Chitanga: Chivako Choutongi hweAmerica

Nheyo dzecheki nedzinodzikamisa hadzisati dzichingovawo zvadzo rondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika; igadziriro inoshanda yehurumende yeUnited States. Yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba muchinhu chipi nechipi, tsika inomanikidzira chigaro, mutungamiriri, uye mapazu okutonga kugoverana chiremera nokudzivisana. Pasina kunzvera nokudzikamisa, gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica ichawa kuva udzvinyiriri kana kuti mhirizhonga. Kunzwisisa kuti tsika ino inoshanda sei inoshanda nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose, sezvainotapura zvakananga nzira iyo mitemo inogadzirwa nayo, inoitwa nayo, inoitwa nayo, uye inoshandiswa. Iyi nzvero yakawedzera kunzvera mumidziro yenhau, maapinduko, zvinetso zvazvino uno, uye revo yezvinogara mumienzaniso muzana ramakore rechi21.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo, vachishandisa mazana amakore omufungo wezvamatongerwe enyika, vakaumba hurumende umo gwinyiro raizokurira gwinyiro. Sezvakanyorwa James Madison mu Federalist N. 51, "Kudai vanhu vaiva ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa. Muitiro wekunzvera nedzikamo igadziriro inoshanda inodzivisa vatungamiriri vavanhu vanokundikana uye inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Itsika ine simba, kazhinji kazhinji inoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose nebvumirano yehurumende.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubva kuRoma Yekare Kuenda Kukuvhenekerwa

Pfungwa yokuparadzanisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika kudzivisa utongi hwehurumende ine mavambo akadzika. Roman Republic yakabatanidza bumbiro remitemo rakavhengana namaconnuls, sendara, uye magungano akakurumbira, imwe neimwe ichinzvera dzimwe. Zvisinei, pesvedzero yakananga zvikurusa pavatangi veAmerica yakanga iri muzivi weFrance Montesquieu, ane 1748 anoshanda Mudzimu weMitemo [ wakataura kuti rusununguko rwaida kuparadzanisa chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye mabasa okutonga. Akanyevera kuti, "Apo chibvumirano nemasimba makuru anobatana mumunhu mumwe cheteyo kana kuti mutumbi, hapagoni kusunungurwa."

John Locke akagoverawo nenzira inokosha, achitsigira paradzano yamasimba pakati pechigaro chomutemo nemukuru mukuru, kunyange zvazvo akaderedza vatongi. Vavambi veAmerica vakabatanidza iyi mifungo nezvinoitika zvavo vamene zvehurumende yeBritain nezvidzidzo zvenhau yeBritain (kubatanidza Magna Carta (1215) neManglagna of Rights (1689).

Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo Nemapeji Anoshandira Mitemo

PaConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo ra1787, nhume dzakaitirana nharo zvikuru pamusoro penzira yokudzikamisa nayo simba. Virginia Plan neNew Jersey zvakamirira zviono zvinokwikwidzana. Kubvumirana pakupedzisira kwakaparira chigaro chemazayamuri, mukuru mukuru mumwe, uye mutongi akazvimirira. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay vakadzivirira ichi chimiro mu Féderalist Papers[, zvikurukuru mutungamiriri wehurumende No. 47, 48, uye 51.Madison akatsanangura kuti kuunganidzwa kwamasimba mumaoko mamwe "zvingaziviswa nenzira yakarurama rondedzero imene youdzvinyiriro."

Gadziriro yavakagadzira yakanga isiri paradzano yakachena yamasimba asi paradzano ine ganhuriro nechiremera chinopfuudzwa. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mutoo wokudzivisa nawo kupindira kwedzimwe. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, asi Congress inogona kukurira izvozvo. Dare rapamusoro rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo, asi purezidhendi anogadza ruramisiro inodzorwa neSiviro. Ichi chimiro chakabatana ndicho chinhu chikuru checherekedzo nedzikamo.

Mapazi Matatu: Mapazi uye Mashoko Acho

Kuti anzwisise kuti cheki uye kudzikama zvinoshanda sei, munhu anofanira kutanga anzwisisa mabasa akasiyana - siyana nemasimba ebazi rimwe nerimwe, uye maturusi chaiwo aanawo kuti aganhurire mamwe.

