Kutanga Kuumba Hurumende

Kukamuranisa hurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiyana - siyana(*.glasitive, mutariri, uye dare zvinoumba musengwa wegadziriro dzazvino uno dzedemokrase. Uku kuparadzana, kwakavakirwa munheyo yecheki nedzinodzikama, kunovimbisa kuti hakuna chinhu chimwe chine chiremera chisingadzoreki. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba mumapazu akazvimirira asi akapfuudzana, tsika inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga ndokusimudzira kuzvidavirira. United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, yakavamba ichi chirongwa chakajeka muNheyo I, II, uye II, inokurudzira zvivako zvakafanana muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose.

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshandisa masimba chaiwo: bazi romutemo rinoita mitemo, bazi rinotungamirira rinoiita kuti iteererwe, uye bazi rinotonga rinoidudzira. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa kunokosha nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwehurumende, savagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti mabasa ehurumende anogona sei kuva mutsigiri uri nani nokuda kwefariro dzavo, anoita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire, uye anotora rutivi nenzira ine revo mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi nhungamiro inofutunukira pabazu rimwe nerimwe, ichipinda muzvivako zvavo zvomukati, mitoro mikuru, uye nzvero dzavanoshandisa pamusoro pomumwe nomumwe.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo, rinozivikanwawo seCongress muUnited States, rine simba rokuita, kudzosa, uye mitemo inodzorwa. Rinoshanda sesangano rebimeyaral rinoumbwa nemakamuri maviri: Imba yavamiriri neDare. Iyi gadziriro yebicameral inoratidzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati penyika huru neduku paConvention yeMitemo, inodzikamisa kumirira kwavagari vemo nehurumende yakaenzana.

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba yavamiririri ine mitezo yevhoti 435 inogoverwa pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo. Mutezo mumwe nomumwe unobatira nhambo yamakore maviri, uchiita kuti Imba igamuchire zvakananga zvikuru muvhoti. Vamiriri vanofanira kuva vane makore 25 okukura, mugari weU.S. kwaanenge makore manomwe, uye mugari wenyika yavanomirira. Imba ine masimba akasiana anoverengeka:

  • [[FOL:0] Mabhiri echiNgezi: Zvikwereti zvose zvokukwidza mari zvinofanira kuvamba muImba, kuchipa udzori hukuru pamutero womubatanidzwa uye mari inoshandiswa.
  • Chiteshi:[ Imba ine simba rimwe chete rokudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi, kupfurikidza nevhoti hurusa.
  • Kuranga Purezidhendi: Kana pasina muwani anowana voruzhinji muElectoral College, House inosarudza purezidhendi kuvatatu vakakwirira, nenhume imwe neimwe yehurumende ichivhota.

Imba inoshanda mugadziriro yamatare() kumira, kutsaura, uye kubatana — kuti mutemo wevet, dare rokutarisira, uye nyanzvi mumiitiro yakadai sekurima, nhau dzokunze, uye rondedzero. Mukurukuri weImba, akasarudzwa nevoruzhinji, ane pesvedzero huru papurogiramu yemitemo.

Dare

Dare rine mitezo 100, miviri inobva munyika imwe neimwe, inobatira kuzunguzirwa namashoko amakore matanhatu. Iri shoko refu rinodzivirira vapamberi padzvinyiriro dzenguva pfupi dzezvamatongerwe enyika, rinokurudzira kurangarira pamusoro penhau dzakaoma. Vasata vanofanira kuva namakore anenge 30 okukura, mugari weU.S. kwaanenge makore mapfumbamwe, uye mugari wehurumende yavanomirira. Masimba eDare anoshamisa anobatanidza:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kubvuma neRevo:[[FLT: 1] Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza mitezo yedare, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, nhume, uye vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, kupfurikidza nevhoti zhinji.
  • [ Ratiation: Dare rinobvumira zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose kutaurirana napurezidhendi, ichida zvibvumirano zvamatatu maviri.
  • [ Miedzo: Pashure peImba inopinza mukuru mukuru, Dare rinoitisa dare, namavhoti maviri namatatu anodikanwa nokuda kwokupwiswa nokubviswa.

