Table of Contents

Zvinotaurwa neBumbiro reMitemo Chaizvoizvo — Uye Chikonzero Nei Richikosha Nhasi

United States Constitution inopfuura gwaro renhau rakakiyiwa seri girazi paNational Archives. Ibhuku rokushanda nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye manyuko okupedzisira ekodzero dzevagari vemo vose. Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzaro huru dzinokubetsera kutungamirira upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pakutaura pfungwa dzako pazvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kusvikira kukubata nokudzika mutemo, kuvhota muvhota, kana kuti kubatira padare rinobetsera. Iyi nhungamiro inofukidza zvinhu zvinoshanda mugari wemo ari wose anofanira kuziva, nemienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo netsananguro dzakajeka.

Unogona kurava mashoko akazara eBumbiro reMitemo negadziridzo dzaro panzvimbo ye [[FLT: 0] National Archives[[[FLT: 1].

Bhizi Ramaruramiro: Rusununguko Rwako Rwazuva Nezuva

Kugadziridza zvinhu gumi kwokutanga, kwakanyoreswa muna 1791, pamwe chete kunonzi Bill of Rights.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Kutaura, Rudzidziso, Mapepanhau, Gungano, Kukumbira

First Amendment inorambidza kuita Congress chero mutemo upi zvawo “unoremekedza kutangwa kwechitendero, kana kuti kurambidzwa kwacho; kana kuti kuderedza rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yevanhu yokuungana norugare, uye yokukumbira hurumende kuti ipedze mhesano dzemhosva.” Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, izvi zvinodzivirira kodzero yako yokutsoropodza hurumende, kushandisa (kana kusashandisa) chitendero chipi nechipi, kupinda mapepa, kunyora mapepa kana kuti zviteshiviso zvenzanga zvinoratidzira maonero ako, uye kusaina. Zvisinei, pane miganhuro: inonyandura masimba, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, uye zvinonyadzisa hazvidziviriswi. Somuenzaniso, haugoni kupotera “kupisa pamutemo kana pasina moto, kana uchigona kukanganisa mukurumbira chaiwo.

Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Kodzero Yokuchengeta Nokutakura Zvombo

Dare reChipiri reMilitia rinotsinhira, kuti: “Kuva kuri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, hakusati kuchizodziviswa.” Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira ikoku sekodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuti nokuda kwokuzvitsiva amene, kuzviisa pasi pomurairo une mufungo (zvakadai senzvero dzekare neganhuriro nokuda kwevaferi). Uku kugadziridzwa kunoramba kuchipokanidzwa zvikuru, nenhau dzedare pamusoro pemitemo pamusoro pezvibvumidzo zvehurumende pamusoro pezviito, zvirambidzo zvokurwisa zvombo, uye zvinodikanwa zvokuchengeta.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechitatu: Kutarisira Varwi

Hautongofungi pamusoro paikoku, asi kunodzivisa hurumende kukumanikidza kunogara varwi mumusha mako mukati menguva yorugare pasina kubvumira kwako.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kutsvaka Nokusashanda

Chibvumirano cheChina chinokudzivirira pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nokubatwa nepfari. Mapurisa anowanzoda gwaro rakavakirwa pachingabvira kuti atsvake musha wako, motokari, kana kuti migumisiro yako. Asi pane zvimwe zvinopesana: kana ukabvuma, kana ufakazi huri pachena, kana ukasungwa, kana kuti kana pane mamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro. Munhambo yemotokari, mukuru mukuru wemapurisa anogona kukukumbira kuti ubve mumotokari asi asingagoni kusecha bhuti pasina chikonzero kana mvumo yako. Kana mapurisa akabatwa, kazhinji kacho anoda murairo wokupfuura nomurimo. Iyi migariro yekurumidziro inokosha muzera remascregiam, umo mashoko ako omunhu oga anogara mumidziyo uye muchidhinha.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kufanira Kuitwa, Kuzviparadzanisa, Kukanganisa Kuviri

