Kupfuudzira Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu redare rehurumende rinomira sembiru yechitatu yakaenzana yegadziriro yehurumende yeU.S., yakapomerwa kududzira mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress ndokuurawa naPrezidhendi. Kusafanana namapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru, ayo ari ezvamatongerwe enyika nenzira yemuzvarirwo, dare rinorongedzerwa kuva rezvamatongerwe enyika, rinonangidzira chose chose pakutonga kwomutemo nedziviriro yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Basa raro rinokosha nderokuvimbisa kuti ruramisiro iitirwe zvakanaka, magakava anogadziriswa norugare, uye rusununguko rwomunhu rumwe norumwe runochengetwa mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengera. Bazu redare rinobatira senzvero yakakomba pamamwe mapazuro kupfurikidza nesimba rokunzvera, richivimbisa kuti hapana mutemo kana kuti chiito chikuru chinoputsa mutemo. Iri basa rinokosha ndero kuchengetedza muganhuridziko yesimba nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yese.

Kuvakwa Kwebazu Rokutonga

Dare Rehurumende

Bazu rokutonga rakarongwa kuva nhurikidzwa nhatu huru mukati megadziriro yomubatanidzwa: matare oruwa, matare edunhu ezvikumbiro, uye Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa. mwero mumwe nomumwe une mitoro yakasiana neganhuriro.

  • Dare reruwa: Maruwa 94 ehurumende (kubatanidza matare omunharaunda) anoumba matare okutonga egadziriro yehurumende. Idzi matare anonzwa zvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi, anotonga, uye anoita mirau yokutanga panhau dzeidi nemutemo. Vatongi vedare reruwa ndivo vokutanga kududzira mitemo yehurumende negadziriro dzemitemo mugakava rakati.
  • Matare Enhu eZvikumbiro: Kune matunhu 13 enzvimbo (11 nharaunda, rimwe reGwati reColumbia, uye Federal Ttunhu). Aya matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa mukati momugariro wavo wenzvimbo, asi haaiti matare. Panzvimbo pezvo, nzvimbo dzavatongi vanonzvera chinyorwa chokutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo, vachivimbisa kuti mutemo washandiswa zvakarurama.
  • Dare rapamusoro-soro: Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa muUnited States, rinoumbwa nevatongi vapfumbamwe (kubatanidza Dare rimwe guru). Dare rapamusoro rinohwirudzura nokungwarira panhau zhinjisa, kusarudza idzo bedzi dzinokurukura mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo, kuparira rwisano pakati pamatunhu, kana kuti kubatanidza nhau dzoukoshi hwenyika. Zvisarudzo zvaro ndezvokupedzisira uye hazvigoni kukwirira kune rimwe dare ripi neripi.

Masangano Ematare eHurumende

Mukuwedzera kudare rehurumende, hurumende imwe neimwe inochengeta gadziriro yayo imene yedare. matare ehurumende anobata mativi mazhinjisa enhau muUnited States, kubatanidza matare emitemo emhuri, kusawirirana nezvinhu, kukwikwidza mhaka kweutsotsi nokuda kwokutyorwa kwemitemo yehurumende, uye kuvadziko zhinji. Kufanana negadziriro yehurumende, matare ehurumende anoumbwa mumitsetse mitatu: matare okutonga (anowanzonzi matare makuru kana kuti matunhu), pakati pematare edare ehurumende makurusa. Hurumende ndiyo matare makuru okupedzisira ezvomutemo wehurumende nemibvunzo yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo nhau dzehurumende dzemitemo yehurumende dzingakwidzwa kudare gurusa reU.

Kubatana kwegadziriro dzedare rehurumende nerehurumende kunoparira mativi akaoma okutonga. matare eFederal ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa, anonzwa bedzi mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, Bumbiro reMitemo, zvibvumirano, kana kuti gakava pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana. matare ehurumende ane chiremera chose chose uye anogona kunzwa chinenge nhau ipi neipi kutoti mutemo wehurumende uchiiisa chose chose mumatare ehurumende.

