Sumo: Injini Yokutonga

Bhizi Rinoparira Nhevedzani rehurumende yeUnited States zvichida ndiro rinooneka zvikurusa uye rine simba pamapazu matatu ehurumende yakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo. Apo Congress inonyora mitemo neMutongi anoidudzira, Bazu Rinotungamirirwa naVaraudzo rinopomerwa kugadza, kudzikamisa, uye kutungamirira kwezuva nezuva [ kwomutemo wehurumende. Isangano rinovanzara rinotapura mativi ose oupenyu hweAmerica, kubva kudziviriro yorudzi nomutemo wokumwe kudziviriro yemhoteredzo nemitemo yezvemari. Kunzwisisa chimiro charo, masimba, uye ganhuriro zvinokosha nokuda kwokutsvaka mugari upi noupi kuti rudzi rudzorwe sei.

Nyaya ino inopa kunzverwa kwakakwana kweBazu reVatungamiriri, kunzvera nheyo dzaro dzebumbiro remitemo, mabasa avatambi vakuru saPurezidhendi neKabhineti, gadziriro huru yehurumende, uye gadziriro yakakomba yechekero nedzikamo zvinochengeta simba ravakuru vakuru richiongororwa. Ungave uri mudzidzi, mudzidzisi, kana kuti kungova mugari wemo akavimbiswa, uku kutsveyamiswa kukuru kuchajekesa muchina wakaoma unoparira kuchengetwa kwemitemo yeAmerica.

Bumbiro Romutemo: Chikamu II uye Kusikwa Kwesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

Bhazi reVapamberi rinoumbwa mu Article II yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., gwaro pfupi asi rine simba rinosimbisa basa raPurezidhendi weUnited States. Rakasiyana neChikamu I, icho chinosanosanorondedzera masimba eCherights, Article II idictions 1 "simba rehukuru hwehurumende" muMutungamiriri mumwe, kugadza chiteshi cheboka rakasimba, mukuru mukuru akabatana. Icho chakanga chiri chisarudzo chamaune, icho chakanga charamba mukuru mukuru mukuru wezvikamu zvakaneta muChikamu II mukufarira mutungamiriri mumwe anokwanisa kuita chiito chiito chakasimba.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinozivisa zvikwaniriso zvaPurezidhendi (mugari weUnited States, anoberekwa ane makore 35 okukura, anogara muGavhura kwamakore 14), muitiro wekuvhota unopfuura Electoral College, uye mhiko yebasa. Mhikodzi yacho imene inokosha: Purezidhendi anopika kuti "aparadze Office yaPrezidhendi weUnited States nenzira yokutendeseka" uye "kudzivirira, dzivirira nokudzivirira Dare reMitemo. Iye anosimbisa kuti simba rehurumende harina kuganhurirwa asi rakasungwa neBumbiro remitemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, kutsanangurwa kweizvi zvikamu zvamasangano makurusa atinoziva nhasi. Dare rokutanga raiva namabhishopu mana chete eUnited States (Basa, Hurumende, Hondo, uye Athorneral General), nhasi, mune madhipatimendi akawanda anozvitonga.

Nokuda kworugwaro rwakazara rweChikamu II, ona Tsamba yeNhevedzo yeNyika yeBumbiro reMitemo.

Purezidhendi: Musoro weHurumende, Musoro weHurumende, Mutungamiriri weChief

Purezidhendi weUnited States anobatira munzvimbo dzakawanda panguva imwe cheteyo. Sezvo musoro wehurumende , Purezidhendi chiso chetsika chorudzi, anomirira United States pamisoro, mariro ehurumende, uye zvinoitika zvemibatanidzwa. Sezvo [[FLT:]] mukuru wehurumende , Purezidhendi anotarisira chiteshi chehurumende ndokugadza purogiramu. [[FLT: 4.] Commander-in-Chief yamasimba akashongerwa, Purezidhendi ane chiremera chakakwana pamusoro pehondo, simba rave riri pamusoro pemiganhuro huru pamusoro pemiganhuro yehondo.