Gadziriro yeshanu inokupawo maruramiro okuramba wakanyarara (“Kureva zvechishanu”), kukudzivirira pakuedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo (ngozi yakapetwa kaviri), uye vimbiso yokuti hurumende haigoni kuzvitorera upenyu hwako, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina“ muitiro womutemo. ”” Inobatanidzawo nzvimbo yakatanhamara: hurumende inogona kutora zvinhu zvakavanzika nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu vose, asi inofanira kukubhadhara. Muitiro, ikoku kunoreva kuti haugoni kumanikidzwa kuzvipupurira umene mumhaka youtsotsi, uye une maruramiro omuitiro wapamutemo wakarurama pamberi pokunyimwa chinhu chipi nechipi nechipi nechipi.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kutongwa Kwevanhu Vose Kunokurumidza

Kana ukapomerwa mhosva, Sixth Amendment inovimbisa kuti mhosva ichakurumidza kutongwa nedare rinobetsera vanhu vose risingasaruri, kodzero yokuziva mhosva dzauri kupomerwa, kupomera zvapupu, kushevedza zvapupu kuti zvikudzivirire, uye kuva negweta. Kana usingagoni kupa gweta, mumwe anofanira kupiwa pachena. Izvi zvinoshanda kumhosva dzose dzakakomba (vaya vane nguva inobvira yokuva mujeri). “Majere” zvinoreva kuti hurumende haigoni kunonotsa kutongwa kwako nokusingaperi; kana vasingagoni, mhosva yacho ingabviswa.

Kugadziridzwa Kwenguva Yechinomwe: Kuedzwa Kwehurumende

Munhau dzevagari vemo (mitemo pakati pebato vasingazivikanwi), Seventh Amendment inochengeta maruramiro okutonga kana chitsama chiri mugakava chikapfuura $20 (Z $2 000).Izvozvi zvinoreva kuti muvakidzani wako haagoni kukupinza mudare ndokuita kuti mutongi oga asarudze jambwa rako kana mari yako inokosha iri mungozi; unogona kuraira dare rinobetsera vatongi vezera rako.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Ndicho chikonzero nei chirango chorufu chichigaropiwa: matare anorangarira kana mitoo yakati (sejekiseni rinouraya) ichiumba chirango choutsinye uye chechienzi.

Mvudziro Yechina Neyechigumi: Kodzero Dzakachengetwa Nesimba

Ninth Amendment inotaura kuti kuronga maruramiro akati muBumbiro reMitemo hakurevi kuti hauna dzimwe maruramiro (sekodzero yokuva woga, ayo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakawana mu “Bill of Rights” yeTenth Amendment res communistment kuhurumende (kana kuti vanhu) masimba api naapi asingapiwi zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende. Iwawaya ndiwo hwaro hwemitemo hwehurumende, hwatichanzverazve muchikamu chehurumende pamusoro pesimba rehurumende.

Kuparadzana Kwemasimba: Kuramba Kwakaita Hurumende Yakadzikama

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamura hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu: Legislative (Coregn), Adminitive (Mutungamiriri uye masangano), uye Juji (matare). Rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa akasiyana, uye rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunzvera mamwe. Ikoku kunodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rakanyanyodzora.

Bazu Romutemo (Nzira I)

Congress ndiyo inoumba House of Desiderations (yakavakirwa pavagari vemo, yakasarudzwa makore maviri ari ose) uye Dare reHurumende (vaviri pahurumende, vakasarudzwa makore matanhatu ari ose). Dare bedzi rinogona kuzivisa hondo, mitero yelevy, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana, uye mari yemari. Imba ine simba rimwe rokutanga zvikwereti zvemari uye kukusashanda kwevakuru vakuru vehurumende; Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye rinoedza kushambadza.

Bazi Rinotungamirira (Article II)

Purezidhendi anomanikidzira mitemo. Purezidhendi mukuru mukuru wamauto ane zvombo, anogona kuisa mutemo, anogadza vatongi vehurumende nenhume (nebvumirano yeDare), uye anopa mhedziso. Bazu guru rinobatanidza masangano ehurumende akadai seFBI, EPA, uye IRS ayo anoshandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare. Purezidhendi anogadzawo muitiro wokumwe nekurukurirano, izvo zvinoda tendero yeDare.

