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira, kune mazana amasangano akazvimirira, masangano, uye masangano ehurumende.Aya anosanganisira:

  • [[[NHAU]] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Zvirongwa nokumanikidzira mirau kudzivirira mhepo, mvura, uye kunaka kwevhu.
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): Tsika dzinonzvera nzvimbo, nzvero yesayenzi, uye kukura kwemiitiro yezvesayenzi.
  • kurukurirano dzechiFeredal Commission (FCC): inoronga kurukurirano dzamarudzi ose neredhiyo, terevhizheni, tambo, satellite, uye tambo.
  • [ Ugaro neSC Commission (SEC): anodzosa mitemo yemitengo yehurumende uye anodzora misika yemari.
  • Federal Reserve System: bhangi rapakati reU.S., rinoita muitiro wemari uye rinotarisira gadziriro yebhangi.
  • United States Postal Service (USPS): Sangano rakazvimirira rinogovera mabasa epositisi munyika yose.

Basa Rezvirongwa Mukushandisa Mutemo

Masangano ehurumende ndiwo masangano makuru anopfuudzwa nawo mitemo neDare kuti ishandiswe sechinhu chaicho.

  • Kugadzira: Appostations dzinobudisa mirau inodudzira nokushandisa mitemo. Dare reAdministrative Procedure Act (APA) rinoda masangano kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa, kugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose, uye kubudisa mitemo yokupedzisira ine simba romutemo.
  • Kumanikidza:[ Nhevedzo yeProfeta inowirirana nemirau yomubatanidzwa, mufambiro, kunzvera kuputswa, uye kuisa zvirango kana kuti zvirango.
  • Kuparadza: Masangano mazhinji ane vatongi vehurumende avo vanonzwa kukakavadzana ndokuita zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza (Social Security Administration) anotaura kudaro, uye National Labor Relations Board inosarudza miitiro yebasa isina kururama.
  • Kupa Kuendesa: Zvirongwa zvinogovera mabasa akananga kuvanhu, akadai sokubudisa mapasipoti, kuparadzira betsero dzeNyamagariro, uye kutarisira mapaki erudzi.

Zvirongwa zvinotangawo nzvero nokunzvera kuzivisa muitiro. Somuenzaniso, Department of Energy marabhorato enyika inopfuudzira zivo yesayenzi, nepo Census Bureau inounganidza mashoko okuwanikwa kwavagari vemo anoumba migove yemari yehurumende.

Kushandiswa Kwemitemo: Kutonga Nokumanikidza

Muitiro wokushandisa mutemo unovamba pashure pokunge Congress yaupaidza uye Prezidhendi anofanira kutsanangura mutemo wacho, ipapo kugadzira mirau ine udzame inoratidzira kuti mutemo uchashanda sei mushandiro. Uyu muitiro wokugadza mitemo unodzorwa neAPA uye kazhinji kazhinji unobatanidza kurukurirano huru yavose. Somuenzaniso, Cease Air Act inoda EPA kugadza mipimo yorudzi yechimiro chemhepo yakaoma kuisa munyika yesayenzi (a mutoo wakaoma kubatanidza sayenzi, rondedzero dzemari, uye zvinetso zvemitemo.)

Kana mirau yangovapo, masangano anoigombedzera kupfurikidza nenzvero, masvunzo, uye nzvero. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inonzvera nzvimbo dzebasa kusimbisa mipimo yekotsekano; Food ne Drug Administration inotarisira mirimo nekotsekano yezvokudya; uye Nhevedzo yeTreaty’s Internation Revenue Service inomanikidzira mitemo yemitero. Mitengo inogona kubudisa fashoni, mareze, kana kuti kuronda chiito chapamutemo mukurwisana navapusvuripusi. Munei zvimwe zviitiko, kuchengetwa kwehurumende inodzorwa kudzorwa kuhurumende dzinobatira pamwe chete, zvakadai semiitiro yenzanga yemhoteredzo.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zvinoshandiswa

Bazu guru rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yechekeso nedzikamo izvo zvinodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora. Congress inotungamirira kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye simba rokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa nezvibvumirano. Office yeHurumende yeMasano (GAO) neCongregational Ballet Bacul Office (CBO) zvinogovera zvikamu zvazvimirira zvezviito zvevakuru vakuru. Congress inogonawo kuvhara bhizimisi raisingadi [1]simba rakamanikidzira purezidhendi kare, kubva pakutsigira hondo yeVietnam kusvika pakuvaka muganhu.

Bazu rinoongorora zviito zvevakuru vakuru kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vanowirirana nomutemo weBumbiro remitemo nehurumende. Matare akaputsa zvirango zvevakuru vakuru, zvakadai sechipfuro chaPurezidhendi Truman chesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea (] Professing sheep Comment & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 1952, uye akatsigira vamwe, kufanana naPrezidhendi Oba's Deferer Action for Childhooking Agellals (DACA) purogiramu yedaibhii yakabudisa miuyo yakavhenganiswa).

Kunzvera kunoramba kuri nzvero ine simba zvikurusa — Imba yaVamiriri inogona kuzivisa Purezidhendi nokuda kwe "mhosva dzakakwirira nemhosho," uye Dare rinogona kudzibvisa kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri. Mapurezidhendi matatu akapinzwa muNzvimbo (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump kaviri), uye maviri akasunungurwa neDare; Richard Nixon abvisa basa risati raitwa ragona kugumisa. Chityisidziro chepesvedzero yetsika dzapurezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika wemuitiro wacho usingawanzoshandiswa.

Dzimwe cheki dzinosanganisira zano reDare uye kubvuma kugadzwa kukuru nezvibvumirano, War Powers Decration inodzora chiito chehondo, uye Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inobvumira vanhu kuti vaverengere zvinyorwa zvebazi rinotungamirira.

mhedziso

Bazu guru injini rehurumende yeAmerica, inoshanda nokuita mitemo inoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kuvambira pamasimba ebumbiro remitemo raPurezidhendi kusvikira kubasa rakaoma remasangano ehurumende, bazi rinoshandisa purogiramu, rinodzivirira nyika, uye rinotungamirira purogiramu dzakawanda. Kushanda kwaro nesimba padzikamo yokungwarira uye kuzvidavirira, jekeso yakaedzwa munhau yose nehondo, njodzi, uye kuchinja kwezvematongerwe enyika. United States zvainotarisana nezvinetso zvomunguva yemberi zvakadai sokudzoreka kwezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kusagadzikana kwenyika yose, bazi richaramba richingova nokunzwisisa chirongwa charo charo. Kunzwisisa zviremera zvaro, masimba, uye kuzvidavirira kunokosha nokuda kwomugari upi noupi anoziva uyo anoda kubatanidzwa nehondo, mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende inosarudzwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera kunzvera kwavakuru vakuru kwebazu reWhite House yepabuti rehurumende, Cunstitution Ayamurwa paChikamu II[, uye [[FLT:]USA.gov's anotungamirira kumapazu ehurumende.