Mapazu ehurumende akagadzirirwa kushanda pamwe chete, rimwe nerimwe rine masimba aro amene nemitoro. Zvisinei, rwisano dzinogona kumuka apo aya mapazu anorwisana pamusoro pechiremera, kududzirwa kwemitemo, kana kuti zvisarudzo zvemiitiro. Kunzwisisa uku kurwisana kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi zvakafanana, sezvo anozivisa chimiro chokutonga nesimba, kazhinji kazhinji chinokakavara mukati megadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana. United States Constitution inoumba gadziriro apo bazu rimwe nerimwe, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi (*) mabasa akasiyana, asi anonangidzirawo rwisano. Iyi nzanga inokwevesa kuva chishatiso. Kureve kuva chikwa chamasimba masimba akaparadzana. Kubva pakuvapo kwebazu rimwe nerimwe. Asi apo kurwisana kunova rwisanoza rwisano pamhene yemiuyo yemiuyo yenyika yamakore.

Nyaya ino inoongorora maitiro erwisano dzepachikamu: midzi yadzo yebumbiro remitemo, zvinokonzerawo zvimwe zvinhu, mienzaniso yenhau, simba radzo pakudzora, uye nzira dzinoshandiswa kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo: Kuparadzana Kwesimba Nekunzvera Nokudzikamisa

Unyanzvi hweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. huri mukukamuranisa kwaro chiremera chehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana. Uku kuparadzana hakusati kuri bedzi kudzora; idziviriro yamaune muudzvinyiriri, seizvo James Madison akatsanangura mu Federalist Papers[. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine basa guru, asi masimba anowirirana anoparira gadziriro yokuzvidavirira kwavose.

Bazu Romutemo (Rurefu)

Congress, yakaumbwa neImba yaVamiririri naDare, inopiwa masimba ose okutonga neChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo. Basa rayo guru kuita mitemo, asi inodzorawo bhajeti, kuzivisa hondo, uye ine simba rokusaraira. Dare rinosimbisazve kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye kunyoresa zvibvumirano. Aya masimba anoita kuti Dare rive bazi rine simba zvikurusa mumativi akawanda, asi chiremera charo chinoongororwa nemutungamiriri wenzvimbo nenzvero yekutonga.

Bazu Rine Chiremera (Mutungamiriri weHurumende)

Chikamu II chinoisa simba rokutungamirira muMutungamiriri weHurumende, uyo ane mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo yehurumende, kuraira mauto ane zvombo, uye kuitisa mutemo wokumwe. Purezidhendi anogona kugadza mutemo wehurumende navakuru vakuru vehurumende (nebvumirano yeDare), uye kubudisa zvirango zvavatungamiriri. Nokufamba kwenguva, simba rehurumende rakawedzera zvinoshamisa, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai sechengeteko yenyika nokuronga utongi, zvichitungamirira kurwisano inodzokorokorodzazve neDare uye matare.

Bazu Rokutonga (Matare Apamutemo)

Chikamu III chinosimbisa Dare Gurusa ndokubvumira Congress kuumba matare ehurumende akaderera. Dare rinodudzira mitemo neBumbiro reMitemo, uye vane simba rokuhwirudzura kwedare (8) chiremera chokuparadza mitemo nezviito zvokutonga zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Kunyange zvazvo dare redare riri bazi rinozvidavirira zvikurusa mune zvematongerwe enyika, mitemo yaro inogona kubvisa mitemo uye kumisa zviito zvehurumende, kuchiiita nzvimbo inokatyamadza kazhinji kazhinji mugakavadzano dzechibvumirano.

Zvisakiso Zvinozivikanwa Navose Zverwisano Yetsinhano

Nepo gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo ichikarira batira pamwe, nhau dzinoverengeka dzinodzokororwa dzinoparira bonderano pakati pamapazu.

Kupesana Pamusoro Pedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinowanzotaura madudziro aro amene eBumbiro reMitemo.

Kusawirirana Nemabhangi

Simba reCongress rechikwama (kudzora pakubhadhara nokushandisa mari) icherekedzo huru pamukuru mukuru webasa. Kushatiswa kunomuka apo Purezidhendi anoramba kupedzera mari yakakodzera (kudzorwa) kana kuti apo Dare rinodzivisa kutsigira mari nokuda kwezvokuiswa pakutanga kwehurumende. Hurumende inorambidza, zvakadai seiyo muna 1995-19996 ne 2013, inopa chiratidzo cherwisano yemari yemari inodzo inodzorwa.