Bazu Rokutonga (Article III)

Dare rapamusoro namatare ehurumende akaderera zvinodudzira mitemo neBumbiro reMitemo. Vatongi veFederal vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu kuti vave nechokwadi chokuzvimirira. Dare Rapamusorosoro rine simba rokuhwirudzura: rinogona kuputsa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rakatangwa mu [[FLT: 0]] Maribury v. Madison [18] [1] [18]] [18]]. Somuenzaniso, Dare rakarova rutivi rwechikwate cheNati yeRugare mu [FLT:] United States v.[FLT][3]

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Gadziriro inoshanda necherekedzo dzakananga: Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutongo, asi Congress inogona kukurira muganhu nembiri mbiri-tatu. Dare Gurusa rinogona kuzivisa mutemo usiri woustituni, asi Congress inogona kukarakadza kugadziridza kukurira chisarudzo cheDare (kunyange izvi zvisingawanzoitika). Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi, asi Dare rinovasimbisa. Dare rinodzora bhajeti, naizvozvo rinogona kuganhurira chiito chomukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nokuganhurirwa. Iri chinokweva rehondo nderevo rinoita kuti simba rigadzirwe nguva dzose.

Kubatana: Simba Rinoparadzana Pakati Pehurumende Dzerudzi Nehurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzira gadziriro yehurumende umo hurumende yenyika yakaganhurira, inoronga masimba (akadai sokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuumba mari, uye kuitisa ukama hwokumwe) uye hurumende dzinochengeta masimba makuru amapurisa (kudzora utano, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika dzavagari vadzo). Mitengo inoitawo sarudzo, mitemo yezvinhu, inogadza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye inogadza zvikoro. Tenth Amendment inoita ikoku kwakananga.

Mubasa, udzori hwehurumende hunoreva kuti iwe unogona kurarama mumitemo miviri. Somuenzaniso, nepo mutemo wehurumende uchiisa mari shomanene, migariro inogona kuisa yakakwirira. Nepo mutemo wehurumende uchibvisa mbanje mumativi akati (zvikurukuru, Purgall for hemp), hurumende inogona kusarudza kunyoresa pamutemo nhandaro yekanhari (sezvine vakawanda) kana kuti kuichengeta isati iri yapamutemo. Supremacy Claus muChikamu VI inotaura kuti apo mitemo yehurumende inorwisana nemitemo yehurumende, mutemo wehurumende unokunda — asi bedzi kana mutemo wehurumende uri murairo wemitemo. Iyi ndiyo nhau yokunyoresa zvinoramba zviripo, zvakadai sekakavaradziko dzinoramba kutama nokugara munyika.

Nzira Iyo Kugadziridza Kunoshanda Nayo: Kuchinja Bumbiro Remitemo

Chikamu V chinogovera nzira mbiri dzokukarakadza nadzo kugadziridzwa kwemitemo: (1) mavhoti maviri namatatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress, kana kuti (2) kokorodzano yebumbiro remitemo inonzi nembiri tatu dzedzimba dzehurumende (dzisina kumboshandiswa). Ratiation inoda magoverwo matatu ehurumende emisional (kana kuti kokorodzano dzehurumende) — 38 kubva kunyika 50. Chikumba chakakwirira ichi chinova chakaoma zvikuru kupfuura; 27 bedzi chakasimbiswa chibviro cha 1789. Gumi rokutanga (Revo rekodzero dzehurumende) rakagamuchirwa zvose kamwe chete muna 1791. Chisaririra chichangobva kupfuura apa (chikamu 27, pamusoro pechinjo dzechibvumirano) chakagamuchirwa muna 1992 — anopfuura makore 200 pashure pachataurwa.

Kuziva kuti kugadziridza kunoitwa sei kunobetsera kuyera zvikarakadzo zvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokugadziridza kutsva (musande, ganhuriro yebhajeti yakadzikama, ganhuriro yeshoko nokuda kweCongress, kana kuti maruramiro akaenzana). Kunotsanangura chikonzero nei mirau mizhinjisa ichiita chinjo kupfurikidza nemitemo kana kuti kududzira dare panzvimbo pechinjo yebumbiro remitemo.

Mabasa Ako Somugari Wemo

Bumbiro reMitemo harirongi mabasa akajeka evagari vemo, asi rinoreva mitoro yakati kuti kuita kuti gadziriro ishande. Heino inokosha zvikurusa, nezviito zvinoshanda.

Ramba Uchiziva

Unofanira kuziva mitemo iri kukarakadzwa, kuti vamiriri vako vanovhota sei, uye kuti zvisarudzo zvedarei zvinotapura sei maruramiro ako. Tevera manyuko enhau akavimbika, rava peji yepepa pamusoro pa Conreg.gov, uye nzwisisa nhau huru munzanga yako. Kusaziva hakusi dziviriro, uye kuziviswa kunokubetsera kushandisa maruramiro ako nenzira inobudirira.