Kurayira Nemitsetse Yako

Kuparwa Kwemhosva

Kunzwisisa chiremera kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti bazu rinotonga rinoshanda sei. Hurumende yeOrigina inonongedzera kuchiremera chedare kuti rinzwe nhau kwenguva yokutanga. matare eruwa imatare makuru ehurumende anotanga ehurumende. Dare reSangano reSangano rePuremhe rinewo simba rapakuvamba pamusoro penhau dzakaganhurirwa, dzakadai semagakava pakati pemaruwa, asi aya haawanzowawaiwanika. Appelellate Control jimes dare redare renhau rakaderera. Matare edunhu nedare repamusoro-soro (mumitezoronze) rinoshandisa udzoro.

Nhau Yemhosva Nokumira

Dare rehurumende risati ragona kunzwa nhau, rinofanira kuva noudzori hwenhau (mubvunzo wakakomba kana kuti mhatsa) uye mapoka anofanira kuva ne akamira kuti apedzisire. Imira inoda kuti mupurisa atambure kuvadziko yakakotsekana iyo inorondwa kumufambiro womukwiridziridziri uye inogona kudzorerwa nechisarudzo chedare rakaisvonaka. Iyi dzidziso inodzivisa matare kubudisa mirangariro kana kuti kupedza gakavadzano, kuchengeta dare rakananga panhau chaidzo nenharo.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa cheDare Gurusa ihwirudzuro yedare,() chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvokutonga zvisina wirirano. Iri simba rakatangwa muchiitiko chechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison, apo Mutongi John Marshall akataura kuti “muneukoshi inharaunda nomubato wedhipatimendi redare kuti itaure kuti mutemo ndeupi." Kupfurikidza nehwirudzura, Dare rinoumba kududzira mutemo uye rakaputsa mitemo mizhinji, kubva kuzvikoro zvakaiswa mubhirikiti kuti zvitsigire mirairo. Uku kunzvera kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta Bumbiro remitemo semutemo mukurusavhu, asi kunoisawo mutoro mukuru paruramisiro kutsika nokuchengeta mitemo yepamutemo.

Certiorari Nechisarudzo Chenhau

Dare repamusorosoro rinogamuchira zvikumbiro zvinopfuura 7 000 gore rimwe nerimwe asi rinonzwa bedzi mhaka 80-100. Magweta anoshandisa “mutemo wavana” kusarudza kana kubvumira mutongo wecertiori, kureva kuti vatongi vana vanofanira kubvuma kuti nyaya yacho inoda kudzokororwa. Makanganiso anosarudzwa apo anobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yehurumende, anoparira kukamukana pakati pematare etunhu, kana kuti hurukuro dzenhau. Iyi nzira yokuongorora inovimbisa kuti Dare rinangidzire panhau dzine mifungo yakafara yepamutemo.

Kuedza Ururami Neruramisiro

Maitirwo Emutemo

Muitiro wakafanira ivimbiso yebumbiro remitemo yakavakirwa muMitemo yeshanu neMitemo yeMitemo yeChishanu neMinethi. Inoda kuti hurumende iremekedze maruramiro ose apamutemo akafanirwa nomunhu, kubatanidza ziviso nokunzwa kune revo pamberi pokunyima mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Muitiro unoda kuva nezvikamu zviviri: procractal" muitiro wakafanira[[[[FLT:]]] (miitiro yemhepo, yakadai sekodzero yezano, kupa uchapupu, uye kuyambuka zvapupu zvenyuko) uye kuvimbisa kuti nzira isati iri yehurumende isati iri pamutemo uye kuti isati iko nokuda kwemipimo yehurumende. [FLT:] (kudzivirira padzorongedzero dzehurumende, dzakadai sekodzero dzinokosha kana kuti roorano, kunyange miitiro inoshandiswa). judicate inovimbisa kuti iko yemitemo inoita kuti isati nokuda kwemite yehurumende iko yezviito dzakafanira.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nokupesana