Dare rinoshandisawo zvishandiso zvemipimo zvakadai sechinoparira kunonoka kana kuti chisakiso chakarebeswa. Vhoti yakaitwa navane 60 inogona kugumisa mumiriri. Mutungamiriri weSanihedheni anobatira saPurezidhendi weDare asi mavhoti anoputsa bedzi zvisungo.

Muitiro Wokuita Mitemo

Mabhii anova mutemo kupfurikidza negadziriro inodzorwa. Mutezo unosuma mutezo, unogoverwa kudare. dare ringachengeta matare, kuisa pamutemo, uye kuvhota kuutumira kunzvimbo yakazara. makamuri ose ari maviri anofanira kupfuura shanduro dzakafanana. Kana misiyano iripo, dare remusangano rinoayananisa. Mutezo wokupedzisira unoenda kupurezidhendi, uyo anogona kusaina mutemo kana kuti kuuisa. Congress inogona kukwidza bhii netutatu tuviri twokuvhotera mukamuri rimwe nerimwe. Nokuda kwenzira ine udzame, shanyira Conforgit. ji yechirongwa chemitemo chejingarati.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rinodzika mitemo inopiwa neCongress uye rinotarisira hurumende huru. Rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States, uyo anobatira shoko ramakore mana uye anoganhurirwa kumashoko maviri neSangano re 22. Bazu rinobatanidzawo Vice Purezidhendi, Kabhinati, masangano akazvimirira, uye vashandi vehurumende. Chiremera chapurezidhendi chinobva muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo uye chakakura zvikuru munguva inopfuura nomumiririri wemitemo nemutezo.

Purezidhendi

Purezidhendi ndiye mukuru wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende, anoshandisa masimba akafara anobatanidza:

  • Comminer-in-Chience: purezidhendi anoraira mauto akashongedzwa nezvombo, kunyange zvazvo Congress bedzi ichigona kuzivisa hondo. Mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa mauto pasi pechiRevolution cheHondo cha 1973.
  • Veto Simba: purezidhendi anogona kupfuudza mari dzechikwereti neCongress, kunyange zvazvo veto ichigona kushatiswa nevhoti mbiri ne 3. Kutyisidzira kwevhato kuronga mutemo.
  • Simba Rokugadza: purezidhendi anoisa vakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa, vatongi, uye vatongi, pasi pekusimbiswa neDare.
  • Policy yokumwe: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotungamirira kukurukurirana, anotaurirana zvibvumirano (noMutezo weDare), uye anoronga zvibvumirano zvehurumende. Purezidhendi anogamuchirawo nhume uye anoziva hurumende dzokumwe.
  • Mirairo Inoshanda: Mapurezidhendi anogona kupa nhungamiro kumasangano ehurumende kuti atarisire mabasa. Nepo isiri mutemo, iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo uye inodzokororwa kukutonga.

Purezidhendi anopawo State of the Union, anokarakadza bhajeti yehurumende, uye anopa mhosho nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa (kunze kwekusatendeseka). Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anotsamira pavashandi vakawanda veWhite House, kubatanidza Mukuru weStaff, National Security Advisor, uye Munyori wePress.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende Aiva Mutongi

Mutungamiriri weSanihe anoshanda somukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wechipiri, ane mabasa maviri makuru ebumbiro remitemo: kutevera purezidhendi kana purezidhendi akafa, akarega basa, kana kuti akabviswa, uye achitungamirira paDare. Muchiito, vatevedzeri vapurezidhendi vanowanzotora pamitemo yemitemo, vanomirira vatarisiri kunze kwenyika, uye vanobatira savatungamiriri vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Vatevedzeri vasingataurwi vakatungamirira masimba pachadenga, miraudzo yemirimo, uye maruramiro okuvhota.

Kabhineti

Dare rinoumbwa nevakuru vemadhipatimendi 15 makuru, vakadai seHurumende, Defense, Treasurence, Justice, uye Homeland Security. Mitezo yeCabinet inogadzwa napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Vanopa zano purezidhendi ndokutarisira madhipatimendi avo. Kunze kweKabhineti yepamutemo, purezidhendi angabatanidza White House Bittenet uye angasarudza vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru ne “czar" mazita okutsinhiranisa murairo panhau dzakadai pechinjo yemamiriro okunze kana kuti kudzorwa kwemirimo.