Zvirongwa Nezvibvumikiso

Purezidhendi anonatsiridza vatongi vehurumende, vanyori vedare, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogadza zvinzvimbo zvakakwirira, asi Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwakawanda. Hondo dzedare pamusoro pavatongi dzakawedzera chifo chama 1980, kuchitungamirira kukushandiswa kwemonitorbuster, uye “chisarudzo chenyukireya” kuchinja mitemo yeDare. Uku kusimbisa hondo kunowanzodirana mumurangariro wavose uye kudzvinyirira ukama pakati pamapazu ehurumende.

Chikomborero Chine Vatungamiriri Chinopesana Nedare Rinotarisira

Purezidhendi anotaura maruramiro okunyima mashoko kubva kuCongress yakavakirwa paropafadzo yapamusoro, yakavakirwa pakudikanwa kwezano rakavanzika. Congress, inosimbisawo chiremera chayo chokutarisira kunzvera mibato yebazu rapamusoro. Uku kunyanduka kwakaparira zvinoitika zvechiono zvakadai se United States v. Nixon[FL:1] [19974] nehondo dzapashure dzakawanda mukati mekutarisira Trump.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kusarudza Mutemo

Nenzira yakapesana, apo matare anoregerera vavariro yemitemo, vatsoropodzi vangaapomera mhaka yokuratidzira basa rawo.

Kurwisana Kwenhau Pakati Pemapazi

Nhau yeAmerica yakazadzwa nerwisano dzinokatyamadza dzakarondedzerazve dzikamo yesimba. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidzira kuti gadziriro yokunzvera nokudzikamisa inoshanda sei mukushandiswa (uye pane dzimwe nguva mudzvinyiriro huru.)

Marbury v. Madison (1803): Kugadzwa kweChikamu cheChikamu cheChirevo

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu [FLT] Marbury v. Madison [FLT]] zvose zviri zviviri yakanga iri rwisano nechisarudzo. Purezidhendi Thomas Jefferson, muDemocratic-Republican, akaramba kupa masangano kuvatongi veFederali vakagadzwa nemutangi wavo John Adams. William Marbury akakumbirisa nokuda kwebasa rake, asi Mutongi mukuru John Mar Marshall akadzivisa bonderano yakananga kupfurikidza nokutonga kuti maruramiro eMarbury akanga asina kudzorwa. Mhaka iyi yakatanga kudzorwa seriso rekona rehurumende yeAmerica, asi yakashatisawo kusawirirana pakati pebazu rejudiary nebazi, uye nedare rake rinopomera Dare rakabatana.

Kubvuma kwaPurezidhendi Andrew Johnson (1868)

Pashure peHondo yeChiviri cheNyika, Congress (yakadzorwa naRadical Republicans) yakarwisana naPurezidhendi Johnson, Democrat, pamusoro pomuitiro wokugadziridza. Congress yakapfuudza Tenare of Office Act kuganhurira simba rokubvisa raPurezidhente, uye apo Johnson akariputsa, Imba yakamushora. Johnson akadzivisa zvikuru kupwiswa nedare rimwe reDare. Uku kurwisana kwakaratidzira simba rokusabvumirana secherekedzo yemitemo, asiwo ganhuriro dzayo sechombo chezvamatongerwe enyika.

Franklin (1937)

Purezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt, akakangaidzwa neDare Gurusa rakaputsa mutemo weNew Deact, akakarakadza mutemo waizomubvumira kugadza ruramisiro yokuwedzera nokuda kweruramisiro iri yose yakagara pazera ramakore 70. Vatsoropodzi vakaona ikoku sedenho pakuzvitonga kwedare. Roset project". Rongedzero yedare” yakakundikana muCongress, asi yakadzvinyirira Dare kutsigira mitemo inokosha yeNew Account ( “mushori munguva yakaponesa mapfumbamwe”). Iyi chiitiko chakasimbisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika pakati pamapazu ose matatu nokupesana kwavose navanhu vose mukurwisana nemutungamiriri wehurumende.

Watergate neUnited States v. Nixon (1974)

Mukati mechinonya chaWatergate, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akataura ropafadzo yavakuru vakuru yokunyima tepi yakarekodwa kumuchuchisi chaiye. Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakasarudza pamwe chete mu United States v. Nixton[FLT]] kuti ropafadzo yechiremera haisi chaiyo uye inofanira kutera kuzvinodikanwa zvedare retsotsi. Chisaru chapa Nicon’s rediation. Iyi muenzaniso mukuru wedare rinomanikidzira chigaro kuti chiende kuwirirana nomutemo, uye nechirango cheCongresstion jources zvinoshanda muchiito chokutonga.

Clinton v. Jones uye Kudzidza kwaBill Clinton (1990)

Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akatarisana nemhosva yevagari vemo nokuda kwenetso dzevatano, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaitirwa [FLT]n v. Jones[FLT] kuti purezidhendi anogara haana kudzivirirwa padare nokuda kwezviito zvehurumende. Ichi chisarudzo chakabvumira kunzvera kwakatungamirira kuClinton kukusatenderwa neImba yepeji neruramisiro. Dare ramusunungura. Kurambananisa kwaiita kuti zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinogona kunyandura chiito chemitemo, nepo kuchimutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pechiyero chakafanira pakati pokuzvidavirira nokushanda.

Sebelius (2012)

Apo Affordal Care Act muna 2010, yakakurumidza kutarisana nedenho dzapamutemo pazvikonzero zvebumbiro remitemo.Dare Gurusa rakatsigira chirevo chomunhu oga seshandiso yesimba rinobhadhara reCongress asi rakaganhurira kukura kweChitako cheMedicaid. Mutongi Mukuru John Roberts akatsigira mutemo wacho murutivi rumwe chete, achiutsoropodza kumativi ose. Mhaka iyi yakaratidza kuti kuongorora kwedare kunogona sei kudzorera mutemo mukuru, uye yakawedzera kukura kupfurikidza nebasa reDare racho.

Hurukuro uye Kurambidza Kufamba (2017-2018)

Purezidhendi Donald Trump anoraira zviremera kuganhurira kufamba kubva kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim. Matare eFederal mumatunhu akawanda akavhara nhevedzano, uye Dare Rapamusorosa pakupedzisira rakatsigira shanduro yakadzokororwa mu [FLT]]. Hawaii [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2017] . matare edare rapasi aimirira nzvero yorutongeso pamusoro pechiito chomukuru mukuru mukuru pakutama nokuchengeteka kwenyika. Iyi nhevedzano yakaratidza kuti dare ringaramba sei bhishongwe yokupedzisira mukurwisana kwakawanda.

Migumisiro Yokukakavadzana Kwemapazi

Mapazu ehurumende paanobonderana, migumisiro yacho inotekeshera mugadziriro yose yezvematongerwe enyika.

Kupererwa Nemitemo

Kuramba vachirwisana kunogona kupedza simba rokuita mitemo. Somuenzaniso, apo Congress naPurezidhendi vanenge vachibva kumativi akasiyana - siyana, vangaparapatika kupfuudza zvikwereti zvokutaura, zvichitungamirira kukumiswa kwehurumende kana kuti zvisarudzo zvinopfuurira.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Mapopote anowanzomanikidza matare kuti apedzise mibvunzo mikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vamwe vatongi vanogamuchira basa rinoshingaira (chiito chemutongi), nepo vamwe vachitsigira kuzvidzora, vachinongedzera kumapazu akasarudzwa. Gakava pamusoro pa Roe v. Wade[ [7773] uye kuputsa kwayo pakupedzisira Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202]) [202]

Kuparara Kwechivimbo Chevanhu Vose

Kurwisana kwepanzvimbo yepamusoro-soro (kunyanya kana kuchiguma nokusashanda kana kuti kuonekwa sokusiri kwapamutemo) kungabvisa chivimbo muhurumende. Mukati menhambo dzeWatergate neClinton kurondwa kwemasangano kwakaderera. Nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikuru, hondo dzekutsigira nyika padzinosimbiswa nedare gurusa dzakaparira kuwedzera kwemapoka okusawirirana uye kusava nechokwadi pamusoro petsika yedemokrasi.

Kuchinja Musimba Kunochinja

Kumwe kurwisana kunotungamirira kusimupinyi yechigarire mudzikamo yesimba. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu United States v. Nixon ropafadzo yakaganhurirwa yechiremera, apo kukura kwepashure pe9/11 kwechiremera chechiremera muzita rechengeteko yenyika kwangonzverwa bedzi nematare. Kurwisa pamusoro pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende . $*) `inopfuurira kuumba ukama pakati peCongress, Purezidenti, uye jaciary.

Michina Yokugadzirisa Kusawirirana

Pasinei nokubonderana kusingaperi, mutemo unoita kuti pave nenzira dzinoverengeka dzokugadzirisa nadzo, zvichidzivisa kuparara zvachose.

Kushurikidza Mutongi

Matare anowanzokumbirwa kupedza gakava pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, redivi remitemo, kana kuti kuteererwa kwemitemo. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvinogamuchirwa kazhinji kazhinji sezvinosungisa, kunyange zvazvo mutemo uchigona kuva unokakavadzana (sokufanana mumhaka dzechikoro dzinoparadza pashure Brown v. Board of Education). Zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvedare remitemo zvinogona kuunza zvakajeka, asi zvingaparirawo kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana zvichirangarirwa sechino.

Kubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira Nomutemo

Kutaurirana nokutaurirana zvinoramba zviri mutoo wechisarudzo wavose zvikurusa. Mapurezidhendi navatungamiriri vemibatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji vanorangana kukurira jambwa, zvakadai sebvumirano yemari yakarongwa ya 1990 iyo yakakwidza mitero ndokuderedza ndyiko. Muzvimwe zviitiko, miitiro yakarongwa yakadai se “nzira yapakarepo” yechiremera chemibato yokuita zvokushandira pamwe kana kuti bhajeti yemari yokubetsera kukunda mhinganidzo dzechaunga. Kubvumirana kunoda kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uko kunogona kuva kushoma zvikuru mumhoteredzo dzakasiana zvikuru.

Kutsvaka Kubatsira Nokuzvitonga

Apo mikoto yemitemo yenguva dzose inokundikana, masangano ebhuruu-ribon anogona kupa rumbidzo dzokuputsa mabudire. Somuenzaniso, Commissional on Fiscal Justice and Reform [Simpson-Bowles] yakakarakadzwa kuderedza chikwereti. Nepo rumbidzo dzavo dzisingasungi, vanogona kuita chifukidzo chezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kuti vagamuchire zvigadzikiso zvisingafarirwi.

Kugadziriswa Kwebumbiro reMitemo

Kashoma, kakavadzano dzinowedzera kusvikira kupfundo apo kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo bedzi kunogona kupedza nhau yacho.Pendezho ye12 yechi 1804 yakapedza kusarudzwa kwa1800; Confection yechi 16 (1913) yakajekesa simba reDare rokubvisa mutero wemari pashure pokunge Dare Rapamusoro ragumisa kuedza kwokutanga. Kugadziridza kwacho kwakaoma noune, naizvozvo kunoshandiswa bedzi apo kurwisana kuri kunokosha uye kunotsigirwa zvikuru mumapazu nemimwe mibatanidzwa.

Mugumisiro: Mufungo Unopfuurira Wemakemikari Nedzikamo

Kunzwisisa zvinoitika apo mapazu ehurumende anorwisana kunokosha kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi. Uku kusawirirana hakusati kuri zviratidzo zvokundikano yegadziriro; panzvimbo pezvo, kunoratidzira donzo reBumbiro remitemo mukushanda. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoparira namaune zviremera zvinowirirana uye nzanga dzose, kuchiva nechokwadi chokuti chinzvimbo ichocho chinonzvera chinzvimbo. Zvisinei, gadziriro inotsamira pavatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoda kuremekedza miganhu yebumbiro remitemo uye kupinda mukurukurirano yokutenda kwakanaka.

Munhambo yokuwedzera kweruwa nokusavimbana kwesangano, zivo yenyongano dzenhau namaitiro okusarudza zvinogonesa vagari vemo kuyera zviitiko zvazvino uno nenzira yokungwarira. Nzvero yerwisano yeinterbranch inozivisa kuti hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu haisati iri muchina wakabatana asi muitiro wokurarama, unokwikwidza. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza kuti mapazi akabonderana ndokubatira pamwe sei kwamazana maviri amakore, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kusimba kwehurumende yeAmerica uye mutoro unopfuurira wechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kuichengetedza.

Kuravazve, nzvera [ Maidi eChitunha[[FT:2][FLT]] na ]USA. .Mapazu eHurumende[[[FLT]][5].[FLT][FLT]] , peji, pamwe chete ne project [[[FLT:][FLT:]][FLT:][FLT]] nokuda kwenhau dzedare gurusa. Zvinhu izvi zvinopa kunyukira zvakadzika zvakadzika zvikuru mukurwisana uye kukanganisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.