Masimba aPurezidhendi anodudzwa pasi peChikamu II anobatanidza:

  • [[[FOL:0] Kupasa kweMitemo:[ Mutungamiriri unofanira kuchenjera kuti mirairo ipedzwe nokutendeka. Ndiro basa guru rebazu rose.
  • Simba Rokugadza: Nezano nemvumo zveDare, Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vomubatanidzwa, vamiririri, uye misoro yemadhipatimendi.
  • Simba reTreaty: Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano, zvinoda vhoti yeDare yezvitatu zviviri nokuda kwokuparadza.
  • Simba rePradente: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa purofiti nekanganwiro nokuda kwemhaka dzehurumende (kunze kwechitsoropodzo), simba rakatarisana nenzvero yebumbiro remitemo mumakore achangobva kupfuura.
  • Simba reVeto: Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo weveto, achimanikidzira Congress kudzora zvimwe nevoruzhinji vane zvitatu zviviri kana kuti kuhwirudzura mutezo.
  • Chitatiko cheUnion: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anofanira kuzivisa nguva nenguva Congress pamusoro pehurumende yomubatanidzwa ndokurumbidza matanho.

Mirairidzo Yavane Chinzvimbo Chikuru Nenhungamiro Dzapurezidhendi

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa mudura rezvombo zvaPurezidhendi i nhevedzano yokuparadza. Kunyange zvazvo isingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, mirairo yavakuru vakuru yave ichishandiswa naMapurezidhendi chifo chaGeorge Washington kutungamirira mabasa ehurumende yehurumende. Chiratidzo chevakuru vakuru chinotakura simba romutemo kumasangano ehurumende asi hachidi mvumo yeCongregation. Zvisinei, hachisi chezvereko isina kunyorwa: mirayiro inofanira kuiswa muchiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo, uye inogona kudzorwa nomutemo kana kuti kurohwa nematare zvaanopfuura simba rehurumende.

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inowanzoshandiswa kushandisa chinjo dzemiitiro nokukurumidza, zvikurukuru apo Congress inovharwa. Mienzaniso inocherechedzwa inobatanidza Emanciption Proclation, kubatanidzwa kwevaAmerica veJapan mukati meHondo Yenyika II, uye mirau yakasiana---------mbimbimbikidziko yakapiwa navakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Mapurezidhendi anoshandisawo [[FLT:] nzvimbo yenhau yeIndaneti yeBhitu re[FLT:] uye kusvitsa zvinangwa zvakafanana nesimba rakasiana-tsarukana. [[FLT:]

Basa raPurezidhendi Mukururamisira

Kupfuura wirirano, Purezidhendi anoshandisa pesvedzero inokosha pamusoro pomuitiro wemitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda Purezidhendi kurumbidza matanho kuCongress, uye Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anoshandisa State of the Union nekurukurirano kugadza purogiramu dzemitemo. Mapurezidhendiwo anopinda mu mashoko [, zvirevo zvakanyorwa zvakabudiswa pakusaina chibvumirano mumutemo. Mashoko aya angaratidzira kuti Purezidhendi anodei anoda sei kuita kuti mutemo ute kana kuti ataure kusabvumirana nemitemo. Kushandiswa kwokusaina mashoko kwave kunomutsa nharo, navatsoropotedza kunowirirana nechinhu chakanyorwa nemutsetse wematemutemutempi.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende: Kubva Pashure Pokufunga Kuva Mutambi Mukuru

Vice Purezidhendi mukuru mukuru wechipiri muBazu roUkurusa uye ndiye wokutanga mumutsetse wenhevedzano yapurezidhendi. Kuzhinjisa nhau yeAmerica, mutevedzeri woupurezidhendi akanga ari basa guru retsika, nebasa guru kuva anotungamirira paDare nokuvhota zvisungo zvechisungo. Zvisinei, munguva yazvino uno, vatevedzeri vapurezidhendi vava vakuru zvikuru kuti vatonge. Ivo kazhinji kazhinji vanopiwa mutezo wemiitiro inokosha, unobatira savamiriri vakuru vakuru kuMutungamiriri wenyika, uye savamiriri voutarisiri kuDare navose.

Mabasa eSanihe Purezidhendi webumbiro remitemo akapfava, asi ukoshi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwakakura. Zvikurukuru, Mutungamiriri weSangano anotungamirira vhoti yeElectoral College muCongress uye anoita basa mumuitiro we25th Amendment, unobata nokuremara kwapurezidhendi uye kutevedzana. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, vatevedzeri vamapurezidhendi vakaita mabasa akadai seanotungamirira masimba eutano hwendangariro, gadziriro yechadenga, kana kuti muganhu, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanobatira somumiririri mukuru wehurumende wezvikamu zvakati. Chinzvimbo zvino chionwa sedanho chakakomba chapa paPuestimeter pacha.