Masangano ehurumende uye masangano anozvimirira, akadai seNdengedzo neFederal Reserve, anoita muitiro nemirairo. Vashandi vehurumende vanopfuura mamirioni maviri, vachibvisa vashandi vepokuposita navashandi vehondo. Nokuda kwamashoko azvino pabazu ravakuru, ona [[FLT:] White House.gov kurangarirwa kwebazu revakuru.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu rinodudzira mitemo, rinoshandisa kumhaka dzakati, uye rinohwirudzura kumirando yebumbiro remitemo nerehurumende. Nheyo yaro Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chinosimbisa Dare Gurusa uye chinopa simba Congress kuumba matare maduku. Uzvimiriri hwebazu hunodzivirirwa nokugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kwavatongi vehurumende, uko kunovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Simba redare rokuhwirudzura . $8.5] Chiremera chokuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo inoputsa mutemo Mathbury v. Madison[FL:1] [183]

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare rapamusorosoro idare rapamusorosoro mugadziriro yehurumende, rakaumbwa neMutongi mumwe Mukuru naVatongi vasere vanowirirana. Vatongi vanosarudzwa napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare; ivo vanobatira mirau youpenyu. Dare rinoita nhau zvikurukuru pakukwirira kunobva kumatare akaderera kana kuti matare makurusa apo mibvunzo yomubatanidzwa inomuka. Chiteshi charo ichisarudzo: Dare rinopa chinenge 1% yemikumbiro gore rimwe nerimwe. Mibato mikuru yeDare racho inobatanidza:

  • Constitugational Prevention: Dare rinorondedzera revo yegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kubva pakutaura kwakasununguka kusvikira kudziviriro yakaenzana.
  • Kurangarira Mitemo yeFederal: Dare rinosarudza kana zviito zveCongress zvichiputsa Bumbiro reMitemo.
  • Kurangarira Zviito Zvoukuru: Dare rinonzvera chiremera chapurezidhendi, sezvinoonwa munhau pamusoro peropafadzo yechiremera nemirairo yavakuru vakuru.
  • Kugadziridza Nharo Pakati peStates: Dare rine simba rapakuvamba pamusoro pegakava pakati pehurumende, zvakadai sekodzero dzemvura kana kuti kakavadzano dzemuganhu.

Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nemaonero evoruzhinji; matare anganyora pfungwa dzinowirirana kana kuti dzinopesana. Dare rinoshanda kubvira muna October kusvikira muna June, richinzwa nharo uye rinobudisa mitemo. Nokuda kwemashoko anodiwa pamabasa eDare, shanyira mukuru mukuru weDare rePamusoro FAQ.

Matare Echibharo

Congress yakatanga mitsetse miviri mikuru yematare ehurumende epasi:

  • Dare reruwa: Kune matare 94 oruwa anobatira sematare anotonga mhaka dzomubatanidzwa. Anobata mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi kubatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, kakavadzano dzedzose, uye dzakawanda.
  • Dare reNharaunda reZvikumbiro: matare etunhu anonzwa zvikumbiro zvakabva kumatare oruwa mukati mematunhu awo enzvimbo dzinogarwa. Anohwirudzura kutongwa kwemhosva dzapamutemo ndokugadza muenzaniso unowirirana. Federal Ganhuro ine simba munyika yose pamusoro penharaunda dzine ruzivo rwakafanana nomutemo wapamutemo.