Finiyo Edziviriro ya 144th Amendment inorambidza kurasha munhu upi noupi “dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Bazu redare rinotonga rinomanikidzira ikoku kupfurikidza nokunzvera mitemo iyo inoisa vanhu vakavakirwa padzinza, chirume, kana kuti mamwe mapoka anofungira. Madare anoshandisa mwero yakasiana-----ngoni yetsika dzedzinza, kunzvera kwapakati nokuda kwechirume, uye hwaro hwakaenzana hwemimwe mitemo yezvemari. Korkero dzakaenzana dzedziviriro dzakarova (Brown v. Board yedzidzo[[FLD: 1]]]), , kudzosa mabasa ([[FLT:]]] [2]]

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamusorosoro dzeDare Dzinoshanyirwazve

Kupfuura , Roe, uye Mira[, zvimwe zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvakaumba zvikuru mutemo weAmerica nerusununguko rwavanhu:

  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Yakasimbisa maruramiro okupa zano nokuda kwavapomerwi voutsotsi mumatare ehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti vapomerwi vanopomerwa mhaka vanogamuchira gweta kunyange kana vasingagoni kutenga imwe. Mhaka iyi yakasimbisa vimbiso yeT6 Amendment yekutongwa kwakarurama.
  • New York Times Co. v. United States (1971): “Nyangadziro yePretagendment yakadzorwazve nedziviriro dzakasimba dzokutanga Dzisati dzadzorwa, kuchibvumira mapepanhau kubudisa magwaro akarongerwa pamusoro peHondo yeVietnam kutoti kuita kudaro kwaizoparira ngwavaira yapakarepo kuchengeteko yenyika.
  • Citizens United v. Federal Ecomment Commission (2010): Yakawana kuti kutsigira mari kwebhizimisi kwemashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika akazvimirira hakugoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment. Iyi chisarudzo chinoramba chiri mhatsa, sezvo chakakudza maruramiro orusununguko okutaura kumasangano uye mutemo wemari wachinjwa.
  • Mutehwe weColumbia v. Heller (2008): Akaziva maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvidzora, kuderedza zvirambidzo zvepfuti muWashington, D.C. uye kutanga mubatanidzwa weSand Constrandment jurisprudence.

Nyaya idzi dzinoratidza kuti vatongi vanodudzira sei kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo vachiitira kuti pave nokuchinja kwenzanga uye zvinetso zvemitemo, zvichiwanzokonzera kukurukurirana kwenyika uye kuita zvemitemo.

Kodzero Dzokupomerwa uye Dzoutsotsi Dzinochinja

Bazu redare rinodzivirirawo kodzero dzevanhu vanopomerwa mhosva. Kubva paPendeko reChishanu, rechitanhatu, uye Sendments, matare anodzora kunzvera kwemapurisa, kubvunzurudza, uye zvirango. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wokubvisa mutemo unodzivisa ufakazi hunowanikwa mukuputswa kweGadzi rechina kuti risashandiswa mukutonga. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa reChishanu pamusoro pebhedhari rakanyanyisa, chirango cheutsinye uye chechienzi, uye kusaruramisira kwedare rinoramba richiumba kugadziriswa kwemhosva.

Ukoshi Hwokuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Chikonzero Nei Kuzvimirira Kuchikosha

Kuzvimirira mukutonga kunokosha nokuda kwehurumende inotonga. Apo vatongi vanogona kusarudza nhau pasina kutya kutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika, matsive, kana kuti dzvinyiriro yakakurumbira, vanogona kutsigira mutemo kunyange apo zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi. Uku kubviswa muzvamatongerwe enyika kunobvumira mutongi kudzivirira maruramiro maduku, kugombedzera Bumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nevoruzhinji kuda, uye kubatira somutauriri asingatori rutivi mugakava pakati pamapazu ehurumende. Pasina kuzvitonga, kuparadzanisa kwamasimba kunoputsika, uye mutemo unova chishandiso chaavo vane simba.