Ronga Zvinosarudzwa Zvose

Kudzosa ndiyo nzira huru yaunopesvedzera nayo hurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rakasiya zvikwaniriso zvokuvhota pakuvamba kunyika, asi kugadziridzwa kwapashure kwakawedzerwa: kwa 15 (rasha harigoni kusakwanirisa), yechi 19 (sex), yechi 24 (haubhadhari), uye yechi 26 (ambumwe 18 navakuru). Nhasi, mugari wemo ari wose anosangana nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvokuvhota nokunyoresa anogona kuvhota. Nzvera chimiro chako chokunyoresa uye nyoresa pa .

Shandira Mumbatya Paunoshevedzwa

Basa reJury musengwa webumbiro remitemo unodzivirirwa neSandren Amendments. Kana ukadanwa, unofanira kuoneka kutoti ukabvumirwa nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka (sechii, nhamo yemari, nhau dzezvokurapa). Kubatira padare rinobetsera vatongi kunovimbisa kuti vakwiri vemhosva vatongerwe mhaka nenzira dzakarurama nevezera ravo. Ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakananga zvikurusa dzaunoita nadzo mugadziriro yeruramisiro. Vashandirwi vazhinjisa vanofanira kukupa nguva yokushanda kubasa redare (zvinenge zvisiri zvose).

Remekedza Kodzero Dzevamwe

Mhosva yako inodzivirira kodzero dzako dzokutaura pfungwa dzisingafarirwi, asi haidziviriri kushungurudzwa, kusvibiswa, kana kuti kuitirwa chisimba.

Ona Vamiriri Vako

First Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro okukumbira hurumende. Unogona kunyora, kudana, kana kuti tsamba mitezo yako yeCongress, pinda horo dzetaundi, kana kuti kupa tsinhiro pamirairo inokarakadzwa. Wana mumiriri wako pa House.gov[ uye vamiririri vako pa [FLT] Sate. gov.

Chiratidzo Chedare Gurusa Rinofanira Kuziva Mugari Wose

Hedzino nhau shomanene dzinotapura zvakananga kodzero dzako nhasi, nebatano nemirangariro yakazara.

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): yakatangwa kuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga — simba reDare rokuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Yaizivisa rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose pasina wirirano pasi peProject Exfligite Clause yePramendment yechi 14.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): mapurisa aidikanwa kukuzivisa nezvekodzero dzako dzeChishanu neTS5 Amendment pakusungwa ( “nyevero yeMiranda”.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): Yakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukubvisa pamuviri mugadziriro yakafanira ye 14 Amendment; yakatonga murutivi na Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022].
  • Citizens United v. FEC (2010): Yakaita kuti makambani namasangano zvinogona kupedzera mari isina kuganhurirwa pahurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika (kubatanidza kushambadza kwenhimbe kwakazvimirira), kwakavakirwa paFirst Amendment.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): yakavimbisa maruramiro eroorano akafanana munyika yose muPramendemedzo yechi 14.
  • New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022): Tsvene inoganhurira yeNew York inotakura miganhu inobvumira mutemo, ichisimbisa dziviriro dzeChipiri dzeFindment nokuda kwokutakura pachena.

Unogona kunzvera mhaka dzose dzeDare Gurusa ndokurava mirangariro pa nzvimbo yapamutemo yeDare [[[FLT: 1].

Kodzero Dzako Mumamiriro Ezvinhu Ezuva Riri Rose

Kuziva kodzero dzako dzebumbiro remitemo kunokubatsira kubata nokushanda kwemitemo kunowanzoitwa, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye kunyange vatambi vapachivande (kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro Remitemo richingoganhurira chiito chehurumende).

Kumira Kwemotokari Nokusangana Namapurisa

  • Haufaniri kupindura mibvunzo kunze kwokungopa zita rako nerezinesi paunenge wabvunzwa.
  • Kana mapurisa achingotsvaka, usaramba — taura kuti “Handibvumi kutsvakwa uku.” Ikoko kunochengetedza kodzero yako yokudenha kunzvera gare gare.
  • Kana ukasungwa, une kodzero yokukumbira gweta pakarepo uye hausati wataura chinhu kutozosvikira gweta rako rasvika.
  • Kana pasina kumira kwokuchengeta mwana (muchib., tikiti romumugwagwa), unogona kubvunza kuti “Ndakasununguka kuenda here?” Kana hongu, ibva wakadzikama.