Kabhini: Kutarisira Purezidhendi uye Madhipatimendi Anotarisira

Dare idare regamuchidzanwa rinovambira kudzokera shure kuna Purezidhendi George Washington. Rinoumbwa navakuru vemadhipatimendi 15 anotarisira uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanosarudza kubatanidza, zvakadai soMutongi weSanihe naMutungamiriri weHoopu yeStaff. Mitezo yeKabhinet ine zita roMunyori (kunze kwaAttrorney General) uye inogadzwa naPrezidhendi uye inosimbiswa neDare. Basa ravo guru nderokurayira Purezidhendi panhau mukati mehurumende yavo uye kutungamirira madhipatimendi avo akasiana.

Kabhini haidudzwi muBumbiro reMitemo; yakashanduka kuva chinhu chinoshanda. Vakuru vamadhipatimendi vane mutoro wokushandisa muitiro wehurumende mumativi ose, kuvambira pakudzivirira nokukurukurirana kusvikira kudzidzo noutano. Muitiro wokusimbisa muDare unogona kupomerwa mune zvematongerwe enyika, kugovera chekichero pazvisarudzo zvaPrezidhendi. Konquisita inosangana nguva dzose muCabitten House, kunyange zvazvo zvakawanda zvemiitiro chaiyoiyo zvichiitika mumisangano pakati pomunyori mumwe nomumwe naPrezidhendi.

Madhipatimendi Anotungamirira

  • Nzvimbo yeHurumende:[ inobata gadziriro dzokumwe neukama hwamarudzi ose. Munyori weHurumende ndiye mumiriri mukuru.
  • [[[NHAU] Kuvhoterwa kweTreasurence: kunodzora mari, kuunganidza mitero (kutora IRS), uye kupa zano pamusoro pomutemo wemari.
  • Universite yeNjodzi: Inogovera mauto anodikanwa kudzivisa hondo uye kudzivirira chengeteko yenyika. Munyori weForence anotarisira Pentagon.
  • Kubuda kweRuramisiro: mitemo yehurumende, inomirira U.S. mudare, uye inomhanya FBI. Yakatungamirirwa neAttorney General.
  • [ Nzvimbo yeMukati: Inodzora nyika dzavose, mapaka erudzi, uye pfuma yomusikirwo.
  • Nzvimbo yeDzidzo: Inogadza muitiro wokutsigira dzidzo yehurumende nokugovera mapurogiramu okuyamura vadzidzi.
  • Nzvimbo yeUtano neMabasa avanhu: Inotarira utano hwavanhu, FDA, CDC, uye Medicare/Medicaid.
  • Mamwe madhipatimendi anosanganisira zvezvokurima, zvokutengeserana, Labor, House and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Veterans Affairs, uye Homeland Security.

Federal Bureaucracy: Misangano, Makomidhi, uye Mitumbi Yeependent

Kupfuura 15 madhipatimendi makuru ane hurumende huru , inobatanidza mazana amasangano, mabasa, masangano, uye masangano ehurumende. Masangano aya ane mutoro wokushandiswa kwezuva nezuva remitemo yehurumende nemirau. Anogona kurongwa mumarudzi anoverengeka:

  • Zvinoshanda: iri mukati medhipatimendi reCabittene, yakadai seFBI (pasi poRuramisiro) kana kuti National Park Service (pansi peMunda). Masangano aya anopindura zvakananga kumusoro wedhipatimendi naPresidenti.
  • Zvirongwa zvakazvimirira: Yakagadzwa neCongress kuti ishande kunze kwamaparedhi makuru, kazhinji kazhinji kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), uye Central Intelligence Agency (KIA). Misoro yavo inogadzwa naPUS.
  • Commissions dzinozvimirira: Rudzi rwakazvimirira rwakagadzirirwa kudzora maindasitiri akati. Dzinotungamirirwa zvikurukuru nebhodhi rebipartis rine mashoko anozunguzika. Mienzaniso: Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Commission (FCC), Federal Tradential Commission (FTC), uye Federal Reserve Sy.
  • Hurumende : Masangano eHurumende anopa mabasa ezvokutengeserana. Basa rePostal, Amtrak, uye Chiremera choMupata weTennessee mienzaniso yakatanhamara.

Hurumende inowanzotsoropodzwa nokuda kwoukuru hwayo nokuoma kunzwisiswa, asi kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwemitemo iyo Congress inopfuura. Zvirongwa zvinopinda mumuitiro wokuita madzimambo [, umo zvinotanga mirau ine udzame yakavakirwa pachiremera chakafara. Iyi purogiramu inobatanidza ziviso yavose netsinhiro, hwirudzuro yapamutemo, uye kuishandisa. .gov raibhuro yamasangano omubatanidzwa ichinhu chinobetsera.