Dziviriro Dzesangano Nokuda Kworusununguko

  • Upenyu nokuda kwaVatongi veFederal: Pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, vatongi vehurumende vanobata mahofisi avo mukati me “tsika yakanaka,” zvinobatira nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwoupenyu. Ikoku kunobvisa tyisidziro yokubviswa kwemitemo isingadikanwi uye nhovo dzavatongi mudzvinyiriro dzenguva pfupi dzezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kudzivirirwa Kwokudzivisa Kuparadza Kunotengeswa:[[FLT: 1] Bumbiro reMitemo rinorambidzawo kuderedza muripo wevatongi vehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti Congress haigoni kuranga vatongi nemari nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo.
  • Vatongi veFederal vakabatanidzwa kupfurikidza neIPFUL:1] vanogona bedzi kubviswa kupfurikidza nokusabvumirana nokupwiswa muCongress nokuda kwe “mhosva dzakakwirira namabhinya asina kururama.] Iyi bhawa rakakwirira rinodzivisa kuedza kubviswa kwenhando uye rinosimbisa dzikamo yejaji.
  • Hurumende-Kuzvitutumadza neIndaneti: Musangano weRuzivo Rwemiganhu weUnited States, unodzorwa neMutongi Mukuru, unotarisira kutarisirwa kwematare ehurumende. Ikoku kunobvumira mutongi kutarisira mabasa ake amene, kubatanidza zvikumbiro zvebhajeti, mitemo yetsika, uye migove, pasina vhiringidzo isakafanira inobva kumapazu ehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvokuzvitonga

Pasinei zvapo nedziviriro idzi, kuzvitonga kunotarisana nedenho dzedare. Kusimbiswa kwehurumende kuri kuramba kuchiitwa, kurwiswa kwehurumende kunoitwa nevatongi nenyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye tyisidziro dzokutsigira mari kana kuti simba redare dzinogona kusekesa chivimbo chavanhu nokusasarura . Kumuka kwe “kurongedza matare” mune dzimwe nyika uye pamwero wehurumende kunotyisidzirawo kusatora rutivi kunooneka kwematare. Kuchengeta dare razvimirira kunoda kuzvipira kunopfuurira kubva kumapazu ose uye kuvagari vemo vanokoshesa mutemo. Kudzidza zvikuru pamusoro penzira iyo vatongi vehurumende yehurumende vanozvitonga vanozvitonga vamene .

Bazu Rokutonga uye Kunzvera Nedzikamo

Nzvero Pachiremera

Sawyer (1952), Dare Rapamusoro rakatoita kuti Purezidhendi Truman apedze simba rehurumende kana kuti aputse kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, mu matare echiduku metabhete netubhinyati yemuzinda weTube Co. Nemhesting , Dare repamusoro rakatoita kuti kutora kwaPrezidhendi Truman zvigadziko zvesimbi muHondo yeKorea sechitsoro chesimba repamusoro. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, matare akaongororazve kurambidza kufamba, mitemo yokupinda munyika, uye zvitedzo, kazhinji kacho kudzora kuzvidzivirira kwaProfesa painopesana nemitemo kana kuti mitemo inodzivirira.

Nzvero PaMutemo

Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, matare anogona kuputsa mitemo yesangano inorwisana neBumbiro reMitemo. Ikoku kunobatanidza mitemo inoputsa rusununguko rweFirst Amendment, inopfuura masimba eCongress anorongwa pasi peChommerce Clause, kana kuti kuputsa nheyo dzehurumende. Zvisinei, dare redare rinoshandisawo kudzora, kazhinji kazhinji kunonongedzera kuCongress pasi pedzidziso dzakafanana nehwaro hune mufungo hwemitemo yezvemari. Congress, inogonawo kuita kuchisarudzo chedare kupfurikidza nemiraudzo inochinjika, kuisa murairo wemitemo inoruramisa pamutemo mukuwirirana nemitemo yehurumende, kana kuti kushandura ganhuriro yemitemo yedare yehurumende (ne muganhu yemitemo yemitemo).