Bazu Romutemo (Murwi)

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa masimba ose emitemo muCongress, ayo akaumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare. Congress inoita mitemo, inozivisa hondo, inosimudzira nokugovera mari, uye inodzorwa mukutengeserana kwenyika dzomuruwa. Asi masimba ayo anoongororwa nemukuru mukuru nedare repamutemo. Chikamu chikuru chinonzvera chinobata mamwe mapazu chinobatanidza:

  • Kupa mhaka: Imba inogona kudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende (kubatanidza purezidhendi navatongi) nokuda kwe "mhosva huru navasaruri." Dare ipapo rinoitisa kutonga uye rinogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nevhota yezvitatu zviviri.
  • Advice neKonsi: Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (mitezo yecabinet, nhume, vatongi vehurumende) uye rinonatsiridza zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri nhatu.
  • O kushata kweVito: Congress inogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Simba rePfuma:[[FLT: 1] Congress inodzora ndyiko dzehurumende uye inogona kubvisa nhano dzavakuru vakuru kana kuti masangano ose.
  • Utariri hunopinza: Matare anogona kuva nokutongwa, magwaro echipapo nezvapupu, uye kunzvera zviito zvebazu.

Kusiyana neizvi, purezidhendi anogona kuongorora Congress nokuisa mutemo, uye vatongi vanogona kuongorora Dare nokuputsa mitemo vachiti haibvumirwi.

Bazu Rine Chigaro Chikuru (Penteer)

Chikamu II chinopa simba ravakuru vakuru mupurezidhendi, uyo anodzika mitemo yehurumende, anoraira chiuto, mufambiro wemiitiro yokunze, uye anogadza vakuru vakuru. Masimba makuru apurezidhendi anonzverwa neCongress nematare. Nzvero dzomukati dzomukuru mukuru anobatanidza:

  • Veto Power: purezidhendi anogona kuramba zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa neCongress, kunyange zvazvo Congress ichigona kukurira.
  • Simba Rokugadza: purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vomubatanidzwa navakuru vakuru, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa.
  • Simba rePradon: purezidhendi anogona kupa kanganwiro nokudzoserazve mhaka dzehurumende, kunze kwemhaka dzekutsoropodzwa. Iyi ichekedzo padare, asi haigoni kubvisa kutendiswa kupfurikidza nokusatendiswa.
  • Mirairo Inoshanda: Vasati vari pachena muBumbiro reMitemo, purezidhendi vanoshandisa zvirairo zvavakuru vakuru kutungamirira masangano ehurumende. Dare rinogona kudzosa mirairo inopfuura chiremera chemitemo kana kuti pamutemo.

Bazu remitemo rinonzvera mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nokurondwa, kutarisirwa, uye kudzorwa kwemari. Vatongi vanogona kuzivisa zviito zvehurumende zvisina kubatana, somuchinoitika chechiratidzo chenhau [FLT]][1] Marbury v. Madison [18], iyo yakatanga hwirudzuro yedare pamusoro pemabasa oukuru.

Bazu Rokutonga (Dare Rapamusoro Nematare Akaderera)

Chikamu III chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga, iro rinotsanangura mitemo ndokuhwirudzura pamutemo waro. Dare rapamusorosoro idare rapamusorosoro, uye zvisarudzo zvaro zvinosungirwa pamatare ose akaderera. Zvombo zvikuru zvedare redare reSabata nokuda kwokunzvera mamwe mapazi ndeizvi:

  • Jodicial Review: Simba rokuzivisa mitemo, miraidzo yavakuru vakuru, kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisina kuwirirana. Izvozvi zvakatangwa muMarbury v. Madison.
  • Sandta transfersion: Matare anosarudza icho mitemo inoreva, kunzvera nenzira inobudirira kana Congress nomukuru mukuru zvakadarika chiremera chawo.
  • [[[Nyamuro: 0] Rusununguko Rwokusavapo: Matare anogona kuraira kumisa zviito zvehurumende kana kuti mitemo kuti zvisagombedzerwa apo mhaka dziri kumira.

Mutongi unonzverwa namamwe mapazuwo: Congress inogona kudzosa ndokubvisa vatongi, inogona kuchinja udzori hwematare ehurumende (kunyange zvazvo kusati kuri udzori hweDare rapakuvamba reDare Rapamusoro), uye inogona kukarakadza mhedziso dzebumbiro remitemo kuti dzishandure dudziro dzedare. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi, uye Dare rinovasimbisa. Uyu muitiro wokugadza umene icherekedzo huru pakuzvitonga.