Dare rehurumende rakananga rinobatanidza Dare reSangano reMarudzi Ose neDare reMatare. Dare reHurumende rinoshanda rakaparadzana, richibata nhau dzoutsotsi dzakawanda nedzehurumende pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Masvikire Akaita Mhaka yeDare Repamusorosoro

Kana dare redare redunhu rikabvumirana kana kuti rikabvumirana nedare reCherrence redare rePurezimendi, mutongi wacho angakwidza nyaya yacho kudare redunhu, rikapomera mutongi mudare redare reruwa. Kana dare rikabvumirana nedare redare repamusorosoro, mutongi wedare resertori anogona kukumbira kuti rimuudze mhosva yacho. Vatongi vana vanopa mvumo yemanyorero uye kukurukura nyaya. Dare rinobva rapa chisarudzo chinova muenzaniso wedare rose repasi.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunosimbiswa negadziriro yokunzvera inobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira mamwe. Mienzaniso inokosha inobatanidza:

  • [ Nzvero dzeChirevo pa Hurusarudzo: Congress inofanira kusimbisa manyunei, zvibvumirano zverance, uye mari yakafanira. Inogona kukurira bhiridheri nokusaidzira ndokubvisa purezidhendi navamwe vakuru vakuru.
  • Mitemo Nzvero paMarura: purezidhendi anogona kukumbira mari yezvikwereti ndokudana kuti Congress ipinde murusando chairwo. Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anovhota zvivhoti zvinoparadza matare muDare.
  • judicial Chekits on Legistrative and Guiption: Matare anogona kurova mitemo kana kuti zviito zvechiremera zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare.
  • [ Registrative Cheki dzeChitonga:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogadza chimiro chematare akaderera, inosarudza chiremera, uye inogona kubvisa vatongi.
  • [[FOL:0] Nzvero dzinoshanda paKutonga: Mutungamiriri anotonga vatongi uye anogona kupa kanganwiro, idzo dzingatapura miuyo yokutonga.

Iri simba rinoparira kusawirirana kunopfuurira nekurukurirano, richivimbisa kuti simba haritongona kuiswa. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Franklin D.Roosevelt akakarakadza kufutunurwa Dare Rapamusorosoro ( “dare restart” rongedzero) muna 1937 pashure pokunge Dare raparadza mutemo weNew Deal, asi Congress rakadzivisa, uye gare gare Dare rakabvisa kosi (8a yetsika yokudzikamisa.)

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Nokudzokera Shure

Vagadziri vakakweverwa pavafungi vokuvhenekerwa vakafanana naMontesquieu, avo vakatsigira masimba akaparadzana, pamwe chete noruzivo rwavo rwokuzviwanira mukutonga kweBritain. Nokufamba kwenguva, simba rakaganhurirwa rebazu rimwe nerimwe rakachinja. Bazu guru rakura zvikurukuru chifo cheNew Deal neHondo Yenyika II, purezidhendi achitora basa guru mumuitiro wokumwe nokudzora. Panhambo nenhambo Dare ramajeredhia, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusoro, rakaumba muitiro pakodzero dzavagari vemo, kubvisa mimba, uye nhimbe dzemari kupfurikidza nokutonga kwemitemo yemitemo.

Kunzwisisa aya mabasa kwakakomba zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose munhambo yezvikamu zvezvamatongerwe enyika, zviratidzo zvevakuru vakuru, uye kukwikwidza kuisa kwokutonga. Vagari vanonzwisisa mibato neganhuriro zvebazu rimwe nerimwe vanogona kuyera zviri nani zviito zvehurumende, kutora rutivi musarudzo, uye kutsigira chinjo. Nokuda kwokunyudza kukuru zvikuru munheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, ona National Archives of Constitution .

mhedziso

Mapazu emitemo, ezvokutonga ane mitoro yakasiana asi inotsamirana mukati mehurumende yeUnited States. Bazu remitemo rinoisa mutemo, rinoita kuti udzore, uye rinotsanangura kutonga rinoita, zvose zviri mukati megadziriro yakadzikama yakanyatsorongeka yecheki nedzinoyera. Chivako ichi hachingodzivisi bedzi kuunganidzwa kwesimba asiwo chinopawo mikana mizhinji yokuti vagari vemo vadzore. Nokunzwisisa aya mabasa okudzora. (jekadukuduku) shanduro yakapfaviswa (jeka) vanhu vanogona kubatanidzwa zvine revo zvikuru nehurumende yavo, kudzivirira kodzero dzavo, uye kubetsera utano hweRGB, kupfurikidza nokuvhota, basa redare, tsinhiro yapachena, kana kuti vaonane vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kubatanidzwa nokuziviswa idiro yehurumende inosarudzwa.