Macheki Pajeri

Mamwe mapazu anonzverawo bazu rokutonga. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende (nesimbiso yeDare), uye Congress anogona kubvisa vatongi.Congress inodzora bhajeti redare redare rehurumende, inosarudza gadziriro yematare ehurumende akaderera, uye inogona kupfuudza mitemo mitsva kuti ibvise dudziro dzemitemo dzematare (kunyange zvazvo dzisiri mirau yemitemo). Mukuwedzera, Purezidhendi anogona kukanganwira vanhu vanopomerwa mhaka mumatare ehurumende, nenzira isina kunangamira paya pasimba rokutonga.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nenharo

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Gakava rinopfuurira rinonangidzirwa pakuti vatongi vanofanira kutsanangura nokushingaira Bumbiro reMitemo nenzira yakafara kupedza zvinetso zvazvino uno (chiito chezvomutemo) kana kuti kunamatira zvakasimba kurevo yapakuvamba kana kuti rugwaro (kuzvidzora kwechiito). Vatsoropodzi vechiito vanotaura kuti vatongi vanopfuura basa ravo rakafanira kupfurikidza nokuita muitiro; vatsigiri vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo mhenyu riri madikanwa kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu. Uku kuoma kuri pachena muzvisarudzo pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, maruramiro okupfura, uye tarisiro youtano.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwenzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Mhuka

Makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aona mhatsa yakawedzera kupfurikidza nokugadzwa kwavakadzi, vanhu vemavara akasiyana - siyana, uye vanhu vanobva mumigariro yakasiana - siana. Nzvero dzinokarakadza kuti mabhenji akasiyana - siyana anounza mirangariro yakasiana uye anosimudzira chivimbo chavanhu. Somuenzaniso, mukadzi wokutanga weBrack muDare Rapamusoro, Justice Ketan Brown Jackson, akagara pachigaro chake muna 2022, achiratidzira chiitiko chinokosha chenhau.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nematare

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kugadziridza nzira inoshanda nayo matare. Ibudiso remagetsi, revhidhiyo rekuteerera mhosva (rakabvumirwa nedenda reCHOVAD-19), uye zvishandiso zvokugadzira zvokunzvera pamutemo zviri kuva zvinoshanda. Zvisinei, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pokusvika kwemichina, cobbersecurecurecurity, uye kushandiswa kwemaarufabhero mukutonga uye pabhegi. Chigadziko chinofanira kudzikamisa kushanda zvakanaka negadziriro yakafanira nokusvika kwakaenzana. Ona kuti judiary yehurumende inoita sei kuti ichinjire ruzivo rwemichina.

mhedziso

Bazu redare rinopfuura zvikuru gadziriro yedare — ichengetedzo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pachayo. Kupfurikidza nokududzira mitemo, kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu, uye kunzvera simba ramamwe mapazu, rinovimbisa kuti ruramisiro inoramba iri hurusa. Kunzwisisa chimiro chayo, chiremera, uye nheyo dzezviganhu zvinokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yeAmerica inodzikamisa sei simba uye inodzivirira rusununguko. Sezvinomuka denho itsva — kubva mukuchinja kweruzivo rwezvinhu zvesayenzi kuenda kumugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika — musengwaro wedare remitemo kukusasarura, uye kukwazvo kutongwa kwaro kuchapfuurira kurondedzera basa rayo mukutsigira mutemo. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, kunzvera mhaka dzenyika, zviremera, uye kukosha kwegadziriro yemitemo yechidhikaromani inopa nzwisiso huru yetsika yemitemo yeAmerica. [FPromes]