Kuongorora Kwaunoita Nokudzikama Mumuitiro

Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinoshanda kunobatsira vagari vemo kuona kuti zvinhu zviri kushanda sei.

Mushonga Wava Kunzi Musere Nokushatisa

Chifo chaGeorge Washington, vapurezidhendi vakawana zviuru zvezvikwereti. Vaveto vazhinjisa vanotsigirwa nemhaka yokuti vapfumi vanoda mari huru. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt vhatote , mabhiri 9 bedzi akanga ari ane simba. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Barack Obama akabhadhara zvikwereti 12; Musangano anodarika mutengo we 10 chikwereti; Congress anodarika rimwe (National Defense Religivice Act).

Kutsigira Sechombo Chomutemo

Kuongorora kwokupedzisira kwemitemo padare guru neredare. Imba yakanyoresa mapurezidhendi matatu: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1998), naDonald Trump (tice, 2019 ne2021). Hapana akawanwa mhaka neDare, asi muitiro wacho umene unogona kuumba mufambiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon asati arega zvimwe kufunda nokupwiswa. Vatongi veFrederal vakanzi vapindwa uye vabviswa kazhinji kazhinji, saMutongi Walter Nixon (1986). Simba rokusavapo kwaro harina kumboshandiswa, asi kuvapo kwawo kunodzivisa mufambiro wakaipa.

Kuhwirudzura Kunotongwa Kuchiitwa

Kuhwirudzura dare kungava kunzvera kukurusa. Dare rapamusoro rakarova mazana emitemo yehurumende nemitemo yehurumende. Mienzaniso isingacherechedzwi inobatanidza [FLT]P] Planety v. Ferguson[FLT]][[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1896]) kutsigira kubviswa kweropa (yakazopedzisira yaputsika), [FLT] BrowN v.[FLT][5] [1954] [1954] kugumisa chikoro, v.[FLT] v.[FLT: 07] [5] [7]) inodzivirira kodzero dzokubvisa mimba, uye [FLT] na[FLT] na[5] chiito chamatongeriso.[9]

Gadziriro Nokusimbisa

Mapurezidhendi anoisa vatongi veDare Gurusa navatongi vehurumende, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa kupfurikidza nevhoti zhinji. Ikoku kwazova kunopesana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Obama akatonga Merrick Garland muna 2016; Dare reRepublican rakaramba kuva nenzwi. Purezidhendi Trump anogadza nenzira inobudirira vatongi vatatu (Neil Gorrath, Brett Kavataugh, Amy Coney Barrett), kubvisa dzikamo yedare. Purezidhendi Joe Biden akagadzwa Ketan Brown Jackson muna 2022. Muitiro uyu unovimbisa kuti hakuna purezidhendi mumwe anogona kuumba juniary; Dare rinoita secheke.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nokutsoropodza

Kunyange zvazvo kuongorora uye kudzikamisa zvinhu zvichikosha, vanhu vanotonga panguva ino vanosangana nekusawirirana kunoverengeka munyika ino.

Kuvhakanywa Kwemvura neHurumende

Apo mapoka akasiyana - siyana anodzora mapazu akasiyana, girapbock inogona kuodza vhudzi. Drugamu rebhajeti rakatungamirira kukumiswa kwehurumende yehurumende, zvakadai sa 2013 na2018-2018. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunzvera kwakanyanyisa kunodzivisa hurumende kuita chiito chakarurama munjodzi. Vadziviriri vanopindura kuti kutsiva kwakanakisisa kupfuudzira udzvinyiriri namasimba anobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwekuparadza kwaita kuti kuomesa kuome, kuchitungamirira ku Chiverengero chetendero chetendero chehurumende chinowanzova pedyo ne20%].

Kumuka Kwesimba Rapurezidhendi

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti bazu rinotungamirira rakaunganidza simba kupfuura ravavambi. Kukura kwehurumende yokudzora, kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru, uye kuvimba ne "kuisa mashoko" (panoziviswa purezidhendi havasati vachizomanikidzira mativi omutemo) rakaedza. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Obama's Defered Action nokuda kwaDhon Acts (DACA) rakanga riri basa guru iro Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira zvishoma asi rakasiyawo risingakwaniswi. Dare reSangano reSangano rama rimwe raidzosa kudzosa basa raPurezidhesi Trump rarozhes raidzosa basa raro raronge raro radzosa kudzosa uye kushandiswa kwake kwamasimba akakomba.