Makero Nedzikamo: Kuchengeta Simba Rine Vatungamiriri Richingwarira

Vagadziri vaitya simba guru, naizvozvo vakavaka gadziriro ye michero nedzinodzikama muBumbiro reMitemo. Bazu reGuru rinodzorwa rinosimbiswa nokudzorwa namamwe mapazu maviri:

  • Nzvero dzeChibvumirano:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kukurira mavhoti apurezidhendi (nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri), kudzora bhajeti (kubatanidza mari yezvirongwa zvavakuru vakuru), kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba zvibvumirano, kutungamirira nzeve nenzvero, uye kubvisa Purezidhendi, Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende.
  • .Judicial Checks:[[Foderal:1] matare eFederal anogona kutonga zviito zvokutungamirira, kubatanidza mirairo yavakuru vakuru nemirau yesangano, zvisingawirirani kana kuti zvinopesana nomutemo. Dare rapamusorosoro rine shoko rokupedzisira pamusoro porumano rwapamutemo rwomufambiro webazu rinotungamirira. Kugadzwa kwaPurezidhendi kwevatongi (Kukurusa vatongi veDare) kunoumba judia kwemakumi amakore.
  • Nzvero yeElectoral: Vanhu veAmerica vanogona kuvhota Purezidhendi makore mana ari ose, vachigovera chekero huru yedemokrasi. Murangariro wavose nenzvero yezvinobudisa nhau zvinobatirawo kumanikidza mufambiro wavakuru vakuru.

Masimba eHondo Revolution ye 1973 muenzaniso mukuru wekudzorwa kwechibvumirano mukurwisana nokuita hondo yavakuru vakuru. Kunoda kuti Purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati mamaawa 48 okuisa mauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo kuhondo uye ganhuriro kubvumirano yehondo kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo yedare. Kubatanidzwa kwaro kwakaitwa, asi kunoramba kuri chirambidzo chetsika chinokosha.

Kushanduka - shanduka Nezvinetso Zvazvino Uno

Bhazi rapabuti rakura zvikuru chifo chokuvambwa kwenyika, muitiro wakakurumidzira mukati meNew Deal neHondo yeNyika II. Kubuda kwe " Hurumende" yapa bazu gurusa rokuita utongi, rinowanzorondedzerwa sebazu rechina rehurumende. Uku kukura kwakatungamirira kukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pomukundi mukuru uye nzvimbo yakafanira yesimba rapurezidhendi.

Zvinetso zvazvino uno zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwezvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru kuti varege kufambiswa neCongress yaidzorwa, kuiswa kwebasa rehurumende munzanga, kusawirirana pakati pekuvanza chengeteko yenyika nokuzvidavirira, uye kungwarira kukuru kwakaitwa nemasangano emitemo neouchenjeri. Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri akatsvaka kuwedzera chiremera chawo, uye dzimwe nguva gadziriro yokutonga yakavaitazve, pane dzimwe nguva kwete. Kunzwisisa aya masimba kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kushandisa hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno.

Mupeto: Basa Rinogara Richiitwa Nebazi Rine Vatungamiriri

Bhazi Rinoparira Nhevedzano idiro yehurumende yehurumende. Rinoshandura kuda kweCongress naPrezidenti kushanda, rinotarisira pfuma huru yenyika, rinodzivirira miganhu yayo nefariro, uye rinoita mabasa kuvagari vemo zuva riri rose. Nepo ukuru hwaro nepesvedzero zvingava zvinotyisa, gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo , (jere) pamwe chete nokuvhotera kwavakaziviswa uye kwakasarudzwa ((mazati) kuti simba rechiremera rinoramba richizvidavirira kuBumbiro remitemo navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokufunda Dare reBazi reProfecta reBazu reBazi reBazi reBazi reBazi reBazi reBazi rinotonga, hatingowandi kunzwisiswa bedzi asi kuonga zvivako nemitemo kugadziridzamavaratirwo rudzo rwenzanga yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi zvakafanana, kunzwisisa nhevedzano pakati paPurezidhendi, Kabhinati, dare, uye cheki dzinoiswa neCongress nematare zvinokosha kunzwisiswa kuti rudzi rwacho rudzorwe sei. Bazu Rinodzora harisati richingovawo zvaro mufungo usingafungiki; ibasa rezuva nezuva ramazana ezviuru zvavabatiri voruzhinji vanoshanda kushandisa mitemo inodzora hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inopfuurira yakaresa yenyika.