Kurekodha Mapurisa Pachena

First Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yako yokurekodha mabasa amapurisa achiita munzvimbo dzavose, chero bedzi musingadzongonyedzi basa ravo.

Kupenya Pazvinoshatisa

  • Une kodzero yokuvhota kana wanyoreswa uye uchisvitsa zvinodiwa kuti ukwanise kuita basa iri.
  • Une kodzero yokuunza mwana, mubatsiri, kana kushandisa purogiramu yokushandura kana zvichidiwa.
  • Udza vakuru vesarudzo kana kuti Dhipatimendi Reruramisiro kuti uone kuti une mhosva here kana kuti hauna.

Kubasa Kana Kuti Kuchikoro

Zvisinei, vashandi vehurumende nevadzidzi vezvikoro zvehurumende vane dziviriro dzakasimba dzeFirst neDerfement yeChina. Somuenzaniso, chikoro chehurumende hachigoni kusecha chikwama chako pasina “kunyumwira kune mufungo,” uye koreji yavose haigoni kukuranga nokuda kwokutaura kusiri kunovhiringidza kana kuti kusiri pamutemo.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nedziviriro Dzomuraudzo

Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anopa maruramiro anopfuura Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mamwe maruwa ane dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru nokuda kwokuva voga, kutaura kwakasununguka, kana kuti maruramiro okutakura zvombo kupfuura vimbiso yehurumende yeChibvumirano chekodzero. Apo mutemo wehurumende kana kuti chiito chinoputsa bumbiro remitemo rehurumende, matare ehurumende anogona kuiparadza, kunyange kana Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende risati. Iro iko iko ukoshi rinokosha redziviriro iyo vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa kutsigira nokuda kwokukura kwekodzero munyika yavo vamene.

Bumbiro Remitemo Muzera Renhamba

Ruzivo rwezvokugadzira zvinhu runomutsa mibvunzo mitsva yemabumbiro emitemo. Dare reFreadter Amendment zvino rinowanzoda mashoko okupinda pafoni yako, maemail, kana kuti panzvimbo yegore.First Amendment inofukidza kutaura kwepaIndaneti, kusanganisira zvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga, asi zvikuva zvemunhu oga zvinogona kuva nemwero (Prefemende inoganhurira hurumende). Ruramisiro rweFindmFmension paru nekodzero dzedare dzinotsanangura kodzero dzako pachadzo uye kunyora mashoko emashoko emashoko enyai — ungafanira kubudisa shoko risingarevi mumigariro yakati (mutemo uchiri kuenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu). Chechi yechitatu neDwechina weChina inoedzwa nezvirongwa zvokuongorora hurumende.

Matanho Anoshanda Okudzivirira Kuva Kwako Woga

  • Shandisa shoko rokuimbira rakasimba, rakasiyana nemamwe uye shandisa mashoko maviri okusimbisa.
  • Ngwarira kuti usavhura nzvimbo paapps kutoti zvakakodzera.
  • Nzwisisa mitemo yokuva woga yemabasa aunoshandisa; zvibvumirano zvinobatanidza zviri pamutemo.
  • Kana kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuchikumbira mashoko ako, kumbira gwaro usati wapa chinhu chipi nechipi.

Mugumisiro: Bumbiro Romutemo Ibvumirano Mupenyu

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo harisi gwaro revatongi nemagweta. Nderevagari vose. Kuziva gadziriro dzaro kunokupa simba rokutsigira kodzero dzako, kubatanidzwa muupenyu hwehurumende, uye kuva nomutongi anozvidavirira. Vavambi vacho vakaronga gadziriro inotsamira pavanhu vanoziva uye vanoshingaira. Nokunzwisisa kuparadzana kwemasimba, Bill of Rights, communistism, uye mitoro yako somuvhoti nejarata, unenge wava mubati wehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, [[FLT: 0] ACLU Azive Peji Yako Yamaruramiro inogovera tsananguro dzomutauro wakajeka nokuda kwemigariro yakati. Uye nguva dzose yeuka: Kodzero dzisingashandiswi dzinogona kushatisa nokufamba kwenguva. Gara wakaziviswa, vhota, taura, uye batira apo unodanwa.