Chikamu Chomuzinda Wamambo Here?

Nenzira inopesana, vatsoropodzi vanonetseka kuti mutongi wava nesimba zvikuru. Kuhwirudzura kwedare kunogona kubvisa mitemo yehurumende. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu [[FLT]] Obergefell v. Hodges[ [2015] Kurumbidza muchato mumwe chetewo wevatano yevatano yakarumbidzwa navazhinji asi wakashorwa semutsoropotedzi wavamwe. Gakava pamusoro pekuti matare anofanira kudzora kana kuti anofanira kuita chiito chinoitwa chinopfuurira. Chibvumikiso chazova chisakiso chekudzora matare.

Kuedza Sechishandiso Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Muitiro wokusabvumirana wazova mukuru. Vatendi vaviri vaPurezidhendi Trump vakanga vava pedyo nokupinda papati, vasina tsigiro yebipartis nokuda kwokupwiswa. Ikoku kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kuzvidza kuchiri kushanda here pamufambiro wakakomba kana kuti kwazova chombo chenguva dzose chehondo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vavambi vacho vaikarira kusashandiswa kusingawanzoitwi uye nokubvumirana kukuru.

Murangariro Wokuenzanisa: Kunzvera Nedzikamo Munyika Yose

Gadziriro yeU.S. haisati iri muenzaniso bedzi. U.S. utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu hwakawanda hune miitiro yakafanana. United Kingdom, somuenzaniso, inotsamira pabumbiro remitemo risina kunyorwa nemubatanidzwa wamasimba (mutungamiriri anogara muParamende) asi inonzvera kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare redare redare redare redare. Mitemo yeGermany inogadza dare rakasimba remitemo iyo inogona kuputsa mitemo, nepo mutungamiriri wehurumende achiongororwa naBundestag naBundesrat. France's Find Republic inopa sapresident simba guru, asi Purezidhendiyo inonzvera mitemo. Masangano eMitemendemu akafanana Brazil neMexico anonzvera zvakafanana neU. S.

Kusimbisa Makemikari Nedzikamo Zvenguva Yemberi

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo hadzifaniri kuchengetedzwa nokunatswa. Dzidzo yeCOVIC inokosha: vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuti vasazvidavirira vatungamiriri. Kunzvera kwenhau secheki isina kurongwa, kuratidzira kusazvibata. Masangano enzanga, kubva pa Penig Liberies Union [ kuAmerican Liberity Union [[FLT:]] ku [FLT] Center yeRumbiso [[FLT]], anoisa miganhu yemiganhu yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo. Kuchinja mitemo kwakadai sechikamu chikurusaru, mitemo yakajeka pamiraridzo dzezvokushanda, uye kugadziridza mari yezvokushambadza kugona kuchengetedza kushata, asi kuchinja kupi nokupinzwa kupi nokupinzwa kwemitemo yetsika kunoitwa necheto.

Mugumisiro: Kudikanwa Kusingaperi Kweganhuriro yeBumbiro reMitemo

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinoramba zviri rutivi rwouchenjeri zvikurusa rwegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Vanobvuma kukundikana kwomunhu uye kusavimba nesimba. Nepo tsika yacho ichigona kuva inononoka, inokangaidza, uye inodzorwa, yakadzivisa nokubudirira kumuka kwoudzvinyiriri kwamazana maviri amakore. Sezvakanyorwa naJames Madison, chinetso chikuru kugonesa hurumende kudzora vadzorwi, uye ipapo kuimanikidza kuzvidzora imene. Basa iroro rechipiri (jere) hurumende inozvidzora imene kupfurikidza nokunzvera uye ganhuriro(jekero) ndiro basa renguva dzose routongi hunotonga. Mugari wemo ari wose anoita basa kupfurikidza nokuvhotera, kupfurikidza nokurota, uye kuzvidavirira kunobva mumapazu ose matatu. Kupukunyuka kwakasununguka kunotsamira pakungwarira ikoko.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera [[[FLT]] Constitution isingashatisi[[FLT]] kubva kuNational Constitution Center na .[